University of Michigan Law School explained

University of Michigan Law School
Parent:	University of Michigan
Type:	Public law school
Endowment:	$500 million (2019)^[1]
Parent Endowment:	$17.9 billion^[2]
Dean:	Kyle D. Logue (interim)
City:	Ann Arbor
State:	Michigan
Country:	U.S.
Students:	976
Faculty:	183
Ranking:	9th (tie) (2024)^[3]
Bar Pass Rate:	97.27%^[4]
Aba Profile:	Standard 509 Report

The University of Michigan Law School (Michigan Law, MLS) is the law school of the University of Michigan, a public research university in Ann Arbor, Michigan. Founded in 1859, the school offers Master of Laws (LLM), Master of Comparative Law (MCL), Juris Doctor (JD), and Doctor of the Science of Law (SJD) degree programs.^{[5] [6]}

Notable alumni include U.S. Supreme Court Justices Frank Murphy, William Rufus Day, and George Sutherland, as well as a number of heads of state and corporate executives. Approximately 98% of Class of 2022 graduates were employed within ten months of graduation; its first time bar passage rate in 2023 was 95.45% and the passage rate for all graduates within two years was 99.20%.^[7]

The school enrolls about 976 students and employs about 107 full-time faculty members and 76 non-full time faculty members.^[8]

History

The law school was founded in 1859. By 1870, it was the largest law school in the country.

In 1870, Gabriel Franklin Hargo graduated from Michigan Law as the second African American to graduate from law school in the United States. In 1871 Sarah Killgore, a Michigan Law graduate, became the first woman to both graduate from law school and be admitted to the bar.^[9]

Although the law school is part of the public University of Michigan, less than 2% of the law school's expenses are covered by state funds.^[10] The remainder (97–98% of Michigan Law's budget) is supplied by private gifts, tuition, and endowments.

In 2009, Michigan Law began a $102 million enterprise to construct a new law building that would remain loyal to the English Gothic style. The enterprise was fully funded by endowments and private gifts.^[11] 2009 also marked the school's sesquicentennial celebration. As a part of the festivities, Chief Justice John Roberts visited the school and participated in the groundbreaking ceremony for the new building. The building was dedicated in 2012 and called South Hall.^[12] In December 2018, South Hall was renamed Jeffries Hall, after a record $33 million donation from real estate developer Christopher M. Jeffries.^[13]

Campus

Built between 1924 and 1933 by the architectural firm York and Sawyer with funds donated by attorney and alumnus William W. Cook, the Cook Law Quadrangle comprises four buildings:

• Hutchins Hall, the main academic building, named for former Dean of the Law School and President of the University, Harry Burns Hutchins
• The Legal Research Building
• John P. Cook Dormitory
• The Lawyer's Club, providing additional dormitory rooms and a meeting space for the residents of the Quad, is highlighted by a Great Lounge, and a dining room with a high-vaulted ceiling, an oak floor, and dark oak paneling.^[14]

In 2012, extensive renovations of the Lawyers Club were undertaken thanks in part to a $20 million gift from Berkshire Hathaway vice-chairman Charles T. Munger, and was re-opened on August 19, 2013 for the 2013 school year.^[15]

Admissions and rankings

Michigan Law was ranked third in the initial U.S. News & World Report law school rankings in 1987. Michigan Law is also one of the "T14" law schools, schools that have at some point been in the top 14 since U.S. News began publishing rankings. In the 2021 U.S. News ranking, Michigan Law is ranked 9th overall.^[16] Michigan Law ranked 15th among U.S. law schools, tied with the Georgetown University Law Center, for the number of times its tenured faculty's published scholarship was highly cited in legal journals during the period 2010 through 2014.^[17]

Admission to Michigan Law is highly selective. For the class entering in the fall of 2021, 819 applicants were accepted out of a total of 7,693, an acceptance rate of 10.65%.^[18] Out of those 819 accepted applicants, 313 students enrolled.^[19] The 25th and 75th LSAT percentiles for the 2021 entering class were 166 and 172, respectively, with a median of 171.^[20] The 25th and 75th undergraduate GPA percentiles were 3.61 and 3.93, respectively, with a median of 3.84.

