Minkowski plane explained

In mathematics, a Minkowski plane (named after Hermann Minkowski) is one of the Benz planes (the others being Möbius plane and Laguerre plane).

Classical real Minkowski plane

Applying the pseudo-euclidean distance

d(P _{1,P} _{2)} = (x' _{1-x'} ^{2} ^{2 )} - (y' _{1-y'} ^{2} ^{2 )} on two points P _{i} = (x' _{i,} y' _{i)} (instead of the euclidean distance) we get the geometry of hyperbolas, because a pseudo-euclidean circle \{P\in \R ^{2} \mid d(P,M) = r\} is a hyperbola with midpoint .

By a transformation of coordinates,, the pseudo-euclidean distance can be rewritten as . The hyperbolas then have asymptotes parallel to the non-primed coordinate axes.

The following completion (see Möbius and Laguerre planes) homogenizes the geometry of hyperbolas:

• the set of points: $$\backslash mathcal\; P\; :=\; \backslash left(\backslash R\; \backslash cup\; \backslash left\backslash \backslash right)^2\; =$$

\R^2 \cup \left(\left\ \times \R\right) \cup \left(\R \times \left\\right) \ \cup \left\ \, \ \infty \notin \R,

• the set of cycles $$\backslash begin$$

\mathcal Z := & \left\\\& \quad \cup \left\.\end

({ l P},{ l Z},\in) is called the classical real Minkowski plane.

The set of points consists of, two copies of

\R and the point .

Any line

y = ax + b ,a\ne 0 is completed by point, any hyperbola y = (a)/(x - b) + c, a\ne 0 by the two points (b, inf ty),( inf ty,c) (see figure).

Two points

(x _{1,y} _{1)\ne(x} _{2,y} _{2)} can not be connected by a cycle if and only if x _{1} = x _{2} or .

We define:Two points

P _{1} , P _{2} are (+)-parallel if x _{1} = x _{2} and (−)-parallel if .
Both these relations are equivalence relations on the set of points.

Two points

P _{1,P} _{2} are called parallel ifP _{1} \parallel _{+} P _{2} or .

From the definition above we find:

Lemma:

• For any pair of non parallel points,

B there is exactly one point C with .

• For any point

P and any cycle z there are exactly two points A,B \in z with .

• For any three points,,, pairwise non parallel, there is exactly one cycle

z that contains .

• For any cycle, any point

P \in z and any point Q, P \not\parallel Q and Q \notin z there exists exactly one cycle z' such that, i.e. z touches z' at point .

Like the classical Möbius and Laguerre planes Minkowski planes can be described as the geometry of plane sections of a suitable quadric. But in this case the quadric lives in projective 3-space: The classical real Minkowski plane is isomorphic to the geometry of plane sections of a hyperboloid of one sheet (not degenerated quadric of index 2).

Axioms of a Minkowski plane

Let

\left( { l P} , { l Z} ; \parallel _{+} , \parallel _{-} , \in \right) be an incidence structure with the set l P of points, the set l Z of cycles and two equivalence relations \parallel _{+} ((+)-parallel) and \parallel _{-} ((−)-parallel) on set l P . For P\in l P we define:\overline{P} _{+} : = \left\{ Q \in l P \mid Q\parallel _{+} P \right\} and \overline{P} _{-} : = \left\{ Q \in l P \mid Q\parallel _{-} P \right\} .An equivalence class \overline{P} _{+} or \overline{P} _{-} is called (+)-generator and (−)-generator, respectively. (For the space model of the classical Minkowski plane a generator is a line on the hyperboloid.)
Two points A , B are called parallel (A \parallel B ) if A \parallel _{+} B or A \parallel _{-} B .

An incidence structure

ak M : = ( l P , l Z ; \parallel _{+} , \parallel _{-} , \in ) is called Minkowski plane if the following axioms hold:

• C1: For any pair of non parallel points

A,B there is exactly one point C with A\parallel _{+} C \parallel _{-} B .

