Midwest Football League (1962–1978) Explained

Midwest Football League
Sport:American football
Founded:1962
Folded:1979
Teams:varied (from 4 to 8)
Most Champs:Macomb County / Pontiac / Michigan Arrows (6)
Fame:The last league to feature NFL farm teams

The Midwest Football League (MFL) was a low-level professional American football minor league that played games from 1962 to 1978. The league was based mainly in Michigan, until the collapse of the Continental Football League in 1969, when it became more of a regional league.

During its lifetime, the MFL had a working relationship with the National Football League (NFL), as the NFL had the right to sign any player at any time from the league for $1000, while the Cincinnati Bengals and Cleveland Browns had agreements with the Columbus Bucks and Youngstown Hardhats (respectively), and the Detroit Lions had agreements with both the Indy Caps and Lansing All Stars, to act as farm teams.

History

Formation

By April 1961, six cities had been approved for franchises in the Midwest Football League: Cleveland, Columbus, and Toledo, Ohio; Grand Rapids, Michigan; Indianapolis; and Louisville, Kentucky.[1] Players were to be paid $50 salaries per game played, with 30 players on each team's roster.[1] The league played its games on Saturday nights.[1] George Gareff from Columbus was initially league commissioner,[1] with Homer VanHablenbeck from Detroit gaining the title by 1962.[2]

A group of Des Moines, Iowa, investors applied for a franchise in the league in April 1961.[1] New teams were to pay a $2,000 fee to join the league and send a $5,000 security deposit to ensure the full season would be played.[1] The Lakeview Athletic Club Bears joined the league on January 28, 1962.[2]

The six initial teams in the league were announced on January 31, 1962, as the Battle Creek Bears, Dearborn Vikings, Detroit Rockets, Lansing All Stars, Macomb County Arrows (also called the Mt. Clemens Arrows), and Toledo Thunderbirds.[3] The Lansing All Stars were an independent team in the 1961 season.[4] An application for a franchise from Dayton, Ohio, was approved on March 11, 1962.[5] The Battle Creek, Dayton, and Toledo franchises did not play in the 1962 season.

1962 season

The 1962 season began on September 8, 1962,[5] with four teams participating. The Mt. Clemens/Macomb County Arrows were declared league champions for the 1962 season,[6] after beating the Dearborn Vikings 34–20 in the title game.

1962 Midwest Football League standings
Team
Mt. Clemens/Macomb County Arrows510.833
Dearborn Vikings420.666
Detroit Rockets240.333
Lansing All Stars150.167
Midwest Football League champions.

1963 season

The Spartan Athletic Club received approval to join the league in April 1963,[7] and they initially chose a team name of Dayton Spartans.[8] They were later called the Cedarville Spartans.[9] The Dayton franchise had previously played in the American Football Conference as the Dayton Triangles from 1959 to 1961.[10] The Battle Creek Bears (also known as the Cereal City Bears) joined for the 1963 season,[11] after initially being accepted into the league in 1962. Six teams participated in the 1963 season.[12]

The Arrows won the league championship for a second year in a row after posting a record of 13–1,[13] including a 9–1 record in league play. The Spartans, who finished second in the league in 1963 after going 6–3–1, played against the Hudson Bar in a game called the Semi-Pro Bowl on December 14, 1963.[14] The All Stars placed third for the season with a record of 5–4–1.[15]

1963 Midwest Football League standings
Team
Macomb County Arrows910.900
Cedarville Spartans631.650
Lansing All Stars541.550
Detroit Rockets451.450
Petersburg/Dearborn Vikings280.200
Cereal City Bears190.100
Midwest Football League champions.

1964 season

Ed McCracken from Dayton was elected league commissioner in March 1964.[16] The league also added teams in Toronto, Ohio, and Van Wert, Ohio.[16] The Van Wert team was named the Van Wert Tigers,[17] but they did not participate in the 1964 season. The Toronto team was the Toronto Tigers.[18] The Cedarville Spartans became the Dayton Colts in 1964,[19] and the Cereal City Bears did not return after the 1963 season.

The Association of Minor Football Leagues was formed in April 1964, with the Midwest Football League joining together with five of the other seven minor league football teams in the country.[20] The other leagues to join were the Atlantic Coast Football League, Central States Football League, New England Football Conference, Southern Football League, and United Football League.[20] McCracken was named secretary of the association.[20]

1964 Midwest Football League standings
Team
Lansing All Stars820.800
Dearborn Vikings730.700
Dayton Colts640.600
Macomb County Arrows640.600
Detroit Rockets280.200
Toronto Tigers190.100
Midwest Football League champions.[21]

The Lansing All-Stars played against the Central States Football League champion Racine Raiders in an exhibition game after the season on November 28, 1964.[22]

The Toronto team did not show up to a game against Lansing, and were subsequently removed from the league in the middle of the season.[23] The Detroit Rockets were removed from the league after the season after they did not adhere to financial protocols.[24]

1965 season

In searching for two new teams to join the league for the 1965 season, following the expulsion of the Detroit and Toronto franchises, commissioner Ed McCracken asked for a $300 new team fee with a security deposit of $200.[25] The Macomb County Arrows became the Pontiac Arrows and the Dearborn Vikings became the Milan Vikings for the 1965 season.[26] [27] [28] A Flint, Michigan, team called the Flint Blue Devils joined the league.[26] [27] A team from Sturgis, Michigan, played some games against league members in the hopes of joining the league for the 1966 season.[26]

Dayton was purchased by a new ownership group in 1965.[29]

1965 Midwest Football League standings
Team
Pontiac Arrows620.750
Dayton Colts521.688
Lansing All Stars341.438
Flint Blue Devils242.375
Milan Vikings260.250
Midwest Football League champions.[30]

The Dayton Colts had to cancel and forfeit a game against Milan due to bad weather.[31] Dayton scheduled the game to be played at a local high school football field, but the school would not allow the game to be played, citing a long-standing policy about wet fields.[31] Dayton was placed a one-year probation by the league as punishment.[32]

The Pontiac Arrows were named league champions, and they went against players from the other four teams in an all-star game on November 13, 1965.[30]

1966 season

John Abel from Pontiac was named commissioner of the league in January 1966, replacing McCracken, who resigned to be the head coach for the Dayton Colts.[33] [34]

The Milan franchise was moved to Ypsilanti, Michigan,[35] to become the Ypsilanti Vikings.[36] The Detroit Rockets franchise rejoined the league in River Rouge, Michigan, as the River Rouge Steelers.[37] The Dayton Colts played an exhibition game of basketball with the National Football League's Cleveland Browns in March 1966 as a fundraiser.[38]

