Minister of War (France) explained

Post:	Minister
Body:	War
Department:	Ministry of War
Status:	Abolished
Member Of:	Government Council of Ministers
Reports To:	Prime Minister
Nominator:	Prime Minister
Appointer:	President
Termlength:	No fixed term
Precursor:	Secretary of State for War
Formation:	25 May 1791
First:	Louis Lebègue Duportail
Last:	Paul Coste-Floret
Abolished:	31 October 1947
Succession:	Minister of the Armed Forces

The Minister of War (French: Ministre de la guerre) was the leader and most senior official of the French Ministry of War. It was a position in the Government of France from 1791 to 1947, replacing the position of Secretary of State for War and later being merged with the offices of Minister of the Navy and Minister of Air to form a new Minister of the Armed Forces.

History

In 1791, during the French Revolution, the Secretary of State for War became titled Minister of War.^[1]

For most of its existence and until the beginning of the 20th century, ministers had always been Marshals or Generals. The Third Republic saw the gradual replacement of the military by civilian politicians to the office. It was also subject to the governmental instability of the regime, leading to ministers seating only for few days.

Powers and functions

On 27 April 1791, the National Constituent Assembly issued a decree organizing the six ministries of Justice, Interior, Finances, War, Navy and Foreign Affairs. The decree was signed into law on 25 May 1791 by King Louis XVI.^[2] This law determined the responsibilities of the minister, giving him full authority on the French Army and the sole provost duties of the National Gendarmerie. It also resolved that the minister would be responsible for the administration and finances of his department.

Officeholders

Kingdom of France

	Portrait	Name	Term			Cabinet	King	Ref.
Took office	Left office	Time in office
1			Louis Lebègue Duportail				Louis XVI	Louis XVI
2			Louis de Narbonne-Lara						^[3]
3			Pierre Marie de Grave						^[4]
4			Joseph Servan						^[5]
5			Charles du Périer Dumouriez						^[6]
6			Pierre de Lajard						^[7]
7			Charles d'Abancourt						^[8]
8			Joseph Servan						^[9]

First Republic

	Portrait	Name	Term			Cabinet	Head of State	Ref.
Took office	Left office	Time in office
8			Joseph Servan				National Convention	National Convention
Interim by Pierre Lebrun-Tondu, Minister of Foreign Affairs, from 3 October 1792 to 24 January 1793.
9			Jean-Nicolas Pache				National Convention	National Convention	^[10]
10			Pierre Riel de Beurnonville						^[11]
11			Jean Bouchotte						^[12]
All ministries suspended and replaced by the Executive Commissions between 20 April 1794 and 3 November 1795.									^[13]
12			Jean-Baptiste Aubert du Bayet				Directory	Directory	^[14]
13			Claude Petiet
14			Barthélemy Schérer						^[15]
15			Louis de Milet de Mureau						^[16]
16			Jean-Baptiste Bernadotte						^[17]
17			Edmond Dubois-Crancé						^[18]
18			Louis-Alexandre Berthier				Consulate	Napoléon Bonaparte	^[19]
19			Lazare Carnot						^[20]
Interim by Jean-Gérard Lacuée, Councillor of State, from 5 May to 8 October 1800.									^[21]
20			Louis-Alexandre Berthier				Consulate	Napoléon Bonaparte	^[22]

First Empire

	Portrait	Name	Term			Cabinet	Emperor	Ref.
Took office	Left office	Time in office
20			Louis-Alexandre Berthier Prince de Neuchâtel				Napoléon	Napoleon I
21			Henri Guillaume Clarke Duc de Feltre						^[23]
22			Pierre Daru Comte Daru						^[24]

Restoration

	Portrait	Name	Term			Cabinet	King	Ref.
Took office	Left office	Time in office
23			Pierre Antoine Comte Dupont de l'Étang				Provisional Government	Louis XVIII	^[25]
		Restoration
24				Jean-de-Dieu Soult Duc de Dalmatie
25				Henri Guillaume Clarke Duc de Feltre

Hundred Days

	Portrait	Name	Term			Cabinet	Emperor	Ref.
Took office	Left office	Time in office
26			Louis Nicolas d'Avout Duc d'Auerstaedt, Prince d'Eckmühl				Hundred Days	Napoleon I	^[26]
		Executive Commission					Napoleon II

