Ministry of Ayush explained

Ministry of Ayush
Type:Ministry
Seal:Government of India logo.svg
Seal Size:100px
Budget:
(FY2023–24)[1]
Minister1 Name:Prataprao Ganpatrao Jadhav
Minister1 Pfo:Minister of State (Independent Charge)
Chief1 Name:Rajesh Kotecha
Chief1 Position:Secretary
Jurisdiction:Government of India

The Ministry of Ayush, a ministry of the Government of India, is responsible for developing education, research and propagation of traditional medicine and alternative medicine systems in India. Ayush is a name devised from the names of the alternative healthcare systems covered by the ministry: ayurveda, yoga & naturopathy, Unani, Siddha, Sowa Rigpa, and homeopathy.

The Department of Indian Systems of Medicine and Homeopathy (ISM&H) was first established in 1995 under the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare. ISM&H was renamed as the Department of AYUSH. The department was made into an official ministry by the Modi government in 2014.

The ministry of Ayush has faced significant criticism for funding systems that lack biological plausibility and are either untested or conclusively proven as ineffective. Quality of research has been poor, and drugs have been launched without rigorous pharmacological studies and meaningful clinical trials on ayurveda or other alternative healthcare systems.[2] [3] The ministry has been accused of promoting pseudoscience.[4] [5]

History

Emphasis on indigenous healthcare models

Successive Five-Year Plans of India (produced by the Planning Commission of India and later the NITI Aayog) allotted considerable focus to alternative, especially indigenous, forms of medicine within the healthcare sector. The Government of India set up a number of committees for healthcare sector development, including Bhore (1946), Mudaliar (1961), and Srivastava (1975), that emphasized the need for improvement of traditional systems of Indian medicine.[6] The National Health Policy (1983), National Education Policy in Health Sciences (1989), and National Health Policy (2002) further elaborated on the role of the Indian System of Medicine (ISM) and Homeopathy (H) as a means to facilitate healthcare access in rural areas where many Indians lack adequate health services.[7]

Educational courses and ISM&H

A diploma course in ayurveda was launched in the third (1961–1966) five-year plan.[8] The Central Council of Indian Medicine was established in 1971.[9] followed by Central Council of Homeopathy in 1973.[10] The sixth (1980–1985) and seventh (1985–1990) five-year plans aimed at developing novel ISM&H drugs. The eighth (1992–1997) five-year plan lent considerable emphasis on the mainstreaming of Ayush. The Department of Indian System of Medicine and Homeopathy was launched in March 1995, under the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare.[11]

The ninth five-year plan (1998–2002) ensured for its integration with western medicine. It was the first to tackle different aspects of the Ayush system in a standalone manner which focused on overall development including investment in human resource development, preservation and cultivation of medicinal plants, establish a more complete pharmacopoeia, and outline good manufacturing processes. The acronym AYUSH was devised in 2003. The department of Indian System of Medicine and Homeopathy was renamed the department of AYUSH in November 2003.

The National Rural Health Mission was launched in 2005 with the stated aim of integrating Ayush practitioners into national health programs, including in primary health care (Ayush medical officers at community health centers, para-professionals et al.) and to provide support for research in the field.[12] The National Rural Health Mission listed the mainstreaming of Ayush as one of its priorities.[13]

After 2014

Observers noted an increased focus on Ayush healthcare after the 2014 Indian general elections, which brought the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) to power.[14] On 9 November 2014 the previous government department for traditional Indian medicine was elevated by the administration of Narendra Modi into a standing ministry that includes the promotion of yoga practice and the use of Ayurvedic products.[15] The allotted budget for Ayush had more than doubled since 2013–14, and stood at ₹ 1428.7 crore for 2017–18.[16]

Activities

Healthcare

The ministry runs multiple healthcare programs; primarily aimed at the rural population.