1966 Midwest Football League standings
Team
Pontiac Arrows901.950
Ypsilanti Vikings730.700
Dayton Colts640.600
Flint Blue Devils541.550
Lansing All Stars280.200
River Rouge Steelers0100.000
Midwest Football League champions.[39]

The Pontiac Arrows were named league champions for the second straight season, and they went against players from the other five teams in an all-star game on November 12, 1966.[39]

1967 season

The River Rouge Steelers became the Detroit Steelers,[40] the Flint Blue Devils became the Flint Wildcats,[41] and the Pontiac Arrows moved back to Mt. Clemens to become the Michigan Arrows for the 1967 season.[42] The Pontiac Firebirds joined the league as a new franchise.[42]

The Lansing All Stars signed their players to $1 per year contracts in 1967 due to financial constraints.[43] In October 1967, the NFL agreed to pay MFL teams $1,000 to sign a player off of their rosters.[44]

1967 Midwest Football League standings
Team
Michigan Arrows1110.917
Pontiac Firebirds1020.818
Ypsilanti Vikings840.727
Dayton Colts750.583
Flint Wildcats291.208
Lansing All Stars290.182
Detroit Steelers0101.045
Midwest Football League champions.[45] [46]
Record before final game of season.[47]

1968 season

A franchise from Lackawanna, New York, joined the league in April 1968,[48] as the Lackawanna Lancers.[49] The Detroit Steelers moved to Hamtramck, Michigan, to become the Hamtramck Chargers for the 1968 season.[50] The Lansing All Stars team folded before the 1968 due to financial reasons.[51] [52] [53] The Dayton Colts were sold to Recreation Projects, Inc. in April 1968.[54] The Michigan Arrows were purchased by a group from Fort Wayne, Indiana, and subsequently relocated to the city to become the Fort Wayne Tigers.[51] The Flint franchise was part owned by Minnesota Vikings player Paul Krause.[55]

1968 Midwest Football League standings
Team
Dayton Colts[56] 12001.000
Lackawanna Lancers620.750
Flint Wildcats[57] 750.583
Pontiac Firebirds540.556
Hamtramck Chargers360.333
Ypsilanti Vikings270.222
Fort Wayne Tigers080.000
Midwest Football League champions.
Record after eighth or ninth game of season.[58]

In the all-star game on November 16, 1968, the Dayton Colts beat the team of league all-stars, 43–0.[59] They were the first team in league history to go undefeated in a season after posting a 12–0 record.[56]

1969 season

The Lansing All Stars rejoined the league for the 1969 season.[53] The Southwestern Michigan Hawks were accepted into the league in April 1969.[60] The Fort Wayne Tigers became the Grand Rapids Chiefs,[61] and Grand Rapids paid $1,000 as an entry fee.[62] The Hamtramck Chargers became the Detroit Cowboys for the 1969 season.[63] [64] The Ypsilanti Vikings left the league before the season.[65]

A two-division structure of the league began in the 1969 season, with Dayton, Lackawanna, Grand Rapids, and Southwestern Michigan making up the Lakes division,[60] and Detroit, Flint, Lansing, and Pontiac being in the Central division.[62] Detroit was removed from the league in the middle of the season.[66]

1969 Midwest Football League standings
Central Division
Team
Lansing All Stars1211.893
Pontiac Firebirds1031.750
Flint Wildcats2120.143
Detroit Cowboys0140.000
Lakes Division
Team
Lackawanna Lancers1130.786
Dayton Colts1040.714
Southwestern Michigan Hawks590.357
Grand Rapids Chiefs590.357
Midwest Football League champions.
Won division.[65]

The Lansing All Stars won the Central Division with a record of 12–1–1 and the Lackawanna Lancers won the Lakes Division after going 11–3.[65] Lansing defeated Lackawanna, 20–8, in the first MFL Championship Game on November 8, 1969.[67] The All Stars received a championship bonus of $500 after the game.[68]

1970 season

John Abel, the commissioner for the league, died in March 1970.[69] Keith Bacon became the new commissioner by July 1970.[70] The Dayton Colts were suspended for the season due to financial conditions,[71] but fielded an independent team and played games against members of the league.[72] The Flint Wildcats did not return for the 1970 season.[73] The Grand Rapids Chiefs became the Wyoming Chiefs,[74] and the Southwest Michigan Hawks were renamed the Michiana Hawks.[75] The Hawks played their home games in Buchanan, Michigan.[76]

A four-team playoff system was enacted for the season, with the regular season first-place team playing the third-place team and second place playing fourth place in the first round, and the winners of those games playing in a championship game.[77] [78]

1970 Midwest Football League standings[79]
Team
Lansing All Stars10001.000
Pontiac Firebirds820.800
Michiana Hawks550.500
Lackawanna Lancers550.500
Wyoming Chiefs190.100
Detroit Cowboys190.100
Midwest Football League champions.
Playoff team.
Tie in standings between Michiana and Lackawanna broken by a coin toss to determine playoff opponents. Michiana won and chose to face Pontiac in the first round of the playoffs.[80]

1970 playoffs

The Lansing All Stars defeated the Lackawanna Lancers, 60–0, and the Pontiac Firebirds beat the Michiana Hawks, 35–14, in the first round of the playoffs on October 24, 1970.[81] [82] Lansing won over Pontiac in the championship game, 28–6, on October 31, 1970, for their second straight championship win.[83]

Lansing later scheduled two games against the champions of the Midwest Professional Football League, the Joliet Chargers, one on each team's field, following their MWL championship win.[84] The first game was called the "Champions Bowl".[85] Lansing won the first matchup on November 14, 1970, with a score of 33–7.[86] Joliet won the second game on November 21, 1970, going up 21–3.[87]

1971 season

The Lackawanna Lancers moved to Niagara Falls, New York,[88] as the Niagara Falls Lancers,[89] and the Detroit Cowboys moved back to Hamtramck to become the Hamtramck Chargers again.[90] The Flint Wildcats returned for the 1971 season.[88] The Wyoming Chiefs became the Wyoming Cowboys in 1971.[91] The Dayton Colts returned to the league in 1971, moved to Columbus, Ohio, in April,[92] and became the Columbus Bucks.[93] [94] [95]

The teams were divided into two divisions again for the season.[92] The Central Division comprised Flint, Hamtramck, Lansing, and Wyoming, while the Lakes Division was made from Columbus, Michiana, Niagara Falls, and Pontiac.[92] A divisional round of the playoffs was reinstated for the 1971 season.[92] The league prevented players being paid salaries for 1971 after financial struggles the previous season.[96] Bill Byrne, president of the Bucks, was elected vice president of the league in September 1971.[97]

Central Division
Team
Lansing All Stars1211.893
Flint Wildcats860.571
Hamtramck Chargers3110.214
Wyoming Cowboys1121.107
Lakes Division
Team
Columbus Bucks1301.964
Niagara Falls Lancers950.643
Pontiac Firebirds770.500
Michiana Hawks1121.107
Midwest Football League champions.
Playoff team.