Kingdom of France

	Portrait	Name	Term			Cabinet	King	Ref.
Took office	Left office	Time in office
27			Laurent de Gouvion Marquis de Saint-Cyr				Talleyrand	Louis XVIII	^[27]
28			Henri Guillaume Clarke Duc de Feltre				de Richelieu I
29			Laurent de Gouvion Marquis de Saint-Cyr				de Richelieu I Dessolles		^[28]
30			Victor de Faÿ Marquis de La Tour-Maubourg				Decazes de Richelieu II		^[29]
31			Claude Victor Perrin Duc de Bellune				de Villèle		^[30]
Interim by Alexandre Elisabeth Michel, Vicomte Digeon, from 23 March to 15 April 1823.									^[31]
32			Claude Victor Perrin Duc de Bellune				de Villèle	Louis XVIII
33			Ange Hyacinthe Maxence Baron de Damas						^[32]
34			Aimé Marie Gaspard Comte de Clermont-Tonnerre						^[33]
		Charles X
35				Louis Victor de Caux Vicomte de Blacquetot				de Martignac	^[34]
36				Louis Auguste Victor Comte de Ghaisnes de Bourmont				de Polignac	^[35]
37				Étienne Maurice Comte Gérard				de Rochechouart de Mortemart Paris Municipal Commission Cabinet Provisional cabinet First cabinet	^[36]
		Louis Philippe I
38				Jean-de-Dieu Soult Duc de Dalmatie				Laffitte Casimir-Périer Soult I	^[37]
39				Étienne Maurice Comte Gérard				Gérard
40				Simon Bernard Général-Baron				Maret
41				Édouard Mortier Duc de Trévise				Mortier
Interim by Henri de Rigny, Minister without portfolio, from 12 March to 30 April 1835.
42			Nicolas Joseph Marquis Maison				de Broglie Thiers I	Louis Philippe I
Interim by Claude du Campe de Rosamel, Minister of Navy, from 6 September to 19 September 1836.									^[38]
43			Simon Bernard Général-Baron				Molé I – II	Louis Philippe I	^[39]
44			Amédée Despans-Cubières				Transitional cabinet		^[40]
45			Antoine Schneider				Soult II		^[41]
46			Amédée Despans-Cubières				Thiers II		^[42]
47			Jean-de-Dieu Soult Duc de Dalmatie				Soult III		^[43]
48			Alexandre Moline de Saint-Yon						^[44]
49			Camille Trézel				Soult III Guizot		^[45]

Second Republic

	Portrait	Name	Term			Cabinet	President	Ref.
Took office	Left office	Time in office
50			Alphonse Bedeau				Provisional Government	Provisional Government	^[46]
51			Jacques Subervie						^[47]
Interim by François Arago, Minister of Navy, from 19 March to 20 March 1848.									^[48]
52			Louis-Eugène Cavaignac				Provisional Government	Provisional Government	^[49]
53			François Arago				Executive Commission	Executive Commission	^[50]
Interim by Jean-Baptiste Charras, Under Secretary of State of War, from 11 May to 17 May 1848.									^[51]
54			Louis-Eugène Cavaignac				Executive Commission	Executive Commission	^[52]
55			Louis Juchault de Lamoricière				Cavaignac	Louis-Eugène Cavaignac	^[53]
56			Joseph Rullière				Barrot I – II	Louis-Napoléon Bonaparte
57			Alphonse d'Hautpoul				d'Hautpoul
58			Jean-Paul de Schramm						^[54]
59			Auguste Regnaud de Saint-Jean d'Angély						^[55]
60			Jacques Randon				Rouher Faucher		^[56]
61			Jacques Leroy de Saint-Arnaud				Last cabinet Napoléon I – II		^[57]

Second Empire

	Portrait	Name	Term			Cabinet	Emperor	Ref.
Took office	Left office	Time in office
61			Jacques Leroy de Saint-Arnaud				Napoléon III	Napoleon III
62			Jean-Baptiste Philibert Comte Vaillant						^[58]
63			Jacques Louis César Alexandre Comte Randon						^[59]
64			Adolphe Niel						^[60]
Interim by Charles Rigault de Genouilly, Minister of Navy, from 13 August to 21 August 1869.
65			Edmond Le Bœuf				Napoléon IV Ollivier	Napoleon III	^[61]
Interim by Charles Dejean, Councillor of State, from 19 July to 9 August 1870.									^[62]
66			Charles Cousin-Montauban Comte de Palikao				Cousin-Montauban	Napoleon III	^[63]

