Michelle Bachelet Explained

Michelle Bachelet
Office:7th United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights
1Namedata:António Guterres
Deputy:Kate Gilmore
Term Start:1 September 2018
Term End:31 August 2022
Predecessor:Zeid Raad Al Hussein
Successor:Volker Türk[1]
Office1:33rd and 35th President of Chile
Term Start1:11 March 2014
Term End1:11 March 2018
Predecessor1:Sebastián Piñera
Successor1:Sebastián Piñera
Term Start2:11 March 2006
Term End2:11 March 2010
Predecessor2:Ricardo Lagos
Successor2:Sebastián Piñera
Office3:President pro tempore of the Pacific Alliance
Term Start3:1 July 2016
Term End3:30 June 2017
Predecessor3:Ollanta Humala
Successor3:Juan Manuel Santos
Office4:Executive Director of UN Women
1Namedata4:Ban Ki-moon
Deputy4:Lakshmi Puri
Term Start4:14 September 2010
Term End4:15 March 2013
Predecessor4:Position established
Successor4:Lakshmi Puri (acting)
Office5:President pro tempore of UNASUR
Term Start5:23 May 2008
Term End5:10 August 2009
Predecessor5:Position established
Successor5:Rafael Correa
Office6:Minister for National Defense
President6:Ricardo Lagos
Term Start6:7 January 2002
Term End6:1 October 2004
Predecessor6:Mario Fernández Baeza
Successor6:Jaime Ravinet
Office7:Minister for Health
President7:Ricardo Lagos
Term Start7:11 March 2000
Term End7:7 January 2002
Predecessor7:Álex Figueroa
Successor7:Osvaldo Artaza
Birth Name:Verónica Michelle Bachelet Jeria
Birth Date:1951 9, df=y
Birth Place:Santiago, Chile
Party:Socialist
Otherparty:Concertación (1988–2013)
Nueva Mayoría (2013–2018)
Father:Alberto Bachelet
Mother:Ángela Jeria
Children:3
Education:University of Chile (MD)
Signature:Firma de Michelle Bachelet.svg
Profession:Paediatrician / Public Health Physician

Verónica Michelle Bachelet Jeria (pronounced as /es/; born 29 September 1951[2]) is a Chilean politician who served as United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights from 2018 to 2022.[3] She previously served as President of Chile from 2006 to 2010 and from 2014 to 2018 for the Socialist Party of Chile. She is the first woman to hold the Chilean presidency. After leaving the presidency in 2010 and before becoming eligible for re-election, she was appointed as the first executive director of the newly established United Nations Entity for Gender Equality and the Empowerment of Women.[4] In December 2013, Bachelet was re-elected with over 62% of the vote, surpassing the 54% she received in 2006. She was the first President of Chile to be re-elected since 1932.[5] Bachelet, a physician who has studied military strategy at the university level, previously served as the Health Minister and Defense Minister under her predecessor, Ricardo Lagos. She is a separated mother of three and identifies as an agnostic.[6] In addition to her native Spanish, she speaks English fluently and has some proficiency in German, French, and Portuguese.[7] [8]

Family background

Bachelet is the second child of archaeologist Ángela Jeria Gómez (1926–2020) and Air Force Brigadier General Alberto Bachelet Martínez (1923–1974).[9]

Bachelet's great-great-grandfather, Louis-Joseph Bachelet Lapierre (1820–1864), was a French wine merchant from Chassagne-Montrachet who immigrated to Chile with his Parisian wife, Françoise Jeanne Beault, in 1860. He was hired as a wine-making expert by the Subercaseaux vineyards in Santiago. Bachelet Lapierre's son, Germán, was born in Santiago in 1862 and, in 1891, married Luisa Brandt Cadot, a Chilean of French and Swiss descent. They gave birth to Alberto Bachelet Brandt in 1894.

Bachelet's maternal great-grandfather, Máximo Jeria Chacón, of Spanish (Basque region) and Greek heritage, was the first person to receive a degree in agronomic engineering in Chile. He founded several agronomy schools in the country[10] and married Lely Johnson, the daughter of an English physician working in Chile. Their son, Máximo Jeria Johnson, married Ángela Gómez Zamora and had five children, with Bachelet's mother being the fourth.

Early life and career

Childhood years

Bachelet was born in La Cisterna,[11] a middle-class suburb of Santiago. She was named after French actress Michèle Morgan.[12] Bachelet spent many of her childhood years traveling around her native Chile, moving with her family from one military base to another. She lived and attended primary schools in, among other places, Quintero, Antofagasta, and San Bernardo. In 1962, she moved with her family to the United States, where her father was assigned to the military mission at the Chilean Embassy in Washington, D.C. Her family lived for almost two years in Bethesda, Maryland, where she attended Western Junior High School and learned to speak English fluently.[13]

Returning to Chile in 1964, she graduated in 1969 from Liceo Nº 1 Javiera Carrera, a prestigious girls' public high school, finishing near the top of her class.[14] There she was class president, a member of the choir and volleyball teams, and part of a theater group and a band, "Las Clap Clap," which she co-founded and which toured around several school festivals. In 1970, after obtaining a relatively high score on the university admission test, she entered medical school at the University of Chile, where she was selected in the 113th position (out of 160 admitted applicants).[14] [15] She originally intended to study sociology or economics, but was prevailed upon by her father to study medicine instead.[16] She has said she opted for medicine because it was 'a concrete way of helping people cope with pain' and 'a way to contribute to improve health in Chile.'[7]