Ayush is supposed to form an integral backbone of the Ayushman Bharat Yojana[17] and the ministry had long worked for integrating the different systems of Ayush with modern medicine, in what has been described as 'a type of "cross-pathy"'. More than 50,000 children have been enrolled in 'Homeopathy for Healthy Child'.[18] It observes different days to raise general awareness about Ayush and promote each of the systems.[19]

The ministry had collaborated with the Council for Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR) to set up the Traditional Knowledge Digital Library (TKDL) in 2001, on codified traditional knowledge on Indian systems of medicines such as ayurveda, Unani, Siddha and yoga as a means of preventing grant of "bed" patents on traditional knowledge and thus counter biopiracy.[20]

Institutions

The ministry is also at the aegis of several professional research institutes and academic faculties devoted to various forms of alternative medicine:[21]

The ministry also monitors two semi-autonomous regulatory bodies:-

Economics

As of March 2015, there were nearly 800,000 Ayush practitioners, over 90 per cent of whom practiced homeopathy or ayurveda. A 2018 study by the Confederation of Indian Industry (CII) estimated the market share of Ayush medicines at around US$3 billion and that India exported Ayush products of a net worth US$401.68 million in the fiscal year 2016–17.[31]

The Department of Pharmaceuticals had allocated a budget of ₹1.44 billion to the ministry for 2018-2020 for manufacture of alternative medicines.[32] The average expenditure for drugs on Ayush and scientifically based medicine has been found to not vary widely.

Cabinet Ministers

PortraitMinister
Term of officePolitical partyMinistryPrime Minister
FromToPeriod
1Shripad Naik

(MoS, I/C)		9 November
2014		30 May
2019		Bharatiya Janata PartyModi INarendra Modi
31 May
2019		7 July
2021		Modi II
2Sarbananda Sonowal
7 July
2021		10 June
2024
3Prataprao Ganpatrao Jadhav

(MoS, I/C)		10 June
2024		IncumbentShiv SenaModi III

Criticism

Pseudoscience

A strong consensus prevails among the scientific community that homeopathy is a pseudo-scientific,[33] [34] [35] [36] unethical[37] [38] and implausible line of treatment.[39] [40] [41] [42] Ayurveda is deemed to be pseudoscientific[43] [44] [45] but is occasionally considered a protoscience, or trans-science system instead.[46] [47] Naturopathy is considered to be a form of pseudoscientific quackery,[48] ineffective and possibly harmful,[49] [50] with numerous ethical concerns about the practice.[51] [52] [53] Much of the research on postural yoga has taken the form of preliminary studies or clinical trials of low methodological quality;[54] [55] [56] there is no conclusive therapeutic effect except in back pain.[57] Unani lacks biological plausibility and is considered to be pseudoscientific quackery, as well.[58] [59]

There is no credible efficacy or scientific basis for any of these forms of treatment.[60]

Research

Two systematic reviews, one by The Lancet in 2005 and the other by the Australian government's National Health and Medical Research Council (NHMRC) in 2015, found no evidence that homeopathy was more effective than a placebo. In a comprehensive review of alternative medicine (including ayurveda and homeopathy) conducted in 2000, the UK House of Lords Committee on Science and Technology was unable to find evidence to support the value of these treatments. Randomized control trials or RCTs for ayurveda and homeopathy have been extremely limited as of 2017.[61] Multiple systemic reviews have highlighted several methodological problems with the studies and trials conducted by Ayush and its associates in relation to developing an ayurvedic drug for diabetes.[62] A tendency to publish in dubious predatory journals and non-reproducibility by independent studies has also been noted.[63] The Hindu reported in 2015 that India had yet to conduct a systematic review of any of the systems of medicine under the purview of Ayush.

Drugs

The ministry (in conjunction with other national laboratories) has been subject to heavy criticism for developing, advocating and commercializing multiple sham-drugs (BGR-34, IME9, Dalzbone, Ayush-64 et al.) and treatment-regimes for a variety of diseases including dengue,[64] [65] [66] chikungunya, swine flu,[67] asthma, autism,[68] diabetes, malaria,[69] AIDS,[70] cancer,[71] COVID-19.[72] [73] [74] and others despite an absence of rigorous pharmacological studies and meaningful clinical trials.[75] [76]

A 2018 systematic review of traditional and AYUSH medicine noted the existing regulations to be inadequate for ensuring the safety, quality, efficacy and standardized rational use of these forms of treatment. Researchers also noted a lack of monitoring for adverse effects from the usage of these drugs and of contraindication trials.