Publications

Michigan Law School students publish several law journals^[21] in addition to the Michigan Law Review, the sixth oldest legal journal in the U.S.^[22] These include:

• University of Michigan Journal of Law Reform^[23]
• Michigan Journal of International Law^[24]
• Michigan Journal of Gender and Law^[25]
• Michigan Journal of Race & Law^[26]
• Michigan Telecommunications and Technology Law Review^[27]
• Michigan Journal of Environmental and Administrative Law^[28]
• Michigan Business & Entrepreneurial Law Review, formerly the Michigan Journal Private Equity and Venture Capital Law^[29]

Journal membership is obtained through participation in writing competitions.

Moot court competitions

Students may compete in intramural moot court competitions,^[30] the oldest of which is the Henry M. Campbell Moot Court Competition, established in 1926 and first held in the 1927–1928 academic year.^[31] Other moot court competitions include the Child Welfare Law Moot Court Competition, Criminal Law Moot Court Competition, the Entertainment Media and Arts Moot Court Competition, the Environmental Law Moot Court Competition, the Intellectual Property Moot Court Competition, the Jessup International Law Moot Court Competition, the Vis International Arbitration Moot Court, the Native American Law Students Association Competition, the Manfred Lachs Moot Court, Michigan Law Corporate Counseling Competition, and the 1L Oral Advocacy Competition.

Clinical programs

Michigan Law's clinical program allows students to provide direct representation to clients under the supervision of full-time faculty. There are 18 clinical programs, including the Child Advocacy Law Clinic, the Entrepreneurship Clinic, the Environmental Law Clinic, the Federal Appellate Litigation Clinic, the International Transactions Clinic, the Michigan Innocence Clinic, the Transactional Lab, and the Unemployment Insurance Clinic.^[32]

Student organizations

Michigan Law offers a wide array of student organizations centered around various interest areas, including politics, pro bono work, community service, race, gender, religion, and hobbies. Student organizations organize various annual events, from student pageants such as Mr. Wolverine to the Michigan Law Culture Show.^[33]

Externships and internships

Michigan's externship program is designed to provide students with real-world legal experience and advanced research opportunities beyond what is separately available in either a classroom or a clinic. Externships are available in places such as Switzerland, South Africa, and India.^[34]

Student Funded Fellowships

Student Funded Fellowships (SFF) is a program designed to fund Michigan Law students who accept public interest summer job, particularly to help 1Ls finance the living costs associated with their summer jobs. SFF is governed by a board of law students and operates independently of the law school. Board members head fundraising efforts throughout the year, ranging from Donate a Day's Pay (DADP), in which highly paid law firm summer associates donate a day's salary to SFF, to a grand auction in the spring that invites bids on various donated items, including sports tickets, art, meals, and activities with faculty members. Around the time of the auction, board members review applications for summer funding and select a limited number of qualified students for grants. As of 2022, SFF awarded these select applicants $6,500. Students not otherwise selected for the grant, or students who do not plan to pursue public interest after law school but nonetheless need income for their summer positions, are entitled to a $5,000 loan for their summer expenses. This loan is facilitated by the law school. The loan is repaid on a sliding scale depending on how much money these students make during their 1L and 2L summers. As of 2022, if a student does not make more than $18,000 across their two summers, the loan is completely forgiven.

