List of military equipment of Islamic State explained

This is a list of some of the military equipment formerly and currently used by the Islamic State (IS).^{[1] [2]}

Small arms

Assault and battle rifles

Name	Type	Quantity	Origin	Photo	Notes
MAS-36^[3]	Bolt-action rifle	?			Seen service by IS insurgents in Syria, 2019.
Karabiner 98k	Bolt-action rifle				At least one found in a weapon stash in Iraq.^[4]
SKS	Semi automatic rifle				Captured from Syrian Army.^[5]
AK-47	Assault rifle	Unknown			Captured from Syrian Army, some upgraded with Picatinny rails.
AKM	Assault rifle	Unknown			Captured from Syrian Army.
AK-74M		Unknown
	Assault rifle				Captured from Libyan Army.
AK-63	Assault rifle	Unknown^[6]			Captured from Syrian Army.
AMD-65	Assault rifle	Unknown			Captured from Syrian Army.
Zastava M70	Assault rifle	Unknown			M70B1, M70AB1, and M70AB2 variants used.
Type 56 assault rifle	Assault rifle	Unknown			Type 56-1 and Type 56-2 variants also used.
MPi-KM	Assault rifle	Unknown			Captured from Syrian Army.
Pistol Mitralieră model 1963/1965	Assault rifle	Unknown			Captured from Syrian Army.
vz. 58^[7]	Assault rifle	Small quantities			Likely captured from Iraqi stockpile.
	Assault rifle				Used in Iraq and Syria.
Type 68	Assault rifle				At least 18 were found in a weapons stash in northeast Syria.
Bushmaster XM-15^[8]	Semi automatic rifle
M16 rifle(Very Limited)	Assault rifle	Unknown			Captured from Iraqi Army and police.^[9] M16A2 variant. Popular within IS.
StG 44^[10]	Assault rifle	2200+			Around 5,000 captured by rebel forces, in common use until mid 2017 as ammunition reserves depleted.
Norinco CQ^[11]	Assault rifle
Daewoo K2C^[12]	Assault rifle				Most likely seized during delivery to the Iraqi Army, or captured from Iraqi troops.
Heckler & Koch G36	Assault rifle
FN FAL	Battle rifle				used in Libya
Heckler and Koch G3	Battle rifle				used in Yemen

Sniper rifles and anti-material rifles

Name	Type	Quantity	Origin	Photo	Notes
Mosin–Nagant	Sniper rifle				Limited use, mostly used by fighters in Iraq.^[13]
Dragunov SVD	Designated marksman rifle	Unknown
PSL/FPK^[14]	Designated marksman rifle
Tabuk	Designated marksman rifle	Unknown	Iraq		Captured from the Iraqi Army.
M14 EBR (Limited)	Designated marksman rifle				Captured from the Iraqi Army or Syrian opposition.^[15]
	Sniper rifle
Steyr SSG 69	Sniper rifle				Limited use.
	Anti-materiel rifle
	Anti-materiel rifle

Machine guns

Name	Type	Quantity	Origin	Photo	Notes
PK	General-purpose machine gun				Both PK and PKM variants used.
Type 67-2	General-purpose machine gun				Used in Iraq.
Type 80	General-purpose machine gun				Captured from Syrian Army.
Rheinmetall MG3
M240	General-purpose machine gun
M249	Light machine gun
RP-46	Light machine gun
RPK	Light machine gun				Both RPK and RPK-74 variants used.
Type 81	Light machine gun				Used in Iraq.
Browning M1919A6	Medium machine gun
KGK	Medium machine gun
DShK	Heavy machine gun				Stolen from the Iraqi or Syrian army.^[16]
KPV	Heavy machine gun				KPV and KPVT variants used.
M2 Browning	Heavy machine gun				M2HB variant used.