The ministry recommended the herb giloy as an "immune booster against" COVID-19[77] and issued multiple press releases during the COVID-19 pandemic claiming the herb was safe. Later, multiple cases of liver damage was found in those with a history of giloy consumption.[78] However, the ministry backed its statement by pointing out that neither the content of the herb usage nor the authenticity of the plant, which could be identified with similar-looking plants, was analyzed.[79] [80]

Miscellaneous

The Washington Post noted the efforts behind the revival of ayurveda as a part of the ruling party's rhetoric of restoring India's past glory to achieve prosperity in the future. It also noted of the ayurveda-industry being largely non-standardized and that its critics associated the aggressive integration of ayurveda into healthcare services with the Hindu nationalist ideology of the ruling party. There have been allegations coming out of right-to-information requests that it is the Ayush ministries official policy to not hire Muslims as trainers.[81]

Some researchers have argued that the provision of Ayush services is an example of "forced pluralism" which often leads to disbursal of incompetent healthcare services by unqualified practitioners.[82] Ayushman Bharat has been noted to increase privatization of state healthcare facilities and compel rural populace into preferentially choosing alternative medicine, raising concerns about ethics.[83] The proposal of integrating Ayush with western medicine has been criticized.[84] The Indian Medical Association (IMA) has expressed strong opposition to integrated medicine,[85] [86] often by using the term "mixopathy".[87] [88] In 2020 and 2021, the IMA held nationwide protests to demonstrate against federal changes issued by the Ministry of Ayush that permit ayurvedic practitioners to perform minor surgical procedures.[89] [90] [91]

The ministry had attracted widespread criticism after publishing a pamphlet titled Mother and Child Care through Yoga and Naturopathy which asked pregnant women to abstain from eating meat and eggs, shun desire and lust, hang beautiful photos in the bedroom and to nurture spiritual and 'pure' thoughts among other advice.[92] [93] In the aftermath of the COVID-19 pandemic, the ministry recommended Arsenicum album 30 as a preventive drug; the claim was without any scientific basis or evidence, and was widely criticized.[94] [95] [96]

Response

The ministry rejected the NHMRC's 2016 study on homeopathy which was regarded as the most rigorous and reliable investigation into homeopathy to date.[97] [98] In 2017, the ministry set up a committee at the Central Council for Research in Homeopathy (CCRH) to counter claimed western propaganda against homeopathy; the committee was ill-received.[99]

Reception

A NSSO survey in 2014 found that only 6.9% of the population favored Ayush (3.5% ISM and 3.0% homeopathy) over conventional mainstream medicine and that the urban population was slightly more conducive to seeking Ayush forms of treatment than their rural counterparts; another survey in 2016 reiterated the same findings, approximately.[100] [101] A 2014 study did not report any significant difference between the usage of Ayush services by rural and urban populace, after adjusting for socioeconomic and demographic variables. Low-income households exhibited the highest tendency for Ayush followed by high-income households and on an overall, Ayush lines of treatment were majorly used to treat chronic diseases. The treatments were more used among females in rural India but no gender-differential was observed in the urban populations. Chhattisgarh (15.4%), Kerala (13.7%), and West Bengal (11.6%) displayed the highest Ayush utilization levels.

A 2018 review article noted that the states exhibited differential preference for particular Ayush systems. Ayurveda and Siddha respectively show greater popularities in Kerala and Tamil Nadu. Unani was well received in Hyderabad region and among Muslims whilst homeopathy was highly popular in Bengal and Odisha. It further noted that the preference among the general population for usage of Ayush revolved around a perceived "distrust or frustration with modern medicine, cost effectiveness, accessibility, non-availability of other options and less side effects of Ayush medicines".