Third Republic

	Portrait	Name	Term			Cabinet	President	Ref.
Took office	Left office	Time in office
67			Adolphe Le Flô				National Defence Dufaure I	Jules Trochu	^[64]
		Adolphe Thiers
68				Ernest de Cissey				Dufaure I – II	^[65]
69			François du Barail				de Broglie I – II	Patrice de MacMahon	^[66]
70			Ernest de Cissey				de Cissey Buffet Dufaure III – IV		^[67]
71			Jean Berthaut				Dufaure IV Simon de Broglie III		^[68]
72			Gaëtan de Rochebouët				de Rochebouët		^[69]
73			Jean-Louis Borel				Dufaure V		^[70]
74			Henri Gresley				Dufaure V Waddington		^[71]
		Jules Grévy
75				Jean-Joseph Farre				Waddington de Freycinet I Ferry I	^[72]
76				Jean-Baptiste Campenon				Gambetta	^[73]
77				Jean-Baptiste Billot				de Freycinet II Duclerc	^[74]
78				Jean Thibaudin				Fallières Ferry II	^[75]
79				Jean-Baptiste Campenon				Ferry II	^[76]
80				Jules Lewal					^[77]
81				Jean-Baptiste Campenon				Brisson I	^[78]
82				Georges Boulanger				de Freycinet III Goblet	^[79]
83				Théophile Ferron				Rouvier I	^[80]
84			François Logerot				Tirard I	Sadi Carnot	^[81]
85			Charles de Freycinet				Floquet Tirard II de Freycinet IV Loubet Ribot I		^[82]
86			Julien Loizillon				Ribot II Dupuy I		^[83]
87			Auguste Mercier				Casimir-Perier Dupuy II – III		^[84]
		Jean Casimir-Perier
88				Émile Zurlinden				Ribot III	^[85]
89			Jacques Cavaignac				Bourgeois	Félix Faure	^[86]
90			Jean-Baptiste Billot				Méline		^[87]
91			Jacques Cavaignac				Brisson II		^[88]
92			Émile Zurlinden						^[89]
93			Charles Chanoine						^[90]
Interim by Édouard Lockroy, Minister of Navy, from 25 October to 1 November 1898.									^[91]
94			Charles de Freycinet				Dupuy IV – V	Félix Faure	^[92]
		Émile Loubet
95				Camille Krantz				Dupuy V	^[93]
96				Gaston de Galliffet				Waldeck-Rousseau	^[94]
97				Louis André				Waldeck-Rousseau Combes	^[95]
98				Henri Berteaux				Combes Rouvier II	^[96]
99				Eugène Étienne				Rouvier II – III Sarrien	^[97]
		Armand Fallières
100				Georges Picquart				Clemenceau I	^[98]
101				Jean Brun				Briand I – II	^[99]
Interim by Aristide Briand, President of the Council of Ministers, from 23 February to 2 March 1911.									^[100]
102			Henri Berteaux				Monis	Armand Fallières	^[101]
Interim by Jean Cruppi, Minister of Foreign Affairs, from 21 May to 27 May 1911.									^[102]
103			François Goiran				Monis	Armand Fallières	^[103]
104			Adolphe Messimy				Caillaux		^[104]
105			Alexandre Millerand				Poincaré I		^[105]
106			Albert Lebrun						^[106]
107			Eugène Étienne				Briand III – IV Barthou		^[107]
		Raymond Poincaré
108				Joseph Noulens				Doumergue I	^[108]
109				Théophile Delcassé				Ribot IV	^[109]
110				Adolphe Messimy				Viviani I	^[110]
111				Alexandre Millerand				Viviani II	^[111]
112				Joseph Gallieni				Briand V	^[112]
113				Pierre Roques					^[113]
114				Hubert Lyautey				Briand VI	^[114]
Interim by Lucien Lacaze, Minister of Navy, from 15 March to 20 March 1917.									^[115]
115			Paul Painlevé				Ribot V Painlevé I	Raymond Poincaré	^[116]
116			Georges Clemenceau				Clemenceau II		^[117]
117			André Lefèvre				Millerand I – II Leygues		^[118]
		Paul Deschanel
		Alexandre Millerand
118				Flaminius Raiberti				Leygues	^[119]
119				Louis Barthou				Briand VII	^[120]
120				André Maginot				Poincaré II – III François-Marsal	^[121]
121			Charles Nollet				Herriot I	Gaston Doumergue	^[122]
122			Paul Painlevé				Painlevé II		^[123]
123			Édouard Daladier				Painlevé III		^[124]
124			Paul Painlevé				Briand VIII – IX		^[125]
125			Adolphe Guillaumat				Briand X		^[126]
126			Paul Painlevé				Herriot II Poincaré IV–V Briand XI		^[127]
127			André Maginot				Tardieu I		^[128]
128			René Besnard				Chautemps I		^[129]
129			André Maginot				Tardieu II		^[130]
130			Louis Barthou				Steeg		^[131]
131			André Maginot				Laval I – II		^[132]
		Paul Doumer
Interim by Charles Dumont, Minister of Navy, from 7 January to 14 January 1932.									-
132			André Tardieu				Laval III	Paul Doumer	^[133]
133			François Piétri				Tardieu III		^[134]
134			Joseph Paul-Boncour				Herriot III	Albert Lebrun	^[135]
135			Édouard Daladier				Paul-Boncour Daladier I Sarraut I Chautemps II		^[136]
136			Jean Fabry				Daladier II		^[137]
137			Joseph Paul-Boncour						^[138]
138			Philippe Pétain				Doumergue II		^[139]
139			Louis Maurin				Flandin I Bouisson		^[140]
140			Jean Fabry				Laval IV		^[141]
141			Louis Maurin				Sarraut II		^[142]
142			Édouard Daladier				Blum I Chautemps III – IV Blum II Daladier III – IV – V Reynaud		^[143]
143			Paul Reynaud				Reynaud		^[144]
144			Louis Colson				Pétain		^[145]