Pistols

Name	Type	Quantity	Origin	Photo	Notes
Glock 17^[17]	Semi-automatic pistol
Glock 19	Semi-automatic pistol (some converted to full-auto)^[18]
Browning Hi-Power	Semi-automatic pistol
Beretta M9					Licensed copy of the Beretta 92FS.
Beretta M1951^[19]	Semi-automatic pistol
Walther P99	Semi-automatic pistol

Explosives, anti-tank weapons, grenade launchers, and anti-aircraft launchers

Name	Type	Quantity	Origin	Photo	Notes
Various IEDs		Large quantities			Made with ANFO or explosives scavenged from unexploded US-made bombs.^[20]
Mk 2 grenade	Hand grenade				Multiple caches.
					Multiple caches.^[21]
RGD-5	Hand grenade				Captured from Iraqi and Syrian stockpiles.
F1^[22]	Hand grenade				Captured from Iraqi and Syrian stockpiles.
HG 85	Hand grenade				Shipped to Syria by the UAE via Jordan.^[23]
RBG-6	Grenade launcher				Used in Syria and Iraq.
	Recoilless rifle				Stolen from the Iraqi or Syrian Army.
SPG-9	Recoilless rifle
M40	Recoilless rifle	1			Seized from the Syrian opposition.
M60	Recoilless rifle
		Large quantities			Commonly used.
RPG-18	Rocket-propelled grenade				Used in Iraq.
					Used in Iraq and Syria.
RPG-26	Rocket-propelled grenade				Used in Syria.
RPG-75	Recoilless rifle
Type 69 RPG	Rocket propelled grenade				Type 69-I variant used.
M79 Osa^[24] ^[25]
MILAN	Anti-tank missile
BGM-71 TOW^[26]	Anti-tank missile				Captured from FSA.
9K111 Fagot	Anti-tank missile
9K115-2 Metis-M	Anti-tank missile
9M133 Kornet	Anti-tank missile
HJ-8	Anti-tank missile				Captured from the FSA.
FN-6	Man-portable surface-to-air missile	1^[27]			Reportedly used on October 3, 2014 in Baiji to shoot down an Iraqi Mi‑35M helicopter.^[28]
9K32 Strela-2	Man-portable surface-to-air missile	8^[29]			"Limited, aging stock."
9K34 Strela-3	Man-portable surface-to-air missile
Hwaseong-Chong	Man-portable surface-to-air missile	1
FIM-92	Man-portable surface-to-air missile				Stolen Iraqi stockpiles.

Artillery

Mortars

Name	Type	Quantity	Origin	Photo	Notes
Al-Jaleel 60 mm mortar	60 mm infantry mortar	Large quantities
82-BM-37	82 mm infantry mortar	Large quantities
82-PM-41	82 mm infantry mortar	Large quantities
M120	120 mm heavy mortar
Improvised mortars	Heavy mortar				Caliber varies from 80 to 100 mm.

Towed guns

Name	Type	Quantity	Origin	Photo	Notes
	Field gun	1
		2
122 mm howitzer M1938 (M-30)	Howitzer	2
D-74 122 mm field gun	Field gun	6 (2015)
	Field gun	34
	Howitzer	Up to 5^[30]			Captured from Iraqi Army.

Anti-aircraft guns

Name	Type	Quantity	Origin	Photo	Notes
		83 (2015)			Usually mounted on technicals.
AZP S-60		21			Some mounted on technicals.

Vehicles

Logistics and utility vehicles

Name	Type	Quantity	Origin	Photo	Notes
UAZ-469		8			Captured in Iraq.
MTVR	6×6 tactical military truck	9	United States		10 vehicles were seized by ISIL. 3 vehicles were captured from Iraqi Forces and paraded through Mosul during the aftermath of Mosul's fall in June 2014. 3 others were also paraded at an unknown location and date. 1 was turned into a VBIED and triggered at an unknown location and date. 3 were captured and paraded through Raqqa during the aftermath of the Raqqa campaign (2012–2013).
M548	Tracked cargo carrier	2	United States		ISIL has seized 2 vehicles. The first one was captured from Iraqi-Shia militants in Khalidiya Island and the second one was captured from the PMF's 30th Brigade in the "Al-Sajr" area.
Ural-4320		9			Captured in Iraq.
Tatra 148	Truck	1			Captured from the Syrian Army.
Tatra 815	Truck	1			Captured from the Syrian Army.
GAZ-3308	Truck	1			Captured from the Syrian Army.
MAZ-6317	Truck	3			Captured in Syria.
KrAZ-6322	Truck	5			At least one was transferred to IS forces in Syria.
Daewoo Novus	Truck	11			Captured in Iraq.
HMMWV		≈2,300 (2015)^[31] ^[32] ^[33] ^[34]			Many captured from Iraqi Army. Main vehicle used by IS in SVBIED operations.Most of them were taken back by the Iraqi army since IS defeat. Some of them were destroyed while the damaged ones were refurbished and made operational again. (4:15 mins)
	Improvised fighting vehicles	Varies from hundreds to thousands.			Hundreds of variants exist, including SVBIED versions.
Safir	Off-road military light utility vehicle	1+			Captured from the Syrian Army.