1971 playoffs

The Lansing All Stars won the Central Division and the Columbus Bucks won the Lakes Division. The Bucks were scheduled to play the second-place team in the Central Division, the Flint Wildcats, in the first round of the playoffs, but the opponent was replaced by the Michigan Barons due to eligibility concerns with Flint's roster.[98] The Barons were made up of players from the Flint and Pontiac rosters.[99] In the divisional round of the playoffs, Lansing defeated the Niagara Falls Lancers, 17–0, while Columbus beat the Barons, 34–0, on November 6, 1971.[100] On November 13, 1971, Columbus won the league championship with a win over Lansing, by a score of 20–17.[101]

After the championship game, Lansing and Columbus played against the Pennsylvania Bruins of the Interstate League.[102] The Columbus–Pennsylvania game was called the "Ohio Mini Super Bowl",[103] with Columbus winning 44–13 in the November 20 game.[104] Lansing won the November 26 game, 32–14.[105]

1972 season

In September 1971, the league announced franchises in Indianapolis; Harrisburg, Pennsylvania; Dayton, Ohio; and Massillon, Ohio.[106] The Indianapolis franchise was called the Indiana Caps, which competed in the Atlantic Coast Football League in 1970 as the Indianapolis Capitols.[107] A team from Joliet, Illinois, was expected to join the league in 1972.[108] Franchises in Youngstown, Ohio; Indianapolis; and Warren, Michigan, were accepted into the league in December 1971.[109] The Youngstown franchise was called the Youngstown Hardhats.[110] Dayton and Louisville were prospective cities for new franchises in January 1972.[110] The Michiana Hawks took a leave of absence from the league for the 1972 season due to financial problems.[111] The Wyoming Cowboys and Pontiac Firebirds left the league, and the Hamtrmack Chargers moved back to Detroit before the season[111] to become the Detroit Warriors.[112] The Niagara Falls Lancers also left the league before the season.[113] The Flint Wildcats became the Flint Sabres.[114]

Youngstown had an agreement with the Cleveland Browns to act as their farm team for the 1972 season.[115] In March 1972, the MFL joined the Independent Professional Football Leagues of America, which included the Midwest Professional Football League, Central States Football League, Southwestern Football League, Seaboard Football League, and Texas League.[116]

The 1972 season began on July 8, 1972.[117] Players earned between $50 and $200 per game in 1972.[118] [119] On September 1, 1972, the Lansing All Stars were purchased by Ed Dubaj, Joe Cox, and three other buyers, from Gene Howard for a sale price of $18,500.[119] League commissioner Keith Bacon resigned on November 12, 1972.[120]

1972 Midwest Football League standings
Team
Indiana Caps820.800
Youngstown Hardhats820.800
Columbus Bucks730.700
Lansing All Stars550.500
Flint Sabres280.200
Detroit Warriors0100.000
Midwest Football League champions.
Playoff team.

The Indiana Caps and Youngstown Hardhats each finished with 8–2 records during the regular season, and played each other in a playoff for the championship on October 14, 1972.[121] Indiana won, 26–14.[122]

1973 season

Ted Plascik was named new league commissioner by January 1973.[123] The league filed a lawsuit against its former commissioner Keith Bacon in May 1973 for $15,000 for financial fraud during his time as head of the league.[120]

The West Virginia Hillbillies were granted a franchise in the league for the 1973 season in May 1972,[124] but backed out of the league in August 1972.[125] A team from Fort Wayne, Indiana, was going to join the league.[126] The Michiana Hawks rejoined the league for the 1973 season.[127] The Columbus Bucks became the Columbus Brewers before the season,[128] and then later the Columbus Barons.[129] The Indiana Caps became the Hoosier Caps in April 1973, but were renamed again in June as the Indy Caps.[128] [130] The Detroit Warriors became the Detroit Giants and left the league.[131]

Three teams had agreements with National Football League (NFL) teams to act as farm teams: Columbus with the Cincinnati Bengals, Hoosier with the Detroit Lions, and Youngstown with the Cleveland Browns.[132] Lansing negotiated with the Lions to have a similar deal in February 1973,[119] and agreed to a player exchange deal with the Toronto Argonauts of the Canadian Football League (CFL) in May 1973.[133] By August 1973, the NFL had sent $11,000 to MFL teams during the season in exchange for being able to sign 11 of their players.[134]

1973 Midwest Football League standings
Team
Indy Caps820.800
Youngstown Hardhats820.800
Flint Sabres721.750
Columbus Barons370.300
Lansing All Stars271.250
Michiana Hawks190.100
Midwest Football League champions.

The Indy Caps and Youngstown Hardhats finished the regular season with the same record and were going to face each other in a playoff for the championship.[135] Instead, Indy was named champion after a coin toss,[136] and they played against the Fort Wayne Champions the following week and won, 41–0.[137]

1974 season

The Pontiac Arrows and the Detroit Warriors franchises returned to the league in 1974. The Columbus Barons left the league before the start of the regular season,[138] [95] and the Michiana Hawks did not return. The league was divided into two divisions for the 1974 season: Division A was Indy, Lansing, and Pontiac; Division B was Detroit, Flint, and Youngstown. Division A later became the Capitol Division and Division B turned into the Lakes Division.[139] The MFL made an agreement with the World Football League (WFL) that the WFL would send MFL teams $500 for each player it signed away.[140]

Capitol Division
Team
Indy Caps910.900
Pontiac Arrows460.400
Lansing All Stars280.200
Lakes Division
Team
Flint Sabres910.900
Youngstown Hardhats540.600
Detroit Warriors090.000
Midwest Football League champions.
Won division.
The final game of the season between Detroit and Youngstown was canceled.