Vichy France

	Portrait	Name	Term			Cabinet	Chief of State	Ref.
Took office	Left office	Time in office
-			Louis Colson				Laval V	Philippe Pétain	^[146]
-			Charles Huntziger				Laval V Flandin II Darlan		^[147]
-			François Darlan				Darlan
-			Eugène Bridoux				Laval VI		^[148]

Free France

	Portrait	Name	Term			Cabinet	Leader	Ref.
Took office	Left office	Time in office
145			Paul Legentilhomme				CNF	Charles de Gaulle	^[149]
		CFLN
146				André Le Troquer					^[150]
147				André Diethelm					^[151]

Fourth Republic

Notes and References

1. Web site: Law on the organisation of the Ministry. Government of the Kingdom of France. gallica.bnf.fr. fr. 25 May 1791. 10 March 2020.
2. Web site: Law on the organisation of the Ministry. Government of the Kingdom of France. gallica.bnf.fr. French. 25 May 1791. 10 March 2020.
3. Web site: Note from the King to the National Assembly. Government of the Kingdom of France. archive.org. French. 7 December 1791. 18 May 2020.
4. Web site: Note from the King to the National Assembly. Government of the Kingdom of France. archive.org. French. 10 March 1792. 18 May 2020.
5. Web site: Note from the King to the National Assembly. Government of the Kingdom of France. archive.org. French. 10 May 1792. 18 May 2020.
6. Web site: Note from the King to the National Assembly. Government of the Kingdom of France. archive.org. French. 13 June 1792. 18 May 2020.
7. Web site: Note from the King to the National Assembly. Government of the Kingdom of France. archive.org. French. 18 June 1792. 18 May 2020.
8. Web site: Note from the King to the National Assembly. Government of the Kingdom of France. archive.org. French. 23 July 1792. 18 May 2020.
9. Web site: Decree on the composition of the government. Government of the French Republic. gallica.bnf.fr. French. 10 August 1792. 10 March 2020.
10. Web site: Decree on the composition of the government. Government of the French Republic. gallica.bnf.fr. French. 24 January 1793. 10 March 2020.
11. Web site: Decree on the composition of the government. Government of the French Republic. gallica.bnf.fr. French. 4 February 1793. 10 March 2020.
12. Web site: Decree on the composition of the government. Government of the French Republic. gallica.bnf.fr. French. 4 April 1793. 10 March 2020.
13. Web site: Law abolishing the Provisional Executive Council. Government of the French Republic. gallica.bnf.fr. French. 1 April 1794. 10 March 2020.
14. Web site: Decree on the composition of the government. Government of the French Republic. gallica.bnf.fr. French. 3 November 1795. 10 March 2020.
15. Web site: Decree on the composition of the government. Government of the French Republic. gallica.bnf.fr. French. 23 July 1797. 10 March 2020.
16. Web site: Decree on the composition of the government. Government of the French Republic. gallica.bnf.fr. French. 21 February 1799. 10 March 2020.
17. Web site: Decree on the composition of the government. Government of the French Republic. gallica.bnf.fr. French. 2 July 1799. 10 March 2020.
18. Web site: Decree on the composition of the government. Government of the French Republic. gallica.bnf.fr. French. 14 September 1799. 10 March 2020.
19. Web site: Decree on the composition of the government. Government of the French Republic. gallica.bnf.fr. French. 7 November 1799. 10 March 2020.
20. Web site: Decree on the composition of the government. Government of the French Republic. gallica.bnf.fr. French. 2 April 1800. 10 March 2020.
21. Web site: Decree on the composition of the government. Government of the French Republic. gallica.bnf.fr. French. 5 May 1800. 10 March 2020.
22. Web site: Decree on the composition of the government. Government of the French Republic. gallica.bnf.fr. French. 8 October 1800. 10 March 2020.
23. Web site: Decree on the composition of the government. Government of the French Empire. gallica.bnf.fr. French. 9 August 1807. 10 March 2020.
24. Web site: Decree on the composition of the government. Government of the French Empire. gallica.bnf.fr. French. 20 March 1815. 10 March 2020.