Tanks and armored fighting vehicles

Name	Type	Quantity	Origin	Photo	Notes
BMP-1		25			Captured from the armies of Iraq, Syria, and other factions such as SDF and FSA. Some converted to SVBIED.
BTR-4		3	Ukraine		3 vehicles were seized by ISIL. 2 were captured from Iraqi Forces around October 2016 after ISIL conducted an offensive to retake the town of Ar-Rutbah where they were driven out. The other one was captured at an unknown location and date.
Type 69-II	Main battle tank	17			Captured in Iraq.
Leopard 2A4		At least 2			Captured from Turkey in the Battle of al-Bab during Euphrates Shield; Amaq News Agency posted video of captured 2A4s.^[35]
M1A1		At least 10			captured from Iraqi Army during their retreat in the Battle of Ramadi (2014–2015).^[36]
Eagle	Main battle tank	None, all destroyed or captured.			Captured from the Nigerian Army by Boko Haram.
MT-LB^[37]	Amphibious Armoured personnel carrier	unknown
	Amphibious Scout car	6
MRAP		13			Captured from the Iraqi Army and Police.
M113 APC		52			Captured from the Iraqi^[38] and the Egyptian Army. Some converted to SVBIED.
Mowag Piranha^[39] ^[40]	Armoured personnel carrier	At least 2			Operated by Boko Haram, probably captured from the Nigerian Army.
Saurer 4K 4FA^[41]	Armoured personnel carrier				Operated by Boko Haram, probably captured from the Nigerian Army.
Panhard AML-60^[42]	Armored car				Operated by Boko Haram, probably captured from the Nigerian Army.
VBL^[43]					Operated by Boko Haram, probably captured from the Nigerian army.
T-55/55MV/AM/AMV		At least 82 (2015)^[44]			Captured from the Iraqi Army, Syrian Army and Libyan militias. Many destroyed or captured. Some converted to SVBIED.
T-62 Obr. 1967/Obr. 1972	Main battle tank	15 (2015)			Possibly captured from Syrian Army, one destroyed near Kobani, another with reinforced turret knocked out near Ma'adan.
T-72/72M/A/AV /TURMS-T/M1 TURMS-T	Main battle tank	22 (2015)			Possibly captured from the Syrian Army.

Self-propelled artillery

Name	Type	Quantity	Origin	Photo	Notes
		3-4^[45]			Captured from Syrian army.
ZSU-23-4 Shilka		2			Captured from the Syrian army.
		11			Captured from Syrian army.

Aircraft

Name	Type	Quantity	Origin	Photo	Notes
		3 (2 operational, as of 2014)^[46]			Originally four. Captured by Jaysh al-Islam at the Jirah airfield on 12 February 2013. One was subsequently destroyed during a SAAF bombing.^[47] Two were repaired to airworthiness and shown taxiing during a propaganda video released by Jaysh al-Islam.^[48] Project abandoned upon the airfield's capture by ISIL.^[49]
	Interceptor aircraft	7 (unknown amount operational, as of 2014)^[50]			Captured at the Jirah airfield on 30 August 2012. Flown by ex Iraqi pilots and were operated from the Jirah airfield.^[51]
Commercial civilian drones	Unmanned aerial vehicle	Many^[52] ^[53] ^[54] ^[55] ^[56]			Some were captured from the Syrian Army and Iran. ISIL demonstrated the use of a reconnaissance drone in "Clanking of the Swords IV" (June 2014) and in October 2014 over Kobanî in the John Cantlie video and the Tabqah Air Base video. The three drones in Syria were shot down over Kobanî by Kurdish forces defending the city,^[57] ^[58] and by the Syrian Army over an airbase.
Improvised bombing and surveillance drones (mostly quadcopters)^[59]		80+			Large numbers of originally civilian drones are used by ISIL, often heavily adapted to be used for bomb attacks, spy missions, propaganda, etc. These drones are mostly controlled by the Al Bara’ bin Malik Brigade, part of the aviation sector of the Islamic State’s Committee for Military Manufacturing and Development.