External links

Notes and References

  1. Web site: 1 Feb 2023 . DEMANDS FOR GRANTS, 2023-24 MINISTRY OF AYUSH . 1 Feb 2023 . Union budget of India.
  2. News: Rathee . Pranshu . 2018-11-20 . What is AYUSH and the controversy around it? . . The Printers (Mysore) . live . 2021-04-04 . https://web.archive.org/web/20201122144706/https://www.deccanherald.com/specials/what-ayush-and-controversy-703993.html . 2020-11-22.
  3. News: Firstpost. AYUSH Ministry is endangering people, jeopardising Ayurveda with lax response to Patanjali's Coronil and COVID-19, warn experts. https://web.archive.org/web/20201121014011/https://www.firstpost.com/india/patanajali-covid-19-ayush-ministry-weak-response-ramdevs-coronil-stunt-endangers-people-jeopardises-ayurveda-homeopathy-8529151.html. 2020-11-21. 2020-07-01. Narayanan. Kavya.
  4. Web site: Kumar . Ruchi . Face It: The Indian Government Is Peddling Pseudoscience – The Wire Science . 27 April 2020 . 2022-04-10 . en-GB.
  5. Web site: Krishnan . Vidya . 2020-08-18 . Where Pseudoscience Is Spreading . 2022-04-10 . The Atlantic . en.
  6. Samal . Janmejaya . Dehury . Ranjit Kumar . 18 October 2018 . Utilization, preference, perception and characteristics of people adopting traditional and AYUSH systems of medicine in India: a systematic review . Journal of Complementary and Integrative Medicine . 16 . 2 . 10.1515/jcim-2018-0020 . 30352037 . 53024438.
  7. Rudra. Shalini. Kalra. Aakshi. Kumar. Abhishek. Joe. William. 2017-05-04. Utilization of alternative systems of medicine as health care services in India: Evidence on AYUSH care from NSS 2014. PLOS ONE. 12. 5. e0176916. 10.1371/journal.pone.0176916. 1932-6203. 5417584. 28472197. 2017PLoSO..1276916R. free.
  8. Samal . Janmejaya . Dehury . Ranjit Kumar . May 2016 . An Evaluation on Medical Education, Research and Development of AYUSH Systems of Medicine through Five Year Plans of India . Journal of Clinical and Diagnostic Research . 10 . 5 . IE01–IE05 . 10.7860/JCDR/2016/18194.7793 . 2249-782X . 4948421 . 27437245.
  9. News: Sharma . Yogima . Niti Aayog wants axe on homoeopathy, ayurveda bodies . The Economic Times . 2022-05-02.
  10. Ghosh . Ajoy Kumar . April 2010 . A short history of the development of homeopathy in India . Homeopathy: The Journal of the Faculty of Homeopathy . 99 . 2 . 130–136 . 10.1016/j.homp.2009.10.001 . 1476-4245 . 20471616. 3758540 .
  11. Web site: About the Ministry . Ministry of AYUSH.
  12. Lakshmi. J. K.. January 2012. Less equal than others? Experiences of AYUSH medical officers in primary health centres in Andhra Pradesh. Indian Journal of Medical Ethics. 9. 1. 18–21. 10.20529/IJME.2012.005. 0974-8466. 22319847.
  13. Gopichandran . Vijayaprasad . Satish Kumar . Ch . October 2012 . Mainstreaming AYUSH: an ethical analysis . Indian Journal of Medical Ethics . 9 . 4 . 272–277 . 10.20529/IJME.2012.091 . 0974-8466 . 23099604. free .
  14. News: Doshi . Vidhi . 29 January 2018 . How ghee, turmeric and aloe vera became India's new instruments of soft power . . 18 February 2019.
  15. News: Bhatia . Rahul . Lasseter . Tom . May 23, 2017 . Modi's Yogi . en . Reuters . McBride . Janet . 2022-05-29 . Hirschberg . Peter.
  16. Web site: . November 2018 . Spoonful of Sugar: Why India's push for alt-med in the public health system is ill-advised . subscription . 2020-01-16 . . en.
  17. News: 2018-11-04 . Clinical trials on Ayurvedic medicine against dengue underway: Shripad Naik . The Economic Times . PTI . 2019-01-22.
  18. Web site: Bhuyan . Anoo . August 9, 2017 . AYUSH Ministry Writes to Nobel Laureate Against His 'False Propaganda' on Homeopathy . 2019-01-23 . The Wire.
  19. Web site: First Naturopathy day celebrated by Ayush ministry seeking to promote drug-less system of medicine. 2018-11-19. Hindustan Times. en. 2019-01-31.