• C2: For any point

P and any cycle z there are exactly two points A , B \in z with A\parallel _{+} P \parallel _{-} B .

• C3: For any three points

A,B,C , pairwise non parallel, there is exactly one cycle z which contains A , B , C .

• C4: For any cycle

z , any point P\in z and any point Q, P \not\parallel Q and Q\notin z there exists exactly one cycle z' such that z \cap z' = \{ P \} , i.e., z touches z' at point P .

• C5: Any cycle contains at least 3 points. There is at least one cycle

z and a point P not in z .

For investigations the following statements on parallel classes (equivalent to C1, C2 respectively) are advantageous.

• C1′: For any two points,

B we have .

• C2′: For any point

P and any cycle z we have: .

First consequences of the axioms areAnalogously to Möbius and Laguerre planes we get the connection to the lineargeometry via the residues.

For a Minkowski plane

ak M = ( l P, l Z; \parallel _{+,} \parallel _{-,} \in) and P \in l P we define the local structure$$\backslash mathfrak\; A\_P:=\; (\backslash mathcal\; P\; \backslash setminus\; \backslash overline,\backslash \backslash cup\; \backslash ,\; \backslash in)$$and call it the residue at point P.

For the classical Minkowski plane

ak A _{(infty,infty)} is the real affine plane .

An immediate consequence of axioms C1 to C4 and C1′, C2′ are the following two theorems.

Minimal model

The minimal model of a Minkowski plane can be established over the set

\overline{K}: = \{ 0 , 1 , inf ty\} of three elements:$$\backslash mathcal\; :=\; \backslash overline^2$$

Parallel points:

(x _{1,y} _{1)} \parallel _{+} (x _{2,y} _{2)} if and only if x _{1} = x _{2} (x _{1,y} _{1)\parallel} _{-} (x _{2,y} _{2)} if and only if .

Hence

\left| l P \right| = 9 and .

Finite Minkowski-planes

For finite Minkowski-planes we get from C1′, C2′:

This gives rise of the definition:
For a finite Minkowski plane

ak M and a cycle z of ak M we call the integer n = \left| z \right| - 1 the order of { ak M} .

Simple combinatorial considerations yield

Miquelian Minkowski planes

We get the most important examples of Minkowski planes by generalizing the classical real model: Just replace

\R by an arbitrary field K then we get in any case a Minkowski plane .

Analogously to Möbius and Laguerre planes the Theorem of Miquel is a characteristic property of a Minkowski plane .

Theorem (Miquel): For the Minkowski plane

ak M (K) the following is true:

If for any 8 pairwise not parallel points

P _{1,...,P} _{8} which can be assigned to the vertices of a cube such that the points in 5 faces correspond to concyclical quadruples, then the sixth quadruple of points is concyclical, too.

(For a better overview in the figure there are circles drawn instead of hyperbolas.)

Theorem (Chen): Only a Minkowski plane

ak M (K) satisfies the theorem of Miquel.

Because of the last theorem

ak M(K) is called a miquelian Minkowski plane.

Remark: The minimal model of a Minkowski plane is miquelian.

It is isomorphic to the Minkowski plane

ak M(K) with K = \operatorname{GF}( 2 ) (field).

An astonishing result is

Theorem (Heise): Any Minkowski plane of even order is miquelian.

Remark: A suitable stereographic projection shows:

ak M(K) is isomorphicto the geometry of the plane sections on a hyperboloid of one sheet (quadric of index 2) in projective 3-space over field K .

Remark: There are a lot of Minkowski planes that are not miquelian (s. weblink below). But there are no "ovoidal Minkowski" planes, in difference to Möbius and Laguerre planes. Because any quadratic set of index 2 in projective 3-space is a quadric (see quadratic set).

See also

• Conformal geometry

References

• Walter Benz (1973) Vorlesungen über Geomerie der Algebren, Springer

External links

• Benz plane in the Encyclopedia of Mathematics
• Lecture Note Planar Circle Geometries, an Introduction to Moebius-, Laguerre- and Minkowski Planes