Detention and exile

Facing growing food shortages, the government of Salvador Allende placed Bachelet's father in charge of the Food Distribution Office. When General Augusto Pinochet suddenly came to power via the 11 September 1973 coup d'état, Bachelet's father was detained at the Air War Academy on charges of treason. Following months of daily torture at Santiago's Public Prison, he suffered a cardiac arrest that resulted in his death on 12 March 1974. In early January 1975, Bachelet and her mother were detained at their apartment by two DINA agents,[17] who blindfolded them and drove them to Villa Grimaldi, a notorious secret detention center in Santiago, where they were separated and subjected to interrogation and torture.[18]

In 2013, Bachelet said she had been interrogated by DINA chief Manuel Contreras there.[19] Some days later, Bachelet was transferred to Cuatro Álamos ("Four Poplars") detention center, where she was held until the end of January. Thanks to the assistance of Roberto Kozak,[20] Bachelet was able to go into exile in Australia,[21] where her older brother, Alberto, had moved in 1969.[22]

Of her torture, Bachelet said, in 2004, that "it was nothing in comparison to what others suffered". She was "yelled at using abusive language, shaken", and both she and her mother were "threatened with the killing of the other". She was "never tortured with electricity", but she did see it done to other prisoners.[23] [24] In May 1975, Bachelet left Australia and later relocated to East Germany, where she was assigned an apartment in Am Stern, Potsdam by the German Democratic Republic (GDR). Her mother joined her a month later and lived separately in Leipzig. In October 1976, Bachelet began working at a communal clinic in the Babelsberg neighborhood as a stepping stone to furthering her medical studies at a university in East Germany. During this time, she met architect Jorge Leopoldo Dávalos Cartes, another Chilean exile, and they married in 1977. In January 1978, Bachelet went to Leipzig to study German at the Herder Institute of Karl Marx University (now the University of Leipzig). She gave birth to her first child with Dávalos, Jorge Alberto Sebastián, in June 1978. She returned to Potsdam in September 1978 to continue her medical studies at the Humboldt University of Berlin for two years. Five months after enrolling as a student, however, she obtained authorization to return to her country.[25]

Return to Chile

After four years in exile, Bachelet returned to Chile in 1979. Her medical school credits from the GDR were not recognized, so she had to restart her studies where she left off before she fled the country. Despite this setback, she graduated as physician-surgeon[26] on January 7, 1983.[27] Bachelet wanted to work in the public sector where she could make the most impact, but her request to work as a general practitioner was denied by the military government on "political grounds".[7]

However, Bachelet's academic achievements and published papers earned her a scholarship from the Chilean Medical Chamber to specialize in pediatrics and public health at the Roberto del Río Children's Hospital at the University of Chile' (1983–86). She completed the program with excellent grades but did not receive her certification for "financial reasons".[28]

During this time, Bachelet also worked at PIDEE (Protection of Children Injured by States of Emergency Foundation), a non-governmental organization that provided support for the children of the missing and the tortured in Santiago and Chillán. She served as the head of the Medical Department of the foundation from 1986 and 1990. Some time after the birth of her second child with Dávalos, Francisca Valentina, in February 1984, she and her husband legally separated. Between 1985 and 1987, Bachelet had a romantic relationship with Alex Vojkovic Trier,[29] an engineer and spokesman for the Manuel Rodríguez Patriotic Front, an armed group that, among other actions, attempted to assassinate Pinochet in 1986. The affair was a minor issue during her presidential campaign, during which she stated that she never supported any of Vojkovic's activities.[10]

After Chile's transition to democracy in 1990, Bachelet worked for the Ministry of Health's West Santiago Health Service and served as a consultant for the Pan-American Health Organization, the World Health Organization, and the Deutsche Gesellschaft für Technische Zusammenarbeit. While working for the National AIDS Commission (Conasida), she became romantically involved with Aníbal Hernán Henríquez Marich, a fellow physician and a right-wing supporter of Pinochet, who fathered her third child, Sofía Catalina, in December 1992. Their relationship ended a few years later. From March 1994 and July 1997, Bachelet worked as Senior Assistant to the Deputy Health Minister.[30] Driven by an interest in civil-military relations, Bachelet began studying military strategy at the National Academy of Political and Strategic Studies (ANEPE) in Chile in 1996, earning first place in her class.[7] This achievement earned her a presidential scholarship, allowing her to continue her studies in the United States at the Inter-American Defense College in Washington, D.C., where she completed a Continental Defense Course in 1998. That same year she returned to Chile to work for the Defense Ministry as the Senior Assistant to the Defense Minister and went on to graduate from a Master's program in military science at the Chilean Army's War Academy.