25. Web site: Decree on the composition of the government. Government of the Kingdom of France. gallica.bnf.fr. French. 3 April 1814. 10 March 2020.
26. Web site: Decree on the composition of the government. Government of the French Empire. gallica.bnf.fr. French. 20 March 1815. 10 March 2020.
27. Web site: Ordonnance on the composition of the government. Government of the Kingdom of France. gallica.bnf.fr. French. 9 July 1815. 10 March 2020.
28. Web site: Ordonnance on the composition of the government. Government of the Kingdom of France. gallica.bnf.fr. French. 12 September 1817. 10 March 2020.
29. Web site: Ordonnance on the composition of the government. Government of the Kingdom of France. gallica.bnf.fr. French. 19 November 1819. 10 March 2020.
30. Web site: Ordonnance on the composition of the government. Government of the Kingdom of France. gallica.bnf.fr. French. 14 December 1821. 10 March 2020.
31. Web site: Ordonnance on the composition of the government. Government of the Kingdom of France. gallica.bnf.fr. French. 23 March 1823. 10 March 2020.
32. Web site: Ordonnance on the composition of the government. Government of the Kingdom of France. gallica.bnf.fr. French. 19 October 1823. 10 March 2020.
33. Web site: Ordonnance on the composition of the government. Government of the Kingdom of France. gallica.bnf.fr. French. 4 August 1824. 10 March 2020.
34. Web site: Ordonnance on the composition of the government. Government of the Kingdom of France. gallica.bnf.fr. French. 4 January 1828. 10 March 2020.
35. Web site: Ordonnance on the composition of the government. Government of the Kingdom of France. gallica.bnf.fr. French. 8 August 1829. 10 March 2020.
36. Web site: Ordonnance on the composition of the government. Government of the Kingdom of France. gallica.bnf.fr. French. 29 July 1830. 10 March 2020.
37. Web site: Ordonnance on the composition of the government. Government of the Kingdom of France. gallica.bnf.fr. French. 17 November 1830. 10 March 2020.
38. Web site: Decree on the composition of the government. Government of the Kingdom of France. gallica.bnf.fr. French. 6 September 1836. 10 March 2020.
39. Web site: Ordonnance on the composition of the government. Government of the Kingdom of France. gallica.bnf.fr. French. 19 September 1836. 10 March 2020.
40. Web site: Ordonnance on the composition of the government. Government of the Kingdom of France. gallica.bnf.fr. French. 31 March 1839. 10 March 2020.
41. Web site: Ordonnance on the composition of the government. Government of the Kingdom of France. gallica.bnf.fr. French. 12 May 1839. 10 March 2020.
42. Web site: Ordonnance on the composition of the government. Government of the Kingdom of France. gallica.bnf.fr. French. 1 March 1840. 10 March 2020.
43. Web site: Ordonnance on the composition of the government. Government of the Kingdom of France. gallica.bnf.fr. French. 29 October 1840. 10 March 2020.
44. Web site: Ordonnance on the composition of the government. Government of the Kingdom of France. gallica.bnf.fr. French. 10 November 1845. 10 March 2020.
45. Web site: Ordonnance on the composition of the government. Government of the Kingdom of France. gallica.bnf.fr. French. 9 May 1847. 10 March 2020.
46. Web site: Decree on the composition of the government. Government of the French Republic. gallica.bnf.fr. French. 24 February 1848. 10 March 2020.
47. Web site: Decree on the composition of the government. Government of the French Republic. gallica.bnf.fr. French. 25 February 1848. 10 March 2020.
48. Web site: Decree on the composition of the government. Government of the French Republic. gallica.bnf.fr. French. 19 March 1848. 10 March 2020.
49. Web site: Decree on the composition of the government. Government of the French Republic. gallica.bnf.fr. French. 20 March 1848. 10 March 2020.
50. Web site: Decree on the composition of the government. Government of the French Republic. gallica.bnf.fr. French. 5 April 1848. 10 March 2020.
51. Web site: Decree on the composition of the government. Government of the French Republic. gallica.bnf.fr. French. 11 May 1848. 10 March 2020.