  20. Web site: Know Instances of Patenting on the UES of Medicinal Plants in India. 6 May 2010. PIB, Ministry of Environment and Forests, Government of India. 21 May 2010.
  21. Web site: Institutes under AYUSH. 17 January 2020. 3 June 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210603062747/https://www.nhp.gov.in/UploadFiles/microsite/635665058281132058_1.pdf.
  22. Web site: About Us. NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF HOMOEOPATHY.
  23. News: National Institute of Siddha a milestone in health care. https://web.archive.org/web/20071107022440/http://www.hindu.com/2005/09/01/stories/2005090114280700.htm. 7 November 2007. Manikandan. K.. 1 September 2005. 16 October 2011. The Hindu. Chennai.
  24. India Systems of Medicine & Homoeopathy Annual Report 2000-2001. 16 October 2011.
  25. News: Siddha hospital to get new OPD building. 3 May 2018. The Hindu. 4 May 2018. Chennai.
  26. News: National Institute of Siddha modifies expansion plan. Madhavan. D.. 20 December 2012. The Hindu. 23 December 2012. Chennai.
  27. Web site: National Institute of Unani Medicine, Bangalore. AYUSH. https://web.archive.org/web/20131220163709/http://indianmedicine.nic.in/index3.asp?sslid=193&subsublinkid=64&lang=1. 2013-12-20. 2013-12-20.
  28. Web site: Courses. National Institute of Unani Medicine. https://web.archive.org/web/20131127141743/http://nium.in/content.php?cr. 2013-11-27. 2013-12-20.
  29. Web site: Institutions . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20230424033654/http://www.ccras.nic.in/content/national-ayurveda-research-institute-panchakarma-cheruthuruthy . 24 April 2023. 2022-11-28 . CENTRAL COUNCIL FOR RESEARCH IN AYURVEDIC SCIENCES . CCRAS .
  30. Web site: 11 August 2022 . National Commission for Indian System of Medicine .
  31. Web site: November 2, 2018 . AYUSH ministry aims to triple market share of its medicines, services . 2019-01-31 . The Times of India.
  32. Web site: Govt allocates ₹144 crore to AYUSH ministry for alternative medicines. Sharma. Neetu Chandra. 2018-10-20. Mint. en. 2019-01-31.
  33. Book: Tuomela, R. Rational Changes in Science . Science, Protoscience, and Pseudoscience . Springer. 1987. 978-94-010-8181-8. Pitt JC, Marcello P. Boston Studies in the Philosophy of Science. 98. 83–101. 10.1007/978-94-009-3779-6_4. Raimo Tuomela.
  34. Smith K. 2012. Homeopathy is Unscientific and Unethical. Bioethics. 26. 9. 508–12. 10.1111/j.1467-8519.2011.01956.x. 143067523.
  35. Book: Baran GR, Kiana MF, Samuel SP. Healthcare and Biomedical Technology in the 21st Century . Science, Pseudoscience, and Not Science: How do They Differ? . Springer. 2014. 978-1-4614-8540-7. 19–57. 10.1007/978-1-4614-8541-4_2. within the traditional medical community it is considered to be quackery.
  36. Book: Philosophy of Pseudoscience: Reconsidering the Demarcation Problem. Ladyman J. University of Chicago Press. 2013. 978-0-226-05196-3. Pigliucci M, Boudry M. 48–49. Chapter 3: Towards a Demarcation of Science from Pseudoscience. Yet homeopathy is a paradigmatic example of pseudoscience. It is neither simply bad science nor science fraud, but rather profoundly departs from scientific method and theories while being described as scientific by some of its adherents (often sincerely)..
  37. Shaw. DM. 2010. Homeopathy is where the harm is: Five unethical effects of funding unscientific 'remedies'. Journal of Medical Ethics. 36. 3. 130–31. 10.1136/jme.2009.034959. 20211989. free.
  38. News: Sample . Ian . 21 July 2008 . Pharmacists urged to 'tell the truth' about homeopathic remedies . . London .
  39. Web site: Homeopathy: Complementary therapy . 2022-05-01 . Cancer Research UK.
  40. UK Parliamentary Committee Science and Technology Committee - "Evidence Check 2: Homeopathy" February 22, 2010.
  41. Grimes. D.R.. 2012. Proposed mechanisms for homeopathy are physically impossible. Focus on Alternative and Complementary Therapies. 17. 3. 149–55. 10.1111/j.2042-7166.2012.01162.x.