Early political career

Involvement in politics

In 1970, during her first year as a university student, Bachelet joined the Socialist Youth and was an active supporter of the Popular Unity. In the immediate aftermath of the coup, she and her mother worked as couriers for the underground Socialist Party directorate, which was trying to organize a resistance movement. Eventually, almost all of them were captured and disappeared.[31]

In the second half of the 1980s, Bachelet, after her return from exile, became politically active, fighting for the restoration of democracy in Chile, although not on the front line. In 1995, she became a member of the party's Central Committee and, from 1998 to 2000, she was an active member of the Political Commission. In 1996, she ran against future presidential opponent Joaquín Lavín for the mayorship of Las Condes, a wealthy suburb of Santiago and a right-wing stronghold. Lavín won the 22-candidate election with nearly 78% of the vote, while Bachelet finished fourth with 2.35%.

Minister of Health

On March 11, 2000, virtually unknown at the time, Bachelet was appointed Minister of Health by President Ricardo Lagos. She conducted an in-depth study of the public healthcare system which resulted in the creation of the AUGE plan a few years later. During her tenure, she was given the challenging task of eliminating the waiting lists in the overburdened public hospital system within the first 100 days of Lagos's government. Although she was successful in reducing the waiting lists by 90%, she was unable to completely eliminate them[10] and offered her resignation, which was promptly rejected by the President. Bachelet authorized the free distribution of the morning-after pill for victims of sexual abuse, which sparked controversy.

Minister of National Defense

On January 7, 2002, Bachelet was appointed Minister of National Defense, becoming the first woman in a Latin American country and one of the few in the world to hold this position.[32] As Minister of Defense, she fostered reconciliatory gestures between the military and victims of the dictatorship, leading to General Juan Emilio Cheyre, head of the army, making a historic declaration in 2003 that the military would "never again" subvert democracy in Chile. Additionally, she oversaw reforms of the military pension system and continued with the modernization process of the Chilean armed forces, including purchasing of new military equipment and participating in international peace operations. One key moment that has been cited as a factor in Bachelet's chances to the presidency occurred in mid-2002, during a flood in northern Santiago. As Defense Minister, she led a rescue operation while wearing a cloak and military cap, perched atop an amphibious tank.[10] [33] [34]

2005–2006 presidential election

See main article: Chilean presidential election, 2005–2006. By the end of 2004, Bachelet's surging popularity in opinion polls made her the only politician within the Coalition of Parties for Democracy (Concertación de los Partidos por la Democracia; CPD) who was capable of defeating Joaquín Lavín in the presidential election. As a result, she was chosen as the Socialist Party's candidate for the presidency.[35] Initially hesitant to accept the nomination, as it was never a goal of hers, she eventually agreed as she felt she could not let her supporters down.[36] On 1 October of that year, she stepped down from her government position to fully focus on her campaign and to support the CPD in the municipal elections held later that month. On January 28, 2005, she was officially named the Socialist Party's presidential candidate. An open primary was scheduled for July 2005 to determine the CPD's sole presidential candidate, but it was canceled after Bachelet's only rival, Christian Democrat Soledad Alvear, a cabinet member in the first three CPD administrations, withdrew early due to a lack of support within her own party and in opinion polls.

In the December 2005 election, Bachelet ran against three candidates: Sebastián Piñera from the center-right (RN), Joaquín Lavín from the right-wing (UDI), and Tomás Hirsch from the left (JPM). As predicted by opinion polls, she didn't receive the absolute majority needed to win the election outright, obtaining 46% of the vote. On 15 January 2006, she went on to face Piñera in the runoff election and won the presidency with 53.5% of the vote, becoming Chile's first female president and the first woman in Latin America to reach the presidency through a direct election without being the wife of a previous head of state or political leader.[37] [38]

On 30 January 2006, Bachelet was declared President-elect by the Elections Certification Court (Tricel) and announced her cabinet, which, for the first time, was composed of an equal number of men and women, as promised during her campaign. To reflect the balance of power within the Coalition, Bachelet named seven ministers from the Christian Democrat Party (PDC), five from the Party for Democracy (PPD), four from the Socialist Party (PS), one from the Social Democrat Radical Party (PRSD), and three without party affiliation.

First presidency (2006–2010)