52. Web site: Decree on the composition of the government. Government of the French Republic. gallica.bnf.fr. French. 17 May 1848. 10 March 2020.
53. Web site: Decree on the composition of the government. Government of the French Republic. gallica.bnf.fr. French. 28 June 1848. 10 March 2020.
54. Web site: Decree on the composition of the government. Government of the French Republic. gallica.bnf.fr. French. 22 October 1850. 10 March 2020.
55. Web site: Decree on the composition of the government. Government of the French Republic. gallica.bnf.fr. French. 9 January 1851. 10 March 2020.
56. Web site: Decree on the composition of the government. Government of the French Republic. gallica.bnf.fr. French. 24 January 1851. 10 March 2020.
57. Web site: Decree on the composition of the government. Government of the French Republic. gallica.bnf.fr. French. 26 October 1851. 10 March 2020.
58. Web site: Decree on the composition of the government. Government of the French Empire. gallica.bnf.fr. French. 11 March 1854. 10 March 2020.
59. Web site: Decree on the composition of the government. Government of the French Empire. gallica.bnf.fr. French. 5 May 1859. 10 March 2020.
60. Web site: Decree on the composition of the government. Government of the French Empire. gallica.bnf.fr. French. 20 January 1867. 10 March 2020.
61. Web site: Decree on the composition of the government. Government of the French Empire. gallica.bnf.fr. French. 21 August 1869. 10 March 2020.
62. Web site: Decree on the composition of the government. Government of the French Empire. gallica.bnf.fr. French. 19 July 1870. 10 March 2020.
63. Web site: Decree on the composition of the government. Government of the French Empire. gallica.bnf.fr. French. 9 August 1870. 10 March 2020.
64. Web site: Decree on the composition of the government. Government of the French Republic. gallica.bnf.fr. French. 4 September 1870. 10 March 2020.
65. Web site: Decree on the composition of the government. Government of the French Republic. gallica.bnf.fr. French. 5 June 1871. 10 March 2020.
66. Web site: Decree on the composition of the government. Government of the French Republic. gallica.bnf.fr. French. 29 May 1873. 10 March 2020.
67. Web site: Decree on the composition of the government. Government of the French Republic. gallica.bnf.fr. French. 22 May 1874. 10 March 2020.
68. Web site: Decree on the composition of the government. Government of the French Republic. gallica.bnf.fr. French. 15 August 1876. 10 March 2020.
69. Web site: Decree on the composition of the government. Government of the French Republic. gallica.bnf.fr. French. 23 November 1877. 10 March 2020.
70. Web site: Decree on the composition of the government. Government of the French Republic. gallica.bnf.fr. French. 13 December 1877. 10 March 2020.
71. Web site: Decree on the composition of the government. Government of the French Republic. gallica.bnf.fr. French. 13 January 1879. 10 March 2020.
72. Web site: Decree on the composition of the government. Government of the French Republic. gallica.bnf.fr. French. 28 December 1879. 10 March 2020.
73. Web site: Decree on the composition of the government. Government of the French Republic. gallica.bnf.fr. French. 14 November 1881. 10 March 2020.
74. Web site: Decree on the composition of the government. Government of the French Republic. gallica.bnf.fr. French. 30 January 1882. 10 March 2020.
75. Web site: Decree on the composition of the government. Government of the French Republic. gallica.bnf.fr. French. 31 January 1883. 10 March 2020.
76. Web site: Decree on the composition of the government. Government of the French Republic. gallica.bnf.fr. French. 9 October 1883. 10 March 2020.
77. Web site: Decree on the composition of the government. Government of the French Republic. gallica.bnf.fr. French. 3 January 1885. 10 March 2020.
78. Web site: Decree on the composition of the government. Government of the French Republic. gallica.bnf.fr. French. 6 April 1885. 10 March 2020.
79. Web site: Decree on the composition of the government. Government of the French Republic. gallica.bnf.fr. French. 7 January 1886. 10 March 2020.
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