Employment and cost of attendance

According to Michigan's ABA-required employment disclosures, 98% of the graduates of the Class of 2021 were employed or seeking an advanced degree. This includes the 94.2% of the class who had obtained jobs requiring a J.D.^[35] Of the Class of 2021, 55% were employed by firms of greater than 100 attorneys^[36] and 18% obtained clerkships. Michigan's Law School Transparency under-employment score is 5.8%, indicating the percentage of the Class of 2021 who are unemployed, pursuing an additional degree, or working in a non-professional, short-term, or part-time job nine months after graduation.^[37] The majority of Michigan Law grads work in New York, Illinois, Michigan, California, and Washington, D.C.^[38]

Tuition at Michigan for the 2020–2021 academic year is $63,680 for residents of the state of Michigan and $66,680 for non-residents. The estimated cost of living for a Michigan student is $21,900. Assuming no tuition increases, a typical three-year course of study at Michigan therefore costs $256,740 (or $85,580 per year) for residents and $265,740 (or $88,580 per year) for non-residents.^[39]

Notable faculty

Current

• Theodore J. St. Antoine, Dean Emeritus – legal philosopher and labor law scholar
• Reuven Avi-Yonah - tax law scholar
• Samuel Bagenstos – constitutional scholar and expert on disability rights
• Evan Caminker, Dean Emeritus – constitutional law scholar
• Edward H. Cooper – civil procedure scholar
• Steven P. Croley – expert on administrative and regulatory law
• Donald Duquette - Clinical Professor of Law Emeritus
• Phoebe C. Ellsworth – scholar of law and psychology
• Samuel R. Gross – Criminal law expert widely cited for work on exonerations
• Daniel Halberstam – comparative constitutional law, transnational law and European law scholar
• James C. Hathaway – international refugee law expert and scholar of public international law
• John Hudson – English legal historian
• Ellen D. Katz – voting rights and election law scholar
• Thomas E. Kauper – scholar of property law and antitrust
• Vikramaditya Khanna – expert on international commercial law and the laws of India
• James E. Krier – property law scholar
• Jessica Litman – intellectual property scholar
• Kyle D. Logue – insurance, tax and private law scholar
• Catharine MacKinnon – feminist theorist, scholar and activist
• Barbara McQuade – United States Attorney for the Eastern District of Michigan from 2010 to 2017
• John A. E. Pottow – scholar of international commercial law, bankruptcy and consumer finance
• Richard Primus – constitutional theorist
• Margaret Radin – legal philosopher, contract and property theorist
• Margo Schlanger – civil rights scholar and founder of the Civil Rights Litigation Clearinghouse
• Rebecca J. Scott – legal historian
• Bruno Simma – German international law expert; served as a judge on the International Court of Justice from 2003 until 2012
• Mark D. West, Dean and Nippon Life Professor of Law- scholar of international commercial law, criminal law and Japanese law
• James Boyd White – founder of the "Law and Literature" movement
• James J. White – Commercial law expert
• Christina B. Whitman – Francis A. Allen Collegiate Professor of Law

Former

• Nathan Abbott – former dean of Stanford Law School and property law scholar
• T. Alexander Aleinikoff – international law scholar and former dean at Georgetown University Law Center
• Omri Ben-Shahar – law professor
• Lee Bollinger – Former president of Columbia University, former President of the University of Michigan
• Henry Billings Brown – Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States
• Thomas M. Cooley – Legal scholar and Chief Justice of the Michigan Supreme Court
• Harry T. Edwards – Senior Judge on the United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit
• Heidi Li Feldman – law professor
• Herbert Funk Goodrich – Judge on the United States Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit and former dean of the University of Pennsylvania Law School
• Harry Hutchins – fourth President of the University of Michigan
• Charles Wycliffe Joiner – Judge for the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Michigan
• Yale Kamisar, Professor Emeritus – criminal law and procedure expert (known as the "father of Miranda" for his influential role in the landmark U.S Supreme Court decision in Miranda v. Arizona (1966).^[40])
• Douglas Laycock – constitutional law scholar
• Debra Ann Livingston – Judge on the United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit
• Wade H. McCree – first African American appointed to the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit
• John W. Reed – civil procedure expert
• Henry Wade Rogers – former Judge on the United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit
• Lawrence G. Sager – Constitutional theorist and former dean at the University of Texas Law School
• Joseph Sax – environmental law scholar known for developing the public trust doctrine
• Joel Seligman – President of the University of Rochester
• A. W. B. Simpson – British legal historian
• Scott J. Shapiro – legal philosopher
  • David S. Tatel – judge on the United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit Elizabeth Warren – bankruptcy expert and senior United States senator from Massachusetts
• Joseph H. H. Weiler – European law expert

Notable alumni

See main article: List of University of Michigan Law School alumni.