Align:right
Bachelet
President:Michelle Bachelet
President Party:PS
President Start:11 March 2006
President End:11 March 2010
Interior:Andrés Zaldívar
Interior Party:DC
Interior Start:11 March 2006
Interior End:14 July 2006
Interior 2:Belisario Velasco (resigned)
Interior Party 2:DC
Interior Start 2:14 July 2006
Interior End 2:4 January 2008
Interior 3:Edmundo Pérez Yoma
Interior Party 3:DC
Interior Start 3:8 January 2008
Interior End 3:11 March 2010
Foreign Affairs:Alejandro Foxley
Foreign Affairs Party:DC
Foreign Affairs Start:11 March 2006
Foreign Affairs End:13 March 2009
Foreign Affairs 2:Mariano Fernández
Foreign Affairs Party 2:DC
Foreign Affairs Start 2:13 March 2009
Foreign Affairs End 2:11 March 2010
Defense:Vivianne Blanlot
Defense Party:PPD
Defense Start:11 March 2006
Defense End:27 March 2007
Defense 2:José Goñi
Defense Party 2:PPD
Defense Start 2:27 March 2007
Defense End 2:12 March 2009
Defense 3:Francisco Vidal
Defense Party 3:PPD
Defense Start 3:12 March 2009
Defense End 3:11 March 2010
Finance:Andrés Velasco
Finance Party:Ind.
Finance Start:11 March 2006
Finance End:11 March 2010
Segpres:Paulina Veloso
Segpres Party:PS
Segpres Start:11 March 2006
Segpres End:27 March 2007
Segpres 2:José Antonio Viera-Gallo
Segpres Party 2:PS
Segpres Start 2:27 March 2007
Segpres End 2:10 March 2010
Segegob:Ricardo Lagos Weber
Segegob Party:PPD
Segegob Start:11 March 2006
Segegob End:6 December 2007
Segegob 2:Francisco Vidal
Segegob Party 2:PPD
Segegob Start 2:6 December 2007
Segegob End 2:12 March 2009
Segegob 3:Carolina Tohá (resigned)
Segegob Party 3:PPD
Segegob Start 3:12 March 2009
Segegob End 3:14 December 2009
Segegob 4:Pilar Armanet
Segegob Party 4:PPD
Segegob Start 4:18 December 2009
Segegob End 4:11 March 2010
Economy:Ingrid Antonijevic
Economy Party:PPD
Economy Start:11 March 2006
Economy End:14 July 2006
Economy 2:Alejandro Ferreiro Yazigi
Economy Party 2:DC
Economy Start 2:14 July 2006
Economy End 2:8 January 2008
Economy 3:Hugo Lavados
Economy Party 3:DC
Economy Start 3:8 January 2008
Economy End 3:11 March 2010
Socialdev:Clarisa Hardy
Socialdev Party:PS
Socialdev Start:11 March 2006
Socialdev End:8 January 2008
Socialdev 2:Paula Quintana
Socialdev Party 2:PS
Socialdev Start 2:8 January 2008
Socialdev End 2:11 March 2010
Education:Martín Zilic
Education Party:DC
Education Start:11 March 2006
Education End:14 July 2006
Education 2:Yasna Provoste (impeached)
Education Party 2:DC
Education Start 2:14 July 2006
Education End 2:3 April 2008
Education 3:René Cortázar (caretaker)
Education Party 3:DC
Education Start 3:3 April 2008
Education End 3:18 April 2008
Education 4:Mónica Jiménez
Education Party 4:DC
Education Start 4:18 April 2008
Education End 4:11 March 2010
Justice:Isidro Solís
Justice Party:PRSD
Justice Start:11 March 2006
Justice End:27 March 2007
Justice 2:Carlos Maldonado
Justice Party 2:PRSD
Justice Start 2:27 March 2007
Justice End 2:11 March 2010
Labor:Osvaldo Andrade (resigned)
Labor Party:PS
Labor Start:11 March 2006
Labor End:10 December 2008
Labor 2:Claudia Serrano
Labor Party 2:PS
Labor Start 2:15 December 2008
Labor End 2:11 March 2010
Public Works:Eduardo Bitrán
Public Works Party:PPD
Public Works Start:11 March 2006
Public Works End:11 January 2008
Public Works 2:Sergio Bitar
Public Works Party 2:PPD
Public Works Start 2:11 January 2008
Public Works End 2:11 March 2010
Transport:Sergio Espejo
Transport Party:DC
Transport Start:11 March 2006
Transport End:27 March 2007
Transport 2:René Cortázar
Transport Party 2:DC
Transport Start 2:27 March 2007
Transport End 2:11 March 2010
Health:María Soledad Barría (resigned)
Health Party:PS
Health Start:11 March 2006
Health End:28 October 2008
Health 2:Álvaro Erazo
Health Party 2:PS
Health Start 2:6 November 2008
Health End 2:11 March 2010
Housing:Patricia Poblete
Housing Party:DC
Housing Start:11 March 2006
Housing End:11 March 2010
National Assets:Romy Schmidt
National Assets Party:PPD
National Assets Start:11 March 2006
National Assets End:6 January 2010
National Assets 2:Jacqueline Weinstein
National Assets Party 2:PPD
National Assets Start 2:6 January 2010
National Assets End 2:11 March 2010
Agriculture:Álvaro Rojas
Agriculture Party:DC
Agriculture Start:11 March 2006
Agriculture End:8 January 2008
Agriculture 2:Marigen Hornkohl
Agriculture Party 2:DC
Agriculture Start 2:8 January 2008
Agriculture End 2:11 March 2010
Mining:Karen Poniachik
Mining Party:Ind.
Mining Start:11 March 2006
Mining End:8 January 2008
Mining 2:Santiago González Larraín
Mining Party 2:PRSD
Mining Start 2:8 January 2008
Mining End 2:11 March 2010
Energy:Karen Poniachik
Energy Party:Ind.
Energy Start:11 March 2006
Energy End:29 March 2007
Energy 2:Marcelo Tokman
Energy Party 2:PPD
Energy Start 2:29 March 2007
Energy End 2:11 March 2010
Sernam:Laura Albornoz
Sernam Party:DC
Sernam Start:11 March 2006
Sernam End:20 October 2009
Sernam 2:Carmen Andrade
Sernam Party 2:PS
Sernam Start 2:20 October 2009
Sernam End 2:11 March 2010
Culture:Paulina Urrutia
Culture Party:Ind.
Culture Start:11 March 2006
Culture End:11 March 2010
Conama:Ana Lya Uriarte
Conama Party:PS
Conama Start:27 March 2007
Conama End:11 March 2010