  42. Web site: Homeopathic products and practices: assessing the evidence and ensuring consistency in regulating medical claims in the EU. September 2017. European Academies' Science Advisory Council. 1. 1 October 2017. ... we agree with previous extensive evaluations concluding that there are no known diseases for which there is robust, reproducible evidence that homeopathy is effective beyond the placebo effect..
  43. Book: Chapter 1: Psychomythology. Semple D, Smyth R. Oxford Handbook of Psychiatry. Oxford University Press. 2013. 978-0-19-969388-7. 3rd. 20.
  44. Book: Pseudoscience: The Conspiracy Against Science. Kaufman. Allison B.. Kaufman. James C.. 2018-01-12. MIT Press. 978-0-262-03742-6. en.
  45. Web site: 2013-10-09 . 2011 . 13-10-09 . 2019-01-31 . Skeptic . en-US.
  46. Book: Quack, Johannes. Disenchanting India: Organized Rationalism and Criticism of Religion in India. Oxford University Press. 2011. 978-0-19-981260-8. 3, 213.
  47. Book: Manohar, P. Ram. Science, Spirituality and the Modernization of India. Anthem Press. 2009. 978-1-84331-776-0. Paranjape. Makarand R.. 172–3. The blending of science and spirituality in the Ayurvedic healing tradition. https://books.google.com/books?id=Ey1v6JEmvakC&pg=FA172.
  48. Sources documenting the same:
    • Atwood . Kimball C. IV . 2003 . Naturopathy: A critical appraisal . Medscape General Medicine . 5 . 4 . 39 . 14745386.
    • Atwood IV . Kimball. C. . 26 March 2004 . Naturopathy, pseudoscience, and medicine: Myths and fallacies vs truth . Medscape General Medicine . 6 . 1 . 33 . 1140750 . 15208545.
    • News: Harvey . Claire . 11 July 2015 . Don't duck the law by sending kids to quacks . The Daily Telegraph . 2 September 2015.
    • News: Chivers . Tom . 10 November 2014 . How does naturopathy work? A bit like a flying vacuum-cleaner to Mars . Spectator . 2 September 2015 . https://web.archive.org/web/20170905094710/https://health.spectator.co.uk/how-does-naturopathy-work-a-bit-like-a-flying-vacuum-cleaner-to-mars/ . 5 September 2017.
    • Book: American Cancer Society Complete Guide to Complementary and Alternative Cancer Therapies . 2009 . American Cancer Society . Russell . Jill . Second . Atlanta . 116–119 . Rovere . Amy.
  49. Web site: Natural. Carroll. Robert. 26 November 2012. The Skeptic's Dictionary. 2013-09-08.
  50. Web site: NCAHF Position Paper on Over the Counter Herbal Remedies (1995). 1995. National Council Against Health Fraud. 2009-04-17.
  51. Atwood. Kimball C. IV. 2003. Naturopathy: A critical appraisal. Medscape General Medicine. 5. 4. 39. 14745386.
  52. Gorski. David H.. 18 September 2014. Integrative oncology: really the best of both worlds?. Nature Reviews Cancer. 14. 10. 692–700. 10.1038/nrc3822. 25230880. 33539406. Gorski Nature.
  53. Book: Naturopathy. Singh S, Ernst E. Trick or Treatment?: Alternative Medicine on Trial. Transworld. 2009. 978-1-4090-8180-7. 197–. many naturopaths are against mainstream medicine and advise their patients accordingly  - for instance many are not in favour of vaccination..
  54. Krisanaprakornkit. T.. Ngamjarus. C.. Witoonchart. C.. Piyavhatkul. N.. 2010. Meditation therapies for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2010 . 6. CD006507. 10.1002/14651858.CD006507.pub2. 20556767. 6823216.
  55. Ospina. M. B.. Bond. K.. Karkhaneh. M.. etal. 2008. Clinical trials of meditation practices in health care: characteristics and quality. Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine. 14. 10. 199–213. 10.1089/acm.2008.0307. 19123875. 43745958.
  56. Uebelacker. L. A.. Epstein-Lubow. G.. Gaudiano. B. A.. Tremont. G.. Battle. C. L.. Miller. I. W.. 2010. Hatha yoga for depression: critical review of the evidence for efficacy, plausible mechanisms of action, and directions for future research. Journal of Psychiatric Practice. 16. 1. 22–33. 10.1097/01.pra.0000367775.88388.96. 20098228. 205423922.