Watercraft

ISIL has been using a mix of watercraft to transport fighters around the Tigris River and Euphrates River and has been referred to as their unofficial riverine navy.^[60] US forces have come across small watercraft that can ply rivers to carry troops, equipment and in some cases act as floating IEDs.^[60]

• Barges for transport.
• Skiffs.
• Motorized vessels.

Weapons production

IS has an indigenous weapons industry. Their workshops can produce identical copies of the RPG-7 and SPG-9. In addition, they have developed an indigenous rocket launcher, which comes in four varieties. Two variants fire PG-9 munitions at short and long range. A third fires PG-7V munitions and the fourth fires an unspecified thermobaric munition. They also produce grenades to be fired from the muzzle of an AK pattern rifle or dropped from a drone. They also produce mortar ammunition and rockets.^[61]

See also

• List of military equipment of Hezbollah
• List of equipment of the Syrian Army
• List of military equipment used by Syrian Democratic Forces
• List of military equipment used by Syrian opposition forces

Bibliography

• Iraq: Taking stock: The arming of Islamic State . 7 December 2015 . Amnesty International . 10 March 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220520233254/https://www.amnesty.org/en/wp-content/uploads/2021/05/MDE1428122015ENGLISH.pdf . 20 May 2022 . en . .
• Book: International Institute for Strategic Studies . The Military Balance 2016 . 9 February 2016 . Routledge . 978-1-85743-835-2 . en . . International Institute for Strategic Studies .
• Weapons of the Islamic State – A three-year investigation in Iraq and Syria . Conflict Armament Research . London . December 2017 . .
• Islamic State Weapons in High-Profile Operations in North-East Syria . January 2024 . Conflict Armament Research . London . 7 March 2024 . .