First days

Bachelet was sworn in as President of the Republic of Chile on 11 March 2006 in a ceremony held in a plenary session of the National Congress in Valparaíso attended by many foreign heads of states and delegates.[34] Much of Bachelet's first three months as president were spent working on 36 measures she had promised during her campaign to implement during her first 100 days in office. They ranged from simple presidential decrees, such as providing free health care for older patients, to complex bills to reform the social security system and the electoral system. For her first state visit, Bachelet chose Argentina, arriving in Buenos Aires on 21 March. There she met with president Néstor Kirchner, with whom she signed strategic agreements on energy and infrastructure, including the possibility of launching a bidding process to operate the Transandine Railway.[39]

Domestic affairs

Social policies

In March 2006 Bachelet created an advisory committee to reform the pension system, which was headed by former budget director Mario Marcel.[40] The commission issued its final report in July 2006,[41] and in March 2008 Bachelet signed the bill into law. The new legislation established a Basic Solidarity Pension (PBS) and a Solidarity Pension Contribution (APS), guaranteeing a minimum pension for the 60% poorest segment of the population, regardless of their contribution history.[42] The reform also grants a bonus to female pensioners for every child born alive.[43]

In October 2006 Bachelet enacted legislation to protect subcontracted employees, which would benefit an estimated 1.2 million workers.[44] In June 2009 she introduced pay equality legislation, guaranteeing equal pay for equal work in the private sector, regardless of gender.[45]

In September 2009 Bachelet signed the "Chile Grows with You" plan into law, providing comprehensive social services to vulnerable children from ages zero to six. That law also established a social welfare management framework called the "Intersectoral Social Protection System", made up of subsystems such as "Chile Solidario" and "Chile Grows with You".[46]

Between 2008 and 2010 the Bachelet administration delivered a so-called "literary briefcase" (a box of books including encyclopedias, dictionaries, poetry works and books for both children and adults) to the 400,000 poorest families with children attending primary school from first to fourth grade.[47]

In March 2009, Bachelet launched the "I Choose my PC" program, awarding free computers to poor seventh-graders with excellent academic performance attending government-subsidized schools.[48] During 2009 and 2010 Bachelet delivered maternity packages to all babies born in public hospitals, which are about 80% of total births.[49] [50] In January 2010, Bachelet promulgated a law allowing the distribution of emergency contraception pills in public and private health centers, including to persons under 14, without parental consent. The law also requires high schools to add a sexual education program to their curriculum.[51]

Student protests

Bachelet's first political crisis came in late April 2006, when massive high school student demonstrations – unseen in three decades – broke out throughout the country, demanding better public education. In June 2006, she sought to dampen the student protests by setting up an 81-member advisory committee, including education experts from all political backgrounds, representatives of ethnic groups, parents, teachers, students, school owners, university rectors, people from diverse religious denominations, etc. Its purpose was to propose changes to the country's educational system and serve as a forum to share ideas and views. The committee issued its final report in December 2006.[52] In August 2009, she signed the education reform bill into law, which created two new regulatory bodies: a Superintendency on Education and a Quality Agency.[53]

Transantiago fiasco

During her presidency Bachelet opened 18 new subway stations in Santiago, nine in 2006, one in 2009 and eight in 2010.[54] [55] In December 2009 Bachelet announced the construction of a new subway line in Santiago, to be operational by 2014[56] (the date was later changed to mid-2016[57]).

In February 2007 Santiago's transport system was radically altered with the introduction of Transantiago, designed under the previous administration.[37] The system was nearly unanimously condemned by the media, the users and the opposition, significantly damaging her popularity, and leading to the sacking of her Transport minister. On her decision not to abort the plan's start, she said in April 2007 she was given erroneous information which caused her to act against her "instincts."[58]

In September 2008, Chile's Constitutional Court declared a US$400 million loan by the Inter-American Development Bank to fund the transport system unconstitutional. Bachelet – who had been forced to ask for the loan after Congress had refused to approve funds for the beleaguered program in November 2007 – made use of an emergency clause in the Constitution that grants funds equivalent to 2% of the fiscal budget.[59] In November 2008, she invoked the emergency clause again after Congress denied once again funds for the system for 2009.