  57. Wieland. L. Susan. Skoetz. Nicole. Pilkington. Karen. Vempati. Ramaprabhu. D'Adamo. Christopher R. Berman. Brian M. 2017-01-12. Yoga treatment for chronic non-specific low back pain. The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2017. 1. CD010671. 10.1002/14651858.CD010671.pub2. 1469-493X. 5294833. 28076926.
  58. Web site: Hall . Harriet . August 14, 2018 . Naturopathy Textbook . 2020-01-16 . sciencebasedmedicine.org . en-US.
  59. Web site: Bellamy . Jann . December 27, 2012 . Naturopathy Embraces the Four Humors . 2020-01-16 . sciencebasedmedicine.org . en-US.
  60. Sources that criticize the entirety of AYUSH as a pseudo-scientific venture:
  61. News: Questions over science swirl, but AYUSH stands firm. Shrinivasan. Rukmini. 2015-04-26. The Hindu. 2019-01-22. en-IN. 0971-751X.
  62. Misra. Anoop. Gulati. Seema. Luthra. Atul. 2016. Alternative medicines for diabetes in India: Maximum hype, minimum science. The Lancet Diabetes & Endocrinology. 4. 4. 302–303. 10.1016/S2213-8587(15)00515-X. 27016323. free.
  63. News: Big claims, little evidence. Pulla. Priyanka. 2018-02-25. The Hindu. 2018-12-16. en-IN. 0971-751X.
  64. News: 2018-09-11 . Homoeopathy pills to check spread of dengue . en-IN . The Hindu . 2019-01-22 . 0971-751X.
  65. News: Chandna . Himani . 16 April 2018 . India could have the solution to cure dengue by next year: an ayurvedic pill . .
  66. Web site: 2018-04-17 . Ayurvedic dengue cure: Indian scientists create first of its kind drug to treat the disease . 2019-01-22 . Hindustan Times . PTI . en.
  67. News: 2015-01-28 . Swine flu prevention: homeo pills effective, say officials . en-IN . The Hindu . 2019-01-23 . 0971-751X.
  68. Web site: Shaikh . Sumaiya . 2018-05-15 . Do the AYUSH based treatments for autism stand up to scientific scrutiny? . 2019-01-22 . Alt News . en-GB.
  69. Web site: The inefficacy of AYUSH-64, the anti-malarial Ayurvedic drug developed by Ministry of AYUSH. Mittal. Shivani. 2019-01-29. Alt News. en-GB. 2019-01-31.
  70. News: 2015-04-05 . A homeopathic experiment gives hope for treatment of AIDS . Business Standard India . 2019-01-23.
  71. News: August 8, 2017 . Ministry of Ayush Develops drugs for Dengue, Cancer . United News of India . limited.
  72. Web site: Karthikeyan . Ragamalika . 2021-05-22 . Why the push for AYUSH is harmful: Narendra Nayak interview . 2021-05-23 . The News Minute . en.
  73. Web site: Thapar . Karan . 2021-04-30 . COVID in India: 35 Questions for K. VijayRaghavan, V.K. Paul and Balram Bhargava . 2021-05-23 . The Wire . en-GB.
  74. Web site: Pulla . Priyanka . October 15, 2020 . 2020-10-15 . 'A fraud on the nation': critics blast Indian government's promotion of traditional medicine for COVID-19 . 2021-05-23 . . en.
  75. Patwardhan. Bhushan. 2016. Ayurvedic drugs in case: Claims, evidence, regulations and ethics. Journal of Ayurveda and Integrative Medicine. 7. 3. 135–137. 10.1016/j.jaim.2016.08.005. 27640330. 5052386.
  76. Web site: Rukmini . S. . 2017-08-09 . 7 Scientific Pieces Of 'Propaganda Against Homeopathy' That The Government Might Need To Consider . 2019-01-23 . HuffPost India . en.
  77. News: Mumbai: Study says liver damage likely due to autoimmune response to giloy. Mumbai News - Times of India. 4 July 2021. Malathy Iyer.
  78. News: Ray . Kalyan . Ayurvedic drug backed by AYUSH Ministry causes liver damage, says study . 6 March 2022 . Deccan Herald . The Printers, Mysore.
  79. Web site: Relating Giloy to Liver Damage is completely Misleading, Says Ministry of Ayush . 2021-07-07 . Ayush.
  80. News: Liver injury seen in patients using excessive herbal immune boosters like giloy in Covid time . Mordani . Sneha . 2021-07-06.
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