• John Robert Brown, Judge of the United States Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit, one of the Fifth Circuit Four
• Michael T. Cahill, Dean of Brooklyn Law School
• Roger Carter (LL.M., 1968), Dean of University of Saskatchewan College of Law; recipient of Order of Canada.^[41]
• William W. Cook (J.D. 1882), heavily published and cited author of textbooks on corporate law; donor of the quadrangle to Michigan
• Ann Coulter (J.D. 1988) Conservative author and commentator.
• Jordan Harbinger (J.D. 2006) Broadcaster and talk show host.
• George Crockett Jr. (LL.B. 1934) Civil Rights activist; helped found the National Lawyers Guild. First African American lawyer hired by the Department of Labor. Recorder's Court Judge, Detroit, Michigan, 1966–74; U.S. House of Representatives (D-Mich.), 1980 – 1991.^[42]
• Clarence Darrow (attended), famous trial lawyer; defense counsel in the Scopes Monkey Trial and Leopold and Loeb
• William R. Day (LL.B. 1870), United States Secretary of State, 1898; United States Supreme Court Associate Justice, 1903–1922
• John Feikens (J.D.) was a politician and judge from the U.S. state of Michigan. He was the Senior Judge, U.S. District Court for the Eastern District of Michigan (1986–present). Feikens had the unusual honor of being nominated to the same district court by three presidents.^[43]
• Harold Ford Jr. (J.D. 1996) – former U.S. Representative from Tennessee; Democratic Leadership Council chair^[44]
• Richard Gephardt (J.D. 1965) – U.S. Representative from Missouri (1977–2005). Served as House Majority Leader from 1989 to 1995, and as Minority Leader from 1995 to 2003.^[45]
• Ronald M. Gould (J.D. 1973), Judge, the United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit^[46]
• James P. Hoffa (LL.B. 1966) – President, International Brotherhood of Teamsters
• Sada Jacobson (J.D. 2011), Olympic fencing silver and bronze medalist
• Valerie Jarrett, (J.D. 1981), Senior Advisor to President Barack Obama
• Amalya Lyle Kearse (J.D. 1962) – Judge, United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit^[47]
• Cornelia Groefsema Kennedy (J.D. 1947) – Senior Judge, United States Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit^[48]
• Raymond Kethledge (J.D. 1993) – United States circuit judge of the United States Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit.
• Frank Murphy (LL.B. 1914), United States Attorney General, 1939, and United States Supreme Court Associate Justice, 1940–1949^[49]
  • Rob Portman (J.D. 1984), United States senator from Ohio;^[50] former Director of the Office of Management and Budget Branch Rickey (LL.B. 1911), Major League Baseball executive and Hall of Famer; created the modern minor league system and signed Jackie Robinson to a contract, breaking the sport's 20th-century color line
• Richard Riordan (J.D. 1956), Mayor of Los Angeles, 1993–2001
• Ken Salazar (J.D. 1981), former U.S. Senator from Colorado and United States Secretary of the Interior, 2009 to 2013.^[51]
• Rick Snyder (J.D. 1982) Former CEO of Gateway; former Governor of Michigan^[52]
• George Sutherland (attended 1891), United States Supreme Court Justice^[53]
• John D. Voelker (J.D. 1928) justice of the Michigan Supreme Court; author of Anatomy of a Murder.
• Moses Fleetwood Walker (attended 1881–1882) – Baseball player and author; first African-American to play major league professional baseball
• Sarah Killgore Wertman (LAW: LLB 1871), née Sarah Killgore, the first woman to be admitted to the Bar of any state in the United States of America.
• Sam Zell (J.D. 1966) – Real estate development tycoon; founder of EQ Office; former National Association of Real Estate Investment Trusts chairman and current chairman and majority owner of the Tribune Company; billionaire