The championship game was called the "1974 Midwest Mini-Super Bowl" between the leaders of each division, the Indy Caps and Flint Sabres.[141] Flint won the game on September 28, 1974, by a score of 15–2.[142]

1975 season

The Lansing All Stars were renamed as the Lansing Professional Football Club under new ownership immediately following the 1974 season,[143] then to the Lansing Capitals in June 1975.[144] The Youngstown Hardhats folded after the 1974 season, the Indy Caps withdrew from the league,[145] and the Detroit Warriors left the league.[146] The Dayton Colts were brought back to the league for the 1975 season.[147] The Pontiac Arrows became the Oakland Arrows for the 1975 season, and the Michigan Indians and Cleveland Academes joined the league,[148] [149] with the Academes serving as a farm team for the Cleveland Browns.[150]

Turf Kauffman was elected league commissioner following the ouster of Ted Piascik by June 1975.[151]

1975 Midwest Football League standings
Central Division
Team
Flint Sabres910.900
Dayton Colts550.500
Lansing Capitals460.400
Lakes Division
Team
Oakland Arrows820.800
Cleveland Academes460.400
Michigan Indians0100.000
Midwest Football League champions.
Playoff team.

The Flint Sabres and Oakland Arrows won their divisions and played each other in a championship game on November 1, 1975.[152] Flint won its second straight championship in the 35–13 victory.[153]

1976 season

In December 1975, a potential merger between the MFL and Central States Football League was discussed,[154] but no agreement was made.[155] Turf Kauffman resigned as league commissioner in April 1976 to become head coach for the Pontiac Arrows, with Steve Graves named acting commissioner.[156]

The Oakland Arrows became the Pontiac Arrows again,[157] and the Youngstown Hardhats returned for the 1976 season.[158] The Dayton Colts folded before the 1976 season.[159] The Flint Sabres, after winning their opening game, dropped out of the league due to financial issues and forfeited the rest of their games.[160]

1976 Midwest Football League standings
Central Division
Team
Lansing Capitals640.600
Michigan Indians280.200
Flint Sabres190.100
Lakes Division
Team
Pontiac Arrows10001.000
Youngstown Hardhats820.800
Cleveland Academes370.300
Midwest Football League champions.
Won division.

No championship game was played after the 1976 regular season due to Flint's withdrawal in the middle of the season,[161] and Pontiac was named the champion.

1977 season

The Lansing Capitals and Michigan Indians returned for the 1977 season.[162] [163] The Columbus Stingers and Indy Superstars joined the league in 1977.[162] [161] [164] The Cleveland Academes and Pontiac Arrows left the league after the 1976 season,[162] [165] and the Youngstown Hardhats moved to the Mid-Atlantic Football League.[166]

1977 Midwest Football League standings[167] [168]
Team
Columbus Stingers6001.000
Lansing Capitals420.667
Indy Superstars240.333
Michigan Indians060.000
Midwest Football League champions.

1978 season

The Wyoming Cobras and Kalamazoo All-Stars were new franchises in 1978,[169] while the Columbus Metros replaced the Stingers on May 9, 1978. The Indy Superstars became the Indy Kaps for the 1978 season.[170] The Northern Division was made up of the Lansing Capitals, Michigan Indians, and Wyoming Cobras; the Southern Division comprised Columbus Metros, Indy Kaps, and Kalamazoo All-Stars.[169] A four-team playoff was established for the postseason.[171] The Metros had a budget of $100,000 for the season.

The Indians forfeited a game against the Metros on August 12 for not having a playing field, and the team folded during the 1978 season.

1978 Midwest Football League standings[172]
Northern Division
Team
Lansing Capitals460.400
Michigan IndiansUnknown
Wyoming CobrasUnknown
Southern Division
Team
Kalamazoo All-Stars910.900
Columbus Metros610.857
Indy Kaps640.600
Midwest Football League champions.
Playoff team.

1978 playoffs

In the first round of the playoffs, the Columbus Metros beat the short-handed Lansing Capitals 50–7; after the game it was discovered that Lansing came to the game with less than 15 players, which was below the league minimum of 25, and, to make up the difference, several trainers and players from Columbus were enlisted as Capitals players.[173] In the other semifinal game, the Kalamazoo All-Stars won over the Indy Kaps, 38–28.[174] Columbus defeated Kalamazoo, 38–6, in the championship game.[175]

After the season, the Metros played four more exhibition games in an attempt to be named "National Semi-Professional Champions" by Pro Football Weekly.[173] Despite winning all four, including a win against the then-No. 1-ranked team Delavan Red Devils from the Northern States Football League, Columbus finished the season at second place in the rankings.[173]

Post-league

The Indy Kaps moved to the Northern States Football League (NSFL) after the 1978 season to become the Indianapolis Caps again.[176] [177] The Kalamazoo All-Stars and Wyoming Cobras also joined the NSFL by 1980.[178] The Lansing Capitals withdrew from the league in 1979,[179] and opted to join the Michigan Charity Football League in 1980.[180] The Columbus Metros joined the Mid-Atlantic Football League in 1979.[173]