Notes and References

1. Web site: The Weapons of ISIS in their Last Pocket . www.calibreobscura.com.
2. Web site: Here are all of ISIS' weapons - Business Insider . .
3. Web site: Covert Operations: The Arms of ISIS Insurgents in Syria (2019). July 12, 2019. www.calibreobscura.com.
4. News: Joselow . Gabe . The U.S. bought this anti-tank weapon. Within 59 days, ISIS had it. . 7 March 2024 . NBC News . 14 December 2017 . en.
5. Web site: ISLAMIC STATE WEAPONS . 2022-01-03 . https://web.archive.org/web/20150503003646/http://conflictarm.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/09/Dispatch_IS_Iraq_Syria_Weapons.pdf . 3 May 2015 . dead.
6. Web site: The Growing ISIS Arsenal, Pt. 1. therightplanet.com. 6 November 2014. dead. https://web.archive.org/web/20141027180558/http://www.therightplanet.com/2014/08/the-growing-isis-arsenal-pt-1/. 27 October 2014.
7. Web site: IRIA - ISIS Weapons and Ammunitions. www.ir-ia.com. 2017-03-22.
8. Web site: Analysis of weapons and ammunition captured from Islamic State forces in Iraq and Syria. Conflict Armament Research. September 2014. 14. November 5, 2022. https://web.archive.org/web/20220524094013/https://www.conflictarm.com/dispatches/islamic-state-weapons-in-iraq-and-syria//. May 24, 2022.
9. Web site: ISLAMIC STATE WEAPONS IN IRAQ AND SYRIA. Conflict Armament Research. 8 May 2015. dead. https://web.archive.org/web/20150503003646/http://conflictarm.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/09/Dispatch_IS_Iraq_Syria_Weapons.pdf. 3 May 2015.
10. Web site: Newsletter #1: Nazi Assault rifles in Idlib. Calibre. Obscura. August 15, 2019.
11. Web site: How ISIL seized most of its weapons from Iraq military. 11 March 2017.
12. Web site: Korean K2C in Iraq, on both sides - The Firearm Blog. 30 September 2016. 16 October 2016. https://web.archive.org/web/20161018184257/http://www.thefirearmblog.com/blog/2016/09/30/korean-k2c-iraq-sides/. 18 October 2016. live.
13. News: Islamic State Captures Masses of Iranian-supplied Weaponry Near Khanasir . 7 March 2024 . Bellingcat . 16 April 2016.
14. News: The Islamic State's Dragunov sniper rifles, in photos. The Washington Post. 8 May 2015.
15. News: Gibbons-Neff . Thomas . An old American rifle gains prominence in Islamic State propaganda footage . 6 March 2024 . Washington Post . 26 October 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20170907181210/https://www.washingtonpost.com/web/20170907181210/https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/checkpoint/wp/2017/09/07/an-old-american-rifle-gains-prominence-in-islamic-state-propaganda-footage/ . 7 September 2017.
16. News: Bender . Jeremy . Rosen . Armin . Wilson . Jeremy . These are the weapons Islamic State fighters are using to terrify the Middle East . 6 March 2024 . Business Insider . 17 January 2016.
17. Web site: French schoolchildren recognising classmate in video amongst Islamic state terror cubs. Admin. 16 March 2015. 11 March 2017. https://web.archive.org/web/20160503065141/https://themuslimissue.wordpress.com/2015/03/16/french-schoolchildren-recognising-classmate-amongst-islamic-state-terror-cubs/. 3 May 2016. dead.
18. Web site: ISIS uses full-auto Glock pistol to execute two men. February 8, 2016. September 21, 2017.
19. Web site: Calibre Obscura .
20. News: Ismay . John . Gibbons-Neff . Thomas . Chivers . C. J. . How ISIS Produced Its Cruel Arsenal on an Industrial Scale . 8 March 2024 . The New York Times . 10 December 2017 . https://archive.today/20230113034437/https://www.nytimes.com/2017/12/10/world/middleeast/isis-bombs.html . 13 January 2023.
21. Web site: Translation: Weapons and munitions dropped by American planes and landed in the areas controlled by the Islamic State. YouTube. 6 November 2014.
22. Web site: War Noir . Weaponry of the Islamic State in the Autonomous Administration of North and East Syria . www.militantwire.com . 9 March 2024 . en.
23. News: Swiss grenades spotted in arsenal of jihadists fighting in Syria . 6 March 2024 . SWI swissinfo.ch . 2 September 2018.
24. Web site: Syria ISIS terrorist was vanished in a second!Amazing!. Ernest Theil. 10 January 2017. 10 April 2018. YouTube.
25. News: Jeremy Bender. As ISIS Routs The Iraqi Army, Here's A Look At What The Jihadists Have In Their Arsenal. 10 June 2015. Business Insider. 8 July 2014.
26. Web site: Islamic State uses US-made anti-tank missile near Damascus. 13 February 2015.
27. Web site: Mitzer . Stijn . Oliemans . Joost . Vehicles And Equipment Captured And Destroyed By The Islamic State Inside Iraq Until November 2014 . Oryx . 22 November 2014 . 10 March 2024.