See also

• List of University of Michigan law and government alumni
• List of University of Michigan legislator alumni
• List of University of Michigan alumni

Notes

1. University of Michigan: Diversity Research & Resources, Proposal 2 Information. Link to UM website
2. Coalition to Defend Affirmative Action v. Granholm, No. 2:06-cv-15024 (E.D. Mi.) (Lawson); Nos. 06–2640, 06–2642 (6th Cir. 2007).
3. January 10, 2007 statement by Dean Evan Caminker.^[54]

External links

• Official website

Notes and References

1. Web site: Per student value of law school endowments21.html . Leiter . Brain. 2022-05-03 . 2023-12-04 .
2. News: Endowment generated 5.2% return in FY '23. University of Michigan. October 19, 2023. October 23, 2023. October 20, 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20231020011523/https://record.umich.edu/articles/endowment-generated-5-2-return-in-fy-23/. live.
3. Web site: University of Michigan—Ann Arbor . Best Law Schools . U.S. News & World Report . 11 April 2024 . March 1, 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190301140229/https://www.usnews.com/best-graduate-schools/top-law-schools/university-of-michigan-ann-arbor-03082 . live .
4. Web site: These US law schools had the highest bar pass rates in 2023 . web. . 2024-03-12 . 2024-03-23 .
5. Web site: Michigan Law History University of Michigan Law School . 2022-12-04 . michigan.law.umich.edu . en.
6. Web site: Abbreviations – Brand & Visual Identity . 2022-12-04 . en-US.
7. Web site: University of Michigan Bar Passage Report . . 2023-12-16 . 2023-12-04 .
8. Web site: University of Michigan 509 Report . . 2023-12-16 . 2023-12-04 .
9. Web site: Michigan's First Woman Lawyer. University of Michigan Law School. 2013-09-14.
10. Web site: Nannes Third-Year Challenge: Frequently Asked Questions . University of Michigan Law School . 2013-09-26 . October 2, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20221002182313/https://leadersandbest.umich.edu/find/ . live .
11. Web site: A New Legal Landscape. University of Michigan Law School. 2013-09-14. October 2, 2022. https://web.archive.org/web/20221002182312/https://michigan.law.umich.edu/quick-links/about-michigan-law/michigan-law-architecture. live.
12. Web site: South Hall Dedication. University of Michigan Law School. 2019-08-16. August 16, 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20190816183747/https://www.law.umich.edu/dedicationweekend/Pages/default.aspx. live.
13. Web site: Jeffries' $33M gift dedicated to student support at Law School. University of Michigan Record. 2019-08-16.
14. Web site: Michigan Law School – History and Traditions . Law.umich.edu . 2013-09-09 . October 2, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20221002182313/https://michigan.law.umich.edu/quick-links/about-michigan-law/michigan-law-history . live .
15. Web site: University of Michigan Law School-Image Gallery. Law.umich.edu. 21 January 2018. October 2, 2022. https://web.archive.org/web/20221002182313/https://michigan.law.umich.edu/resource-center. live.
16. Web site: Best Law School Rankings. December 6, 2020. U.S. News & World Report 2021. March 20, 2017. https://web.archive.org/web/20170320195829/https://www.usnews.com/best-graduate-schools/top-law-schools/law-rankings. live.
17. Web site: Brian Leiter's Law School Reports. Leiterlawschool.typepad.com. January 21, 2018. January 11, 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20180111234907/http://leiterlawschool.typepad.com/leiter/2015/09/top-40-law-faculties-in-scholarly-impact-2015.html. live.