2010 earthquake

On February 27, 2010, during the last week of summer vacations[60] and less than two weeks before Bachelet's term was set to expire, Chile was struck by an 8.8-magnitude earthquake that killed over 500 people and caused widespread damage, including the collapse of apartment buildings and bridges and tsunamis that destroyed fishing villages. Bachelet and the government faced criticism for their slow response to the disaster, which hit on a Saturday at 3:34 am[37] and left most of the country without electricity, phone, and Internet access.[61] [62] [63] Bachelet declared a state of catastrophe and, on Sunday afternoon, sent military troops to the most affected areas in an effort to quell instances of looting and arson.[37] She also imposed night curfews in the most affected cities,[64] but was criticized for not deploying the troops quickly enough.[65] [66]

Human rights

In January 2010 Bachelet opened the Museum of Memory and Human Rights in Santiago, documenting the horrors of Pinochet's -year dictatorship.[67] In November she promulgated a law (submitted to Congress during the previous administration) creating the National Institute for Human Rights, with the goal of protecting and promoting human rights in the country.[68] The law also allowed for the reopening of the Rettig and Valech commissions for 18 months.[69] She used her power as president to send a bill to legalize gay marriages, and sponsored a reproductive rights bill.[70]

On 10 August 2018 the outgoing UN High Commissioner for Human Rights Zeid Ra’ad Al Hussein warmly welcomed the UN General Assembly's appointment of Michelle Bachelet to succeed him. He said that "She has all the attributes – courage, perseverance, passion, and a deep commitment to human rights".[71]

Other legislation passed

In August 2008, Bachelet signed a freedom of information bill into law, which became effective in April 2009.

In January 2010, Bachelet enacted a law creating the Ministry for the Environment. The new legislation also created the Environmental Evaluation Service and the Superintendency for the Environment.[70] [72] [73]

Half of the ministries in her first government were occupied by women; in her successor's team, Sebastián Piñera, 18% were.[74]

Economy

Bachelet was widely credited for resisting calls from politicians within her own coalition to spend the country's huge copper revenues to close the income gap.[37] [75] Instead in 2007 she created the Economic and Social Stabilization Fund, a sovereign wealth fund which accumulates fiscal surpluses above 1% of GDP.[76] This allowed her to finance new social policies and provide economic stimulus packages when the 2008 financial crisis hit the country.[37]

During her four years in office, the economy grew at an average rate of 3.3% per year (2.3% on per capita basis), reaching a high of 5.7% in 2006 and a low of −1.0% in 2009 due to the global financial crisis. The real minimum wage increased an average of 2% per year, the lowest increase of any president since 1990, while unemployment hovered between 7 and 8% for the first three years, then rose to nearly 11% during 2009. Inflation averaged 4.5% per year, reaching close to 9% in 2008 due to rising food prices.[77] Absolute poverty fell from 13.7% in November 2006 to 11.5% in November 2009.[78]

Political issues

Bachelet began her term with an unprecedented absolute majority in both chambers of Congress. Prior to the elimination of appointed senators in the 2005 constitutional reforms, the CPD had never held a majority in the Senate. However, she was soon met with internal opposition from several discontented lawmakers in both chambers of Congress, known as díscolos ("disobedient", "ungovernable"). This opposition jeopardized the coalition's fragile and historic[79] congressional majority on a number of key executive-sponsored bills during much of her first two years in office and forced Bachelet to negotiate with a right-wing opposition that she perceived as "obstructionist".[80] [81] By 2007, the CPD had lost its absolute majority in both chambers of Congress as several senators and deputies from the coalition became independent.

In December 2006, Pinochet died. Bachelet decided not to grant him a state funeral, an honour bestowed upon constitutionally elected Chilean presidents, but a military funeral as former commander-in-chief of the Army appointed by President Salvador Allende. She also refused to declare an official national day of mourning, but did authorize flags at military barracks to fly at half staff. Pinochet's coffin was also allowed to be draped in a Chilean flag. Bachelet did not attend his funeral, saying it would be "a violation of [her] conscience", and sent Defense Minister Vivianne Blanlot instead.[82]

In April 2008, Bachelet's Education Minister, Yasna Provoste, was impeached by Congress for her handling of a scandal involving mismanagement of school subsidies. Her conviction was the first for a sitting minister in 36 years.[83] [84] [85]

Foreign relations

Argentina

During her first year in office Bachelet faced continuing problems from neighbors Argentina and Peru. In July 2006, she sent a letter of protest to Argentine president Néstor Kirchner after his government issued a decree increasing export tariffs on natural gas to Chile, which was considered by Bachelet to be a violation of a tacit bilateral agreement.

Peru

In early 2007, Peru accused Chile of unilaterally redefining their shared sea boundary in a section of a law passed by Congress that detailed the borders of the new administrative region of Arica and Parinacota. The impasse was resolved by the Chilean Constitutional Tribunal, which declared that section unconstitutional. In March 2007, the Chilean state-owned and independent public broadcaster Televisión Nacional de Chile (TVN) canceled the broadcast of a documentary about the War of the Pacific after a cautionary call was made to the stations' board of directors by Chilean Foreign Relations Minister Alejandro Foxley, apparently acting on demands made by the Peruvian ambassador to Chile; the show was finally broadcast in late May of that year. In August 2007 the Chilean government filed a formal diplomatic protest with Peru and summoned home its ambassador after Peru published an official map claiming a part of the Pacific Ocean that Chile considers its sovereign territory. Peru said this was just another step in its plans to bring the dispute to the International Court of Justice in The Hague. In January 2008 Peru asked the court to consider the dispute, prompting Bachelet to summon home the Chilean ambassador in Lima for consultations.[86]