Notable players

Bibliography

Notes and References

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  2. News: Lakeview Bears Join Midwest Pro Grid League . . Newspapers.com . January 28, 1962 . April 2, 2021.
  3. News: All-Stars Join New Grid Loop . . Newspapers.com . January 31, 1962 . April 2, 2021.
  4. News: Lansing All Star '11' Looks for Good Year . Lansing State Journal . Newspapers.com . September 2, 1962 . April 2, 2021.
  5. News: Lansing All-Stars Plan 'Home' Football Sked . . Newspapers.com . March 12, 1962 . April 2, 2021.
  6. News: Lansing All-Stars Open Home Season Saturday . . Newspapers.com . September 12, 1963 . April 2, 2021.
  7. News: Spartans the Name . . Newspapers.com . April 3, 1963 . April 2, 2021.
  8. News: Olesky, John . Dolphins Double In Coaching Brass . Dayton Daily News . April 28, 1963 . April 2, 2021.
  9. News: Cedarville Home Tonight . Dayton Daily News . Newspapers.com . October 5, 1963 . April 2, 2021.
  10. News: Clark, Jan . Minor League Pro Grid Game To Be Played Here Nov. 25 . . Newspapers.com . November 15, 1967 . April 4, 2021.
  11. News: Cereal City Bears Pick 1963 Officers . Battle Creek Enquirer . Newspapers.com . April 23, 1963 . April 2, 2021.
  12. News: Bears Handed A 48–13 Defeat . Battle Creek Enquirer . Newspapers.com . October 14, 1963 . April 2, 2021.
  13. News: Marysville Eyes Grid Exhibition . . Newspapers.com . August 13, 1964 . April 3, 2021.
  14. News: Hudson, Spartans In Semi-Pro Bowl . Dayton Daily News . Newspapers.com . December 5, 1963 . April 2, 2021.
  15. News: Wallington, Jim . Lansing All Stars Face Quarterback Problem . . Newspapers.com . September 6, 1964 . April 3, 2021.
  16. News: McCracken Heads Loop . . Newspapers.com . March 18, 1964 . April 3, 2021.
  17. News: Dell, Chuck . Sports Scope . . Newspapers.com . May 1, 1964 . April 3, 2021.
  18. News: Former Township Gridder Pilots Pros . . Newspapers.com . August 10, 1964 . April 7, 2021.
  19. News: Dayton To Field Team In Midwest Grid Loop . . Newspapers.com . August 15, 1964 . April 3, 2021.
  20. News: Six Of Nation's Minor Pro Grid Loops Combine . . Newspapers.com . April 27, 1964 . April 3, 2021.
  21. News: Leaders Fall To Colts, 20–7 . . Newspapers.com . November 17, 1964 . April 3, 2021.
  22. News: Papara, Cam . Raiders Whip Elmhurst 7–0 . . Newspapers.com . November 22, 1964 . April 3, 2021.
  23. News: All-Stars Hoping To 'Scare' Detroit Rockets Saturday . . Newspapers.com . October 30, 1964 . April 3, 2021.
  24. News: Colts' Grid Loop Drops 2 Teams . . Newspapers.com . December 9, 1964 . April 3, 2021.
  25. News: MFL Seeks New Franchises . . Newspapers.com . February 17, 1965 . April 3, 2021.
  26. News: Wallington, Jim . Lansing All-Stars Eye League Opener Sept. 4 . . Newspapers.com . August 22, 1965 . April 3, 2021.
  27. News: Slate Exhibition . . Newspapers.com . August 11, 1965 . April 3, 2021.
  28. News: All-Stars Top Milan, 13–10 . . Newspapers.com . September 19, 1965 . April 3, 2021.
  29. News: Wohlfarth, Dave . Ambitious Colts Seeking Loftier Status In 1966 . . Newspapers.com . October 6, 1965 . April 3, 2021.
  30. News: 7 Lansing Gridders in All-Star Tilt . . Newspapers.com . November 11, 1965 . April 3, 2021.
  31. News: Carroll, Tom . No Playing Field Available; Colts May Lose Franchise . . Newspapers.com . September 12, 1965 . April 3, 2021.
  32. News: Midwest League Places Colts On Probation . . Newspapers.com . September 13, 1965 . April 3, 2021.
  33. News: Abel Named MFL Commissioner . . Newspapers.com . January 6, 1966 . April 3, 2021.
  34. News: Carroll, Tom . McCracken Quits As Commissioner . . Newspapers.com . January 9, 1966 . April 3, 2021.
  35. News: Dayton Colts Final Cut Set Today . . Newspapers.com . August 14, 1966 . April 3, 2021.
  36. News: Ypsi Gridders Hoist Lid Under Ex-Lion . . Newspapers.com . August 31, 1966 . April 3, 2021.
  37. News: Stars Kick Off 1966 Grid Year . . Newspapers.com . September 2, 1966 . April 3, 2021.
  38. News: Colts To Play Browns "5" . . Newspapers.com . March 7, 1966 . April 3, 2021.
  39. News: 4 All-Stars Place High In Stats . . Newspapers.com . November 12, 1966 . April 3, 2021.
  40. News: Carroll, Tom . Colts Steeling For 1st Game . . Newspapers.com . August 24, 1967 . April 4, 2021.
  41. News: Arrows Risk Lead . . Newspapers.com . October 21, 1967 . April 4, 2021.
  42. News: 'Stars' Await League Debut . . Newspapers.com . August 29, 1967 . April 4, 2021.
  43. News: Kletke Keeps All Stars Solid . . Newspapers.com . August 25, 1967 . April 4, 2021.
  44. News: Colts Plan To Finish Campaign . . Newspapers.com . October 30, 1967 . April 4, 2021.
  45. News: Colts Finish 7–5 . . Newspapers.com . November 27, 1967 . April 4, 2021.
  46. News: Colts Facing Better Test In Ypsilanti on Saturday . . Newspapers.com . August 8, 1968 . April 4, 2021.
  47. News: Colts Eye Spoiler Role Vs. Michigan Tonight . . Newspapers.com . November 25, 1967 . April 4, 2021.
  48. News: Lackawanna Joins MPFL . . Newspapers.com . April 2, 1968 . April 4, 2021.
  49. News: Chargers Play . . Newspapers.com . August 31, 1968 . April 4, 2021.
  50. News: Pro Gridder New Home: Hamtramck . . Newspapers.com . May 5, 1968 . April 4, 2021.
  51. News: 2 New Cities In Grid Loop . . Newspapers.com . May 6, 1968 . April 4, 2021.
  52. News: All Stars Plan Sunday Drills . . Newspapers.com . July 26, 1968 . April 4, 2021.
  53. News: Hill, John . All Stars' Offense Sharp . . Newspapers.com . July 18, 1969 . April 5, 2021.
  54. News: Dayton Football Franchise Is Sold . . Newspapers.com . April 10, 1968 . April 4, 2021.
  55. News: Vikings . . Newspapers.com . September 20, 1968 . April 4, 2021.
  56. News: Carroll, Tom . McElligott MVP As 5 Colts Make Midwest All-Star Team . . Newspapers.com . November 10, 1968 . April 4, 2021.