18. Web site: Standard 509 Information Report. December 10, 2022. michigan.law.umich.edu.
19. Web site: 2024 Class Profile. November 5, 2021. law.umich.edu. October 2, 2022. https://web.archive.org/web/20221002182312/https://michigan.law.umich.edu/admissions. live.
20. Web site: University of Michigan Law – Admissions FAQ. 6 December 2020. law.umich.edu. October 2, 2022. https://web.archive.org/web/20221002182313/https://michigan.law.umich.edu/admissions. live.
21. Web site: University of Michigan Law School . Journals and Student Organizations . University of Michigan Law School . 2016-02-26 . March 1, 2016 . https://web.archive.org/web/20160301190543/http://www.law.umich.edu/journalsandorgs/Pages/orgs.aspx . live .
22. Web site: Michigan Law Review . History . University of Michigan Law Review . 2016-02-26 . March 5, 2016 . https://web.archive.org/web/20160305112112/http://michiganlawreview.org/history/ . live .
23. Web site: University of Michigan Journal of Law Reform. University of Michigan Journal of Law Reform. 2016-02-26. February 21, 2016. https://web.archive.org/web/20160221071834/http://mjlr.org/. live.
24. Web site: Michigan Journal of International Law. Michigan Journal of International Law. 2016-02-26. March 5, 2016. https://web.archive.org/web/20160305011854/http://www.mjilonline.org/. live.
25. Web site: Michigan Journal of Gender and Law. Michigan Journal of Gender and Law. 2016-02-26. March 9, 2016. https://web.archive.org/web/20160309172727/http://repository.law.umich.edu/mjgl/. live.
26. Web site: Michigan Journal of Race & Law. Michigan Journal of Race & Law. 2016-02-26. February 29, 2016. https://web.archive.org/web/20160229234546/http://mjrl.org/. live.
27. Web site: Michigan Telecommunications and Technology Law Review. Michigan Telecommunications and Technology Law Review. 2016-02-26. March 4, 2016. https://web.archive.org/web/20160304045137/http://mttlr.org/. live.
28. Web site: Michigan Journal of Environmental and Administrative Law. Michigan Journal of Environmental and Administrative Law. 2016-02-26. March 4, 2016. https://web.archive.org/web/20160304053933/http://www.mjeal-online.org/. live.
29. Web site: Michigan Business & Entrepreneurial Law Review . University of Michigan Law School . 2016 . 2016-02-26 . March 6, 2016 . https://web.archive.org/web/20160306020811/http://mbelr.org/ . live .
30. Web site: Moot Courts & Competitions . University of Michigan Law School . 2016-02-26 . March 9, 2016 . https://web.archive.org/web/20160309172323/https://www.law.umich.edu/currentstudents/studentservices/Pages/moot.aspx . live .
31. Web site: Origin of the Henry M. Cambell Moot Court Competition . University of Michigan Law School . 2016-02-26 . March 9, 2016 . https://web.archive.org/web/20160309172452/http://students.law.umich.edu/rg/issues/2003/03_04_01/campbell_history.html . live .
32. Web site: Clinical Programs . University of Michigan Law School . 2016-02-29 . March 7, 2016 . https://web.archive.org/web/20160307225327/http://www.law.umich.edu/clinical/Pages/default.aspx . live .
33. Web site: Michigan Law Culture Show . University of Michigan Law School . 2016-02-26.
34. Web site: Externships . University of Michigan Law School . 2016-02-26 . February 28, 2016 . https://web.archive.org/web/20160228222607/http://www.law.umich.edu/curriculum/externshipsandindependentstudy/Pages/default.aspx . live .
35. Web site: The University of Michigan Law School Class of 2021 Summary Report . michigan.law.umich.edu . 2023-04-09 . en.
36. Web site: Comprehensive Employment Statistics. December 10, 2022. law.umich.edu.
37. Web site: University of Michigan. December 10, 2022. lstscorereports.com.