UN voting deadlock

The United Nations Security Council election held on October 16, 2006, which saw a deadlock between Venezuela and Guatemala for the two-year, non-permanent Latin American and Caribbean seat on the Security Council, developed into a significant ideological issue in Chile and was viewed as a test for Bachelet. The governing coalition was split, with the Socialists supporting Venezuela's bid and the Christian Democrats strongly opposing it. The day before the vote, the president announced through her spokesman that Chile would abstain, citing the lack of regional consensus on a single candidate, ending months of speculation. In March 2007, Chile's ambassador to Venezuela, Claudio Huepe, said in an interview with teleSUR that Bachelet personally told him that she had initially intended to vote for Venezuela but then "there were a series of circumstances that forced me to abstain".[87] The government quickly recalled Huepe and accepted his resignation.

Unasur

In May 2008, Bachelet became the first President pro tempore of the Union of South American Nations (Unasur) and in September she called for an urgent summit after Bolivian President Evo Morales warned of a possible coup attempt against him. The presidents of Bolivia, Ecuador, Uruguay, Argentina, Paraguay, Brazil and Colombia, and the Secretary-General of the Organization of American States, met with Bachelet at the La Moneda Palace in Santiago, where they agreed to send two commissions to Bolivia: one to mediate between the executive and the opposition, and another to investigate the killings in Pando Department.[88]

Cuba visit

In February 2009, Bachelet visited Cuba and met with Fidel Castro. There she urged the United States to put an end to the embargo. No Chilean head of state had visited the country in 37 years.[89] Despite petitions from the Christian Democratic Party of her own governing coalition, and of the opposition parties, Bachelet did not meet with Cuban dissidents during her visit.[90] Soon after the meeting, Castro wrote that the "fascist and vengeful Chilean oligarchy is the same which more than 100 years ago robbed Bolivia of its access to the Pacific and of copper-rich lands in a humiliating war".[91] [92] [93]

Progressive Leaders summit

In March 2009, Bachelet hosted in Viña del Mar the "Progressive Leaders Summit", meeting with U.S. Vice President Joe Biden, British Prime Minister Gordon Brown, Spanish Prime Minister José Luis Rodríguez Zapatero and presidents Tabaré Vázquez of Uruguay, Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva of Brazil and Cristina Fernández de Kirchner of Argentina. The meeting garnered some media interest because it took place six days before the highly anticipated G-20 Summit in London.[94] [95]

Trade

Continuing the coalition's free-trade strategy, in August 2006 Bachelet promulgated a free trade agreement with the People's Republic of China (signed under the previous administration of Ricardo Lagos), the first Chinese free-trade agreement with a Latin American nation; similar deals with Japan and India were promulgated in August 2007. In October 2006, Bachelet promulgated a multilateral trade deal with New Zealand, Singapore and Brunei, the Trans-Pacific Strategic Economic Partnership (P4), also signed under Lagos's presidency. She held free-trade talks with other countries, including Australia, Vietnam, Turkey and Malaysia. Regionally, she signed bilateral free trade agreements with Panama, Peru and Colombia.

Other policies

In October 2007, Bachelet granted amnesty to undocumented migrants from other Latin American countries. The measure was expected to benefit around 15,000 Peruvians and 2,000 Bolivians.[96] In December 2007 she signed in Bolivia a trilateral agreement with the presidents of Brazil and Bolivia to complete and improve a 4,700 km road to connect the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans, via Arica and Iquique in Chile and Santos in Brazil. In May 2008, following months of intense lobbying, Chile was elected as member of the United Nations Human Rights Council, obtaining the largest vote among Latin American countries.[97]

In December 2009 Chile became the first country in South America, and the second in Latin America after Mexico, to receive an invitation to join the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD).[98] Bachelet signed the accession agreement in January 2010,[99] but it formally became a member in May 2010, after she had left office.[100]

Popularity

Bachelet enjoyed an approval rating above 50% for her first three months in office, during the so-called "honeymoon period". Her popularity fell during the student protests that year, hovering in the mid-40s. In July she had a disastrous public relations incident when a group of residents she was visiting in the southern city of Chiguayante who were affected by a landslide berated her publicly on television, accusing her of using their tragedy to boost her falling popularity. One woman demanded that she leave the scene so rescue efforts could continue.[101] [102] In July, after only four months in office, Bachelet was forced to reshuffle her cabinet, in what was the fastest ministerial adjustment since 1990.[103]

Bachelet's popularity dipped further in her second year, reaching a low of 35% approval, 46% disapproval in September 2007. This fall was mainly attributed to the Transantiago fiasco.[104] That same month she had a second negative incident when a group of earthquake and tsunami victims she was visiting in the southern region of Aisén received her bearing black flags and accused her of showing up late.[105] [106] The city mayor, who told Bachelet to "go to hell", later apologized.[107] [108] Over the following 12 months, however, Bachelet's approval ratings did not improve.