  57. News: Hawks to Open Midwest Grid Play Saturday . . Newspapers.com . July 30, 1969 . April 5, 2021.
  58. News: Standings . . Newspapers.com . October 12, 1968 . April 4, 2021.
  59. News: Colts Make Big Point, Rip Stars . . Newspapers.com . November 17, 1968 . April 4, 2021.
  60. News: Hawks Get League OK . . Newspapers.com . April 14, 1969 . April 5, 2021.
  61. News: Homeless Colts Open Grid Practice Today . . Newspapers.com . July 20, 1969 . April 5, 2021.
  62. News: Grand Rapids '11' In Midwest League . . Newspapers.com . April 18, 1969 . April 5, 2021.
  63. News: New Grid Team Seeking Players . . Newspapers.com . April 11, 1969 . April 5, 2021.
  64. News: Carroll, Tom . McCracken Returning To Coach Dayton Colts . . Newspapers.com . May 11, 1969 . April 5, 2021.
  65. News: Lansing 'Stars Face Lackawanna in Playoff . . Newspapers.com . November 3, 1969 . April 5, 2021.
  66. News: Carroll, Tom . 9-Man Committee Pumps New Life Into Dayton Colts . . Newspapers.com . October 8, 1969 . April 5, 2021.
  67. News: Hill, John . All Stars MFL Champs, 20–8 . . Newspapers.com . November 9, 1969 . April 5, 2021.
  68. News: Hoerner, Bob . Duker Goes First Class . . Newspapers.com . December 3, 1969 . April 5, 2021.
  69. News: John Abel Dies At 54 . . Newspapers.com . March 7, 1970 . April 6, 2021.
  70. News: MFL Boss Authorizes Player Loan . . Newspapers.com . July 17, 1970 . April 6, 2021.
  71. News: Tri-City Apollos Join Midwest Football League . . Newspapers.com . April 9, 1970 . April 6, 2021.
  72. News: Coach to Present Independent Colts . . Newspapers.com . July 5, 1970 . April 6, 2021.
  73. News: Lansing All Stars Plan Tryouts July 6 . . Newspapers.com . July 3, 1970 . April 6, 2021.
  74. News: Ex-Spartan Feraco Hawk Quarterback . . Newspapers.com . July 22, 1970 . April 6, 2021.
  75. News: Michiana Will Test Improved Cowboys . . Newspapers.com . August 14, 1970 . April 6, 2021.
  76. News: Hawks Ready 'Surprises' For Joliet . . Newspapers.com . July 31, 1970 . April 12, 2021.
  77. News: All Stars Keep Commitment . . Newspapers.com . October 2, 1970 . April 7, 2021.
  78. News: Hawks Host Trojans In Charity Contest . . Newspapers.com . October 2, 1970 . April 7, 2021.
  79. News: Hawks' Fate On Flip Now . . Newspapers.com . October 19, 1970 . April 7, 2021.
  80. News: Hawks Open Playoffs At Pontiac Saturday . . Newspapers.com . October 23, 1970 . April 7, 2021.
  81. News: Stabley, Fred Jr. . All Stars Advance to Title Game . . Newspapers.com . October 24, 1970 . April 7, 2021.
  82. News: Will 4th Meeting Prove Difficult? . . Newspapers.com . October 28, 1970 . April 7, 2021.
  83. News: All Stars Playoff Champs . . Newspapers.com . November 1, 1970 . April 7, 2021.
  84. News: Stabley, Fred Jr. . All Stars To Test Joliet . . Newspapers.com . November 4, 1970 . April 7, 2021.
  85. News: Stars' Defense Faces Test . . Newspapers.com . November 11, 1970 . April 7, 2021.
  86. News: Stabley, Fred Jr. . Stars Win Easily . . Newspapers.com . November 15, 1970 . April 7, 2021.
  87. News: All Stars Upset by Joliet, 21–3 . . Newspapers.com . November 23, 1970 . April 7, 2021.
  88. News: Midwest Grid Loop OKs Divisional Play . . Newspapers.com . April 14, 1971 . April 10, 2021.
  89. News: Vanden Reede, John . Quarterback Problem Hits Hawks . . Newspapers.com . June 24, 1971 . April 10, 2021.
  90. News: Vincent, Charlie . Help for Hamtramck ... Chargers to the Rescue! . . Newspapers.com . May 20, 1971 . April 10, 2021.
  91. News: Senyczko, Ed . Cowboys Spoiling for Fight . . Newspapers.com . July 30, 1971 . April 10, 2021.
  92. News: League adds two teams . . Newspapers.com . April 5, 1971 . April 10, 2021.
  93. News: Walet Foresakes Pro Grid . The Town Talk . Newspapers.com . June 30, 1971 . April 10, 2021.
  94. News: Columbus Bucks Open On Sunday . . Newspapers.com . June 28, 1972 . April 12, 2021.
  95. News: Long, Dave . Pro Football Back in Town . . Newspapers.com . August 25, 1974 . April 12, 2021.
  96. News: Senyczko, Ed . All Stars Question Pay Rule . . Newspapers.com . July 29, 1971 . April 10, 2021.
  97. News: Byrne Elected Midwest Football Vice President . . Newspapers.com . September 10, 1971 . April 10, 2021.
  98. News: Senyczko, Ed . Stars Host Niagara . . Newspapers.com . November 6, 1971 . April 10, 2021.
  99. News: Senyczko, Ed . All Stars Bid for Third MFL Title . . Newspapers.com . November 11, 1971 . April 10, 2021.
  100. News: It's Stars, Columbus In Finals . . Newspapers.com . November 7, 1971 . April 10, 2021.
  101. News: Columbus Unseats All Stars . . Newspapers.com . November 14, 1971 . April 10, 2021.
  102. News: Lansing All Stars Not Through Yet . . Newspapers.com . November 18, 1971 . April 10, 2021.
  103. News: Penna. Bruins Play Saturday At Columbus . . Newspapers.com . November 19, 1971 . April 10, 2021.
  104. News: Columbus Team Easily Defeats Penna. Bruins . . Newspapers.com . November 22, 1971 . April 10, 2021.
  105. News: Hoerner, Bob . 'Stars' Finale A Snowy Flop . . Newspapers.com . December 1, 1971 . April 10, 2021.
  106. News: All Stars Hope for Rematch ... . . Newspapers.com . September 20, 1971 . April 10, 2021.
  107. News: Stultz, Max . Caps Start Anew; New League, Town . . Newspapers.com . July 7, 1972 . April 12, 2021.
  108. News: Moore, Bill . Hawks Battle For Survival . . Newspapers.com . October 1, 1971 . April 10, 2021.
  109. News: Youngstown to Join Midwest League . . Newspapers.com . December 16, 1971 . April 10, 2021.
  110. News: Rodak Named To Coach Youngstown's Pro Team . . Newspapers.com . January 3, 1972 . April 2, 2021.
  111. News: Hawks Will Sit Out 1972 . . Newspapers.com . February 16, 1972 . April 12, 2021.