28. News: Kirk Semple And Eric Schmitt. Missiles of ISIS May Pose Peril for Aircrews in Iraq. 2 November 2014. New York Times. 26 October 2014.
29. Web site: Mitzer . Stijn . Oliemans . Joost . Vehicles And Equipment Captured By The Islamic State Inside Syria Until November 2014 . Oryx . 10 March 2024 . 10 November 2014.
30. Web site: ISIL captures 5 U.S. made howtizers. The Washington Times . 2014-07-15 . 2014-09-13.
31. News: Iraq crisis: UN 'deplores' militants' capture of cities. BBC News. 12 June 2014. 3 July 2014.
32. Web site: PM Says Iraq Lost 2,300 Humvee Armored Vehicles in Mosul. 31 May 2015. 3 July 2014.
33. Web site: Isis declares caliphate in Iraq and Syria. TheGuardian.com. 30 June 2014. 3 July 2014.
34. Web site: Iraq crisis: Isis jihadists 'seize Saddam Hussein's chemical weapons stockpile' – live. 19 June 2014. 3 July 2014.
35. News: Islamic State: We captured Turkish tanks in Syria battle. Middle East Eye. December 22, 2016. January 21, 2017.
36. News: ISIS Captures Hundreds of US Vehicles and Tanks in Ramadi from Iraqis . Sisk . Richard . 20 May 2015 . Military.com.
37. Web site: ISIS holds military parade in Mosul. 24 June 2014. 6 November 2014.
38. Web site: Isis's Weapon Inventory Grows. 7 August 2014. Daily Sabah.
39. Eberhard, Fabian (24 January 2019). "Terroristen erbeuten in Nigeria Schweizer Panzer". Blick (in German).
40. Büchi, J. (20 September 2016). "Schweizer Panzer in den Händen von Terroristen". 20 Minuten (in German).
41. Binnie, Jeremy; de Cherisey, Erwan (2017). "New-model African armies" (PDF). Jane's. Archived from the original (PDF) on 22 June 2017.
42. International Institute for Strategic Studies (IISS) (2016). The Military Balance 2016. London: IISS. .
43. https://www.army.mil.ng/operation-lafiya-dole-troops-clear-camp-zairo-and-recover-battle-tanks/.
44. Web site: IS seizes Libya airbase after Misrata forces pull out. Middle East Eye. 10 June 2015 . https://web.archive.org/web/20150530052822/http://www.middleeasteye.net/news/seizes-sirte-airbase-after-misrata-forces-pull-out-67648483 . 30 May 2015.
45. Web site: As ISIS Continues To Gain Ground, Here's What The Militants Have In Their Arsenal. Business Insider. 2014-11-17.
46. Web site: Luftwaffe A.S: Syrian GLA Air Force. May 8, 2014.
47. Web site: Jaish al-Islam's own Air Force? . Oryx Blog . 3 November 2013 . 20 March 2016.
48. Web site: 2014-05-02 تقرير عن سيطرة الثوار على طائرات لنظام الأسد. YouTube . 2 May 2014.
49. Web site: Jaish al-Islam, more than just a rebel faction? . Oryx Blog . 11 August 2014 . 15 May 2018.
50. Web site: ISIS and the MiGs Gates of Vienna. gatesofvienna.net. 2020-03-12.
51. News: Saddam Hussein's former pilots training ISIS how to fly three captured MiG fighter jets, witnesses say . Reuters . 2014-10-17 . en-CA. 2020-03-13 . National Post.
52. Web site: Now ISIS has drones?. 24 August 2014. CNN.
53. Web site: Footage From an ISIS Drone. 30 August 2014. NYTimes.com – Video. 6 November 2014.
54. News: In bizarre new video, Islamic State hostage gives tour of Kobane. Washington Post.
55. News: ISIS: We Nabbed an Iranian Drone. The Daily Beast. 17 November 2014. 23 December 2014. Siegel. Jacob.
56. Web site: ISIS Drone Downed by the Syrian Army at Kuweires Airbase in Aleppo. Leith Fadel. Al-Masdar News. 16 May 2015. 11 May 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20190511014449/https://www.almasdarnews.com/article/isis-drone-downed-by-the-syrian-army-at-kuweires-airbase-in-aleppo/. dead.
57. Web site: http://www.syriahr.com/2014/11/28/%D8%AA%D9%82%D8%AF%D9%85-%D8%AD%D8%B0%D8%B1-%D9%84%D9%84%D9%88%D8%AD%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%83%D8%B1%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%A9%D8%8C-%D8%A8%D8%B9%D8%AF-%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%AD%D8%A7%D8%A8-%D8%A7/ . ar:تقدم حذر للوحدات الكردية، بعد انسحاب "الدولة الإسلامية" من سوق الهال وأجزاء واسعة من المربع الحكومي الأمني في عين العرب "كوباني". Syrian Observatory for Human Rights. 28 November 2014.
58. Web site: YPG shoot down two exploration drones of the ISIS - FLASH - ANF . 1 February 2015 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20150130192630/http://en.firatajans.com/news/news/ypg-shoot-down-two-exploration-drones-of-the-isis-flash.htm . 30 January 2015 .
59. Web site: Papers Offer a Peek at ISIS' Drones, Lethal and Largely Off-the-Shelf. The New York Times. Eric Schmitt. 31 January 2017.
60. Web site: ISIS has a navy? The US is sinking it. Ryan. Browne. CNN. 23 September 2016. 11 March 2017.
61. Web site: Isis manufacturing military standard weapons on an 'industrial scale'. Independent.co.uk. 14 December 2016.