38. Web site: 2020. Comprehensive Employment Statistics. December 6, 2020. University of Michigan Law School. November 25, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20201125023941/https://www.law.umich.edu/careers/classstats/Pages/employmentstats.aspx. live.
39. https://www.law.umich.edu/financialaid/Pages/tuitionrates.aspx "Law School Tuition Rates 2020–2021"
40. Evan Acker, "Father of Miranda" Yale Kamisar Retires (Apr. 27, 2011). Motions Online.
41. Uncredited, Profile of Roger Carter ; Robertson Stromberg. Retrieved 2016-11-28.
42. Web site: George W. Crockett, Jr.. National Governors Association. October 23, 2012. October 19, 2012. https://web.archive.org/web/20121019112642/http://bioguide.congress.gov/scripts/biodisplay.pl?index=C000919. live.
43. Web site: Feikens, John . Federal Judicial Center . Biographical Directory of Federal Judges . 2013-09-26 . September 27, 2013 . https://web.archive.org/web/20130927133459/http://www.fjc.gov/servlet/nGetInfo?jid=741&cid=999&ctype=na&instate=na . live .
44. Web site: Ford, Harold, Jr., (1970 –) . Biographical Directory of the United States Congress . October 23, 2012 . June 28, 2011 . https://web.archive.org/web/20110628215627/http://bioguide.congress.gov/scripts/biodisplay.pl?index=F000262 . live .
45. Web site: Richard Gephardt. Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. October 23, 2012. November 9, 2011. https://web.archive.org/web/20111109025238/http://bioguide.congress.gov/scripts/biodisplay.pl?index=G000132. live.
46. Web site: Gould, Ronald Murray. Biographical Directory of Federal Judges. Federal Judiciary Center. 11 August 2016. July 30, 2016. https://web.archive.org/web/20160730115701/http://www.fjc.gov/public/home.nsf/hisj. live.
47. Web site: Kearse, Amalya Lyle . Federal Judicial Center . Biographical Directory of Federal Judges . October 23, 2012 . October 14, 2012 . https://web.archive.org/web/20121014215258/http://www.fjc.gov/servlet/nGetInfo?jid=1236&cid=999&ctype=na&instate=na . live .
48. Web site: Cornelia Groefsema Kennedy. Michigan Lawyers in History. October 23, 2012. https://web.archive.org/web/20120212235248/http://www.michbar.org/journal/article.cfm?articleID=105&volumeID=9&viewType=archive. February 12, 2012. dead. mdy-all.
49. Web site: Murphy, Frank . Federal Judicial Center . Biographical Directory of Federal Judges . October 23, 2012 . https://web.archive.org/web/20100530155443/http://www.fjc.gov/servlet/nGetMan?jid=1722 . May 30, 2010 . dead . mdy-all .
50. Web site: Rob Portman. Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. 23 October 2012. June 28, 2011. https://web.archive.org/web/20110628203428/http://bioguide.congress.gov/scripts/biodisplay.pl?index=P000449. live.
51. Web site: Salazar, Kenneth Lee, (1955 –) . Biographical Directory of the United States Congress . October 23, 2012 . December 22, 2014 . https://web.archive.org/web/20141222235839/http://bioguide.congress.gov/scripts/biodisplay.pl?index=s001163 . live .
52. Web site: Rick Snyder. National Governors Association. October 23, 2012. August 8, 2012. https://web.archive.org/web/20120808224146/http://www.nga.org/cms/home/governors/current-governors/col2-content/main-content-list/rick-snyder.html. live.
53. Web site: Sutherland, George, (1862–1942) . Biographical Directory of the United States Congress . October 23, 2012 . November 3, 2011 . https://web.archive.org/web/20111103093059/http://bioguide.congress.gov/scripts/biodisplay.pl?index=S001080 . live .
54. http://www.law.umich.edu/NewsandInfo/prop2/index.htm#deanStatementNov17