  112. News: It's Grid Time . . Newspapers.com . July 7, 1972 . April 12, 2021.
  113. News: Paladino, Larry . 'Great Future' Seen For Midwest Football League . . Newspapers.com . April 6, 1972 . April 12, 2021.
  114. News: Senyczko, Ed . All Stars Approach New Season Saturday With High Optimism . . Newspapers.com . July 14, 1972 . April 12, 2021.
  115. News: Lindstrom, Don . Mustangs Have Tough Assignment . . Newspapers.com . July 22, 1972 . April 12, 2021.
  116. News: New Grid Group; D.M. A Member . . Newspapers.com . May 12, 1972 . April 12, 2021.
  117. News: Zitrin, Rich . He's Bucking 'NFL Monopoly' . . Newspapers.com . January 9, 1972 . April 2, 2021.
  118. News: Phillips, John . Team Handball An Exciting, Unique Sport . . Newspapers.com . March 22, 1972 . April 2, 2021.
  119. News: Cooper, Bob . It's summer football time!: One of the best semi-pro football teams is owned, operated and coached by Livingston county people. . . Newspapers.com . February 21, 1973 . April 2, 2021.
  120. News: Midwest Football League Suing Ex-Commissioner . . Newspapers.com . May 4, 1973 . April 12, 2021.
  121. News: 8–2 Caps Still Eye Title . . Newspapers.com . October 9, 1972 . April 12, 2021.
  122. News: Caps Win MFL Title . . Newspapers.com . October 15, 1972 . April 12, 2021.
  123. News: Senyczko, Ed . Lansing All Stars Map Plans For 1973 Season . . Newspapers.com . January 21, 1973 . April 12, 2021.
  124. News: Hager, Don . Football Returns . . Newspapers.com . May 6, 1972 . April 12, 2021.
  125. News: West Virginia cancels plans to field Midwest pro team . . Newspapers.com . August 29, 1972 . April 12, 2021.
  126. News: Senyczko, Ed . Fort Wayne Gets Look at MFL Teams . . Newspapers.com . October 11, 1972 . April 12, 2021.
  127. News: Moore, Bill . Michiana Hawks Coming Out Of Hibernation . . Newspapers.com . March 23, 1973 . April 12, 2021.
  128. News: Grid Caps Back In Business Again . . Newspapers.com . April 23, 1973 . April 12, 2021.
  129. News: Long, Dave . Barons Still Feature Dayton Area Gridders . . Newspapers.com . September 2, 1973 . April 12, 2021.
  130. News: Angelopoulos, Jimmie . Caps Play For The Love Of It . . Newspapers.com . July 11, 1973 . April 12, 2021.
  131. News: Detroit Giants Nip Lions, 16–13 . . Newspapers.com . July 1, 1973 . April 12, 2021.
  132. News: Ed Dubaj Fills Role of Grid Coach With 2 Teams . . Newspapers.com . May 20, 1973 . April 12, 2021.
  133. News: Senyczko, Ed . New Look About MFL . . Newspapers.com . May 1, 1973 . April 12, 2021.
  134. News: Hawks Seeking Field, Gate Wins . . Newspapers.com . August 24, 1973 . April 13, 2021.
  135. News: Caps Win; Gain Midwest Playoff . . Newspapers.com . September 17, 1973 . April 13, 2021.
  136. News: Fortner, Larry . Caps Say 'We're For Real' . . Newspapers.com . May 31, 1974 . April 13, 2021.
  137. News: Indy Caps Triumph In Fort Wayne Tilt . . Newspapers.com . September 24, 1973 . April 13, 2021.
  138. News: Sub Passer Stalls Pontiac . . Newspapers.com . July 29, 1974 . April 13, 2021.
  139. News: Midwest Football League standings . . Newspapers.com . July 31, 1974 . April 13, 2021.
  140. News: Lansing's An All Star Town—Terres . . Newspapers.com . June 23, 1974 . April 13, 2021.
  141. News: Caps Host Flint In Season Finale . . Newspapers.com . September 14, 1974 . April 14, 2021.
  142. News: Caps Drop 15–2 Playoff Battle . . Newspapers.com . September 29, 1974 . April 14, 2021.
  143. News: Credibility Goal Of Lansing Team . . Newspapers.com . September 19, 1974 . April 14, 2021.
  144. News: Walkden, Jack . Now It's Capitals . . Newspapers.com . June 11, 1975 . April 14, 2021.
  145. News: Myers, Mike . 'Sleeping' Caps Eye '76 Awakening . . Newspapers.com . July 23, 1975 . April 14, 2021.
  146. News: Tempest, Rone . Incredible Losing Machine Does It With Style . . Newspapers.com . September 28, 1975 . April 14, 2021.
  147. News: Dayton Colts Return . . Newspapers.com . June 6, 1975 . April 14, 2021.
  148. News: Capitals' Kickoff Tonight . . Newspapers.com . July 26, 1975 . April 14, 2021.
  149. News: Arrows Win... They're Now 4–1 . . Newspapers.com . August 25, 1973 . April 14, 2021.
  150. News: Booker, Bill . Colts Choke Academes 20–2, Former Wave Marshall 'Felt' . . Newspapers.com . October 6, 1975 . April 9, 2022.
  151. News: Capitals Continue Tryouts . . Newspapers.com . June 19, 1975 . April 14, 2021.
  152. News: Mini-Super Bowl game to settle MFL crown . . Newspapers.com . October 31, 1975 . April 14, 2021.
  153. News: MFL title game termed a rousing success . . Newspapers.com . November 4, 1975 . April 14, 2021.
  154. News: Richmond, Dennis . Central States-Midwest Merger Looms . . Newspapers.com . December 6, 1975 . April 14, 2021.
  155. News: No Merger For CSFL, Midwest . . Newspapers.com . December 8, 1975 . April 14, 2021.
  156. News: Kauffman resigns MFL post . . Newspapers.com . April 8, 1976 . April 14, 2021.
  157. News: Benagh, Jim . Football Arrows: That 'Other' Pro Team In City of Pontiac . . Newspapers.com . August 10, 1976 . April 14, 2021.
  158. News: Hardhats To Face Michigan Indians . . Newspapers.com . July 30, 1976 . April 14, 2021.
  159. News: It's a labor of love . . Newspapers.com . July 9, 1976 . May 3, 2021.
  160. News: Henning, Lynn . Capitals lose Saturday game, Flint quits MFL . . Newspapers.com . July 22, 1976 . April 14, 2021.
  161. News: Senyczko, Ed . A new MFL returns . . Newspapers.com . July 31, 1977 . April 14, 2021.
  162. News: Caps to hold grid tryouts . . Newspapers.com . July 29, 1977 . April 14, 2021.
  163. News: Capitals doorway to pros? . . Newspapers.com . August 7, 1977 . April 14, 2021.
  164. News: 'Superstars' Eye MPFL Battle . . Newspapers.com . August 24, 1977 . April 14, 2021.
  165. News: Foeless Jets sit out another . . Newspapers.com . September 28, 1977 . April 9, 2022.
  166. News: Jets stun Hardhats, 29–21 . . Newspapers.com . October 23, 1977 . April 14, 2021.
  167. News: Midwest Football League standings . . Newspapers.com . October 16, 1977 . April 14, 2021.
  168. News: Columbus 'bombs' Caps . . Newspapers.com . October 18, 1977 . April 14, 2021.
  169. News: Wyoming Cobras play . . Newspapers.com . May 10, 1978 . April 14, 2021.
  170. News: Kaps Host Kalamazoo . . Newspapers.com . July 14, 1978 . April 14, 2021.
  171. News: Indy passer too much for Capitals . . Newspapers.com . August 14, 1978 . April 14, 2021.
  172. News: MFL playoffs begin . . Newspapers.com . September 13, 1978 . April 14, 2021.
  173. McCray . Kevin B. . 1982 . The Columbus Metros: Forced to Punt . The Coffin Corner . 4 . 1 . 1–4 . April 8, 2022.
  174. News: Caps crushed by Columbus . . Newspapers.com . September 19, 1978 . April 14, 2021.
  175. News: Senyczko, Ed . NFL officials slipping? . . Newspapers.com . October 1, 1978 . April 14, 2021.
  176. News: Hurt, Murray . Black Hawks to tour Europe . . Newspapers.com . May 17, 1979 . April 14, 2021.
  177. News: Caps . . Newspapers.com . July 28, 1980 . April 14, 2021.
  178. News: Senyczko, Ed . It was the game they loved . . Newspapers.com . June 29, 1980 . April 14, 2021.
  179. News: Senyczko, Ed . Cobb shaking off the label . . Newspapers.com . August 12, 1979 . April 14, 2021.
  180. News: Lansing joins charity football league in '80 . . Newspapers.com . November 22, 1979 . April 14, 2021.
  181. News: Colts Hoping For Turnabout At Ypsilanti Tomorrow . . Newspapers.com . September 1, 1967 . April 4, 2021.
  182. News: Senyczko, Ed . Stars Lose Beard To AFL Broncos . . Newspapers.com . October 8, 1971 . April 10, 2021.
  183. News: Senyczko, Ed . All Stars End Home Season . . Newspapers.com . September 15, 1972 . April 12, 2021.
  184. News: Behrman Joins Capitals For Dayton Game . . Newspapers.com . July 25, 1975 . April 15, 2021.
  185. News: Notes...off the cuff . The Plain Dealer . Newspapers.com . April 8, 1972 . May 21, 2024.
  186. News: All Stars Don't Act Like Losers . . Newspapers.com . August 2, 1974 . April 14, 2021.
  187. News: Exhibition Game Has Added Import . . Newspapers.com . August 19, 1967 . April 4, 2021.
  188. News: Behrman, Coin, Olson Play Against Hawks Saturday . . Newspapers.com . July 27, 1973 . April 12, 2021.
  189. News: Senyczko, Ed . All Stars' Defense Faces Test . . Newspapers.com . July 6, 1973 . April 12, 2021.
  190. News: Carroll, Tom . Ferguson Menace to Own Colts Teammates in Drill . . Newspapers.com . September 10, 1965 . April 3, 2021.
  191. News: All Stars Seeking Offensive Punch . . Newspapers.com . September 15, 1967 . April 4, 2021.
  192. News: Caps set sights for MFL revenge . . Newspapers.com . August 18, 1978 . April 17, 2021.
  193. News: Hill, John . No 'Wait Until 1970' For Lansing 'Stars . . Newspapers.com . September 19, 1969 . April 5, 2021.
  194. News: Senyczko, Ed . Sabres Have Look of a Real Powerhouse . . Newspapers.com . July 20, 1974 . April 17, 2021.
  195. News: Third Win Is Sought By Hardhats . . Newspapers.com . July 15, 1972 . April 12, 2021.
  196. News: Indy Caps To Host Columbus Saturday . . Newspapers.com . July 24, 1973 . April 18, 2021.
  197. News: Senyczko, Ed . MFL woes tied to owners . . Newspapers.com . July 25, 1976 . April 14, 2021.
  198. News: Lamm, Corky . 'City Needs Us,' Says Cap Boss . . Newspapers.com . April 24, 1973 . April 12, 2021.
  199. News: All Stars Need To Stop Juday . . Newspapers.com . October 6, 1967 . April 4, 2021.
  200. News: Boone, Ernie . 'Stars' Bank on New Passer . . Newspapers.com . September 30, 1966 . April 3, 2021.
  201. News: Colts' Passing Attack Hobbled By Injuries . . Newspapers.com . October 6, 1967 . April 4, 2021.
  202. News: Shepherd, Buster . Caps Tangle With Detroit . . Newspapers.com . August 5, 1972 . April 12, 2021.
  203. News: Determined Lowry finds NFL niche . . Newspapers.com . August 26, 1983 . May 21, 2024.
  204. News: Untitled . . Newspapers.com . July 7, 1969 . April 5, 2021.
  205. News: Emphasis On PAT, Passes In Colts' Contest Tonight? . . Newspapers.com . October 16, 1965 . April 3, 2021.
  206. News: Hawks Leap In Fire Against Lackawanna . . Newspapers.com . August 15, 1969 . April 5, 2021.
  207. News: Unbeatens To Clash . . Newspapers.com . September 10, 1966 . April 3, 2021.
  208. News: All Stars OK Charity Game . . Newspapers.com . June 26, 1973 . April 12, 2021.
  209. News: Anastor, Herb . Piccone's Pro Career Feared in Jeopardy . . Newspapers.com . November 25, 1983 . April 14, 2021.
  210. News: Hill, John . Defense Stingiest . . Newspapers.com . July 31, 1970 . April 6, 2021.
  211. News: Ruling Leaves 5 Players Property of All Stars . . Newspapers.com . July 18, 1974 . April 13, 2021.
  212. News: Zitrin, Rich . Spencer Irked By Demotion . . Newspapers.com . July 14, 1972 . April 12, 2021.
  213. News: Grid Arrows Sign Tillotson, Thomann . . Newspapers.com . June 13, 1967 . April 4, 2021.
  214. News: 'Lansing Super Bowl,' That's Right, Saturday . . Newspapers.com . September 19, 1970 . April 7, 2021.
  215. News: Couple of pro football pioneers renew friendship . . Newspapers.com . February 24, 1984 . April 14, 2021.
  216. Kennedy . Sarge . 1988 . The Continental Football League . The Coffin Corner . 10 . 5 . 11 . April 8, 2022.
  217. News: Watson Kicks 56-Yard FG, Hardhats Roll . . Newspapers.com . July 9, 1974 . April 13, 2021.
  218. News: Hill, John . 'Stars in Home Test . . Newspapers.com . July 30, 1970 . April 6, 2021.
  219. News: Carroll, Tom . You Don't See Double; Officials Are Brothers . . Newspapers.com . March 2, 1969 . April 5, 2021.

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