At the onset of the global financial crisis in September 2008 Bachelet's popularity was at 42%, but gradually her job approval ratings began to rise. When she left office in March 2010 her popular support was at a record 84%, according to conservative polling institute Adimark GfK.[109]

The Chilean Constitution does not allow a president to serve two consecutive terms[37] and Bachelet endorsed Christian Democratic Party candidate Eduardo Frei Ruiz-Tagle for the December 2009 election.[110]

Political interregnum

In April 2010, Bachelet inaugurated her own think-tank, "Fundación Dialoga". Its headquarters are located in Providencia, a suburb of Santiago.[111]

Bachelet is a member of the Club of Madrid, the world's largest forum of former heads of state and government.[112] Since 2010 she has also been a member of the Inter-American Dialogue, the leading think tank on Western Hemisphere relations and affairs, and served as the organization's co-chair.[113]

On 14 September 2010, Bachelet was appointed head of the newly created United Nations body UN Women by UN Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon. She took office on 19 September 2010. On 15 March 2013 she announced her resignation.[114]

2013 presidential election

On 27 March 2013, Bachelet announced that she would seek a second term as President of Chile in the 2013 elections.[115] The well-respected CEP released a poll in May 2012 suggesting that 51% of voters wished to see her become the next president, far ahead of any other would-be candidate.[116]

On 30 June 2013, Bachelet became the Nueva Mayoría's candidate for president after she won a four-way primary election with the support of five center and left parties (PS, PPD, PC, IC, MAS) and 73% of the vote.[117]

In the 17 November 2013 presidential election, Bachelet fell short of the absolute majority needed for an outright win. In the runoff election, held on 15 December of that year, she beat former senator and Minister of Labor Evelyn Matthei with over 62% of the vote; turnout was significantly lower than in the first round.[118]

Second presidency (2014–2018)

Align:right
Bachelet
President:Michelle Bachelet
President Party:PS
President Start:11 March 2014
President End:11 March 2018
Interior:Rodrigo Peñailillo
Interior Party:PPD
Interior Start:11 March 2014
Interior End:11 May 2015
Interior 2:Jorge Burgos
Interior Party 2:PDC
Interior Start 2:11 May 2015
Interior End 2:8 June 2016
Interior 3:Mario Fernández Baeza
Interior Party 3:PDC
Interior Start 3:8 June 2016
Interior End 3:11 March 2018
Foreign Affairs:Heraldo Muñoz
Foreign Affairs Party:PPD
Foreign Affairs Start:11 March 2014
Foreign Affairs End:11 March 2018
Defense:Jorge Burgos
Defense Party:PDC
Defense Start:11 March 2014
Defense End:11 May 2015
Defense 2:José Antonio Gómez
Defense Party 2:PRSD
Defense Start 2:11 May 2015
Defense End 2:11 March 2018
Finance:Alberto Arenas
Finance Party:PS
Finance Start:11 March 2014
Finance End:11 May 2015
Finance 2:Rodrigo Valdés
Finance Party 2:PPD
Finance Start 2:11 May 2015
Finance End 2:31 August 2017
Finance 3:Nicolás Eyzaguirre
Finance Party 3:PPD
Finance Start 3:31 August 2017
Finance End 3:11 March 2018
Segpres:Ximena Rincón
Segpres Party:PDC
Segpres Start:11 March 2014
Segpres End:11 May 2015
Segpres 2:Jorge Insunza (resigned)
Segpres Party 2:PPD
Segpres Start 2:11 May 2015
Segpres End 2:7 June 2015
Segpres 3:Patricia Silva (caretaker)
Segpres Party 3:PS
Segpres Start 3:7 June 2015
Segpres End 3:27 June 2015
Segpres 4:Nicolás Eyzaguirre
Segpres Party 4:PPD
Segpres Start 4:27 June 2015
Segpres End 4:31 August 2017
Segpres 5:Gabriel de la Fuente
Segpres Party 5:PS
Segpres Start 5:31 August 2017
Segpres End 5:11 March 2018
Segegob:Álvaro Elizalde
Segegob Party:PS
Segegob Start:11 March 2014
Segegob End:11 May 2015
Segegob 2:Marcelo Díaz
Segegob Party 2:PS
Segegob Start 2:11 May 2015
Segegob End 2:18 November 2016
Segegob 3:Paula Narváez
Segegob Party 3:PS
Segegob Start 3:18 November 2016
Segegob End 3:11 March 2018
Economy:Luis Felipe Céspedes
Economy Party:PDC
Economy Start:11 March 2014
Economy End:11 March 2018
Socialdev:Fernanda Villegas
Socialdev Party:PS
Socialdev Start:11 March 2014
Socialdev End:11 May 2015
Socialdev 2:Marcos Barraza
Socialdev Party 2:PC
Socialdev Start 2:11 May 2015
Socialdev End 2:11 March 2018
Education:Nicolás Eyzaguirre
Education Party:PPD
Education Start:11 March 2014
Education End:27 June 2015
Education 2:Adriana Delpiano
Education Party 2:PPD
Education Start 2:27 June 2015
Education End 2:11 March 2018
Justice:José Antonio Gómez
Justice Party:PRSD
Justice Start:11 March 2014
Justice End:11 May 2015
Justice 2:Javiera Blanco
Justice Party 2:Ind.
Justice Start 2:11 May 2015
Justice End 2:19 October 2016
Justice 3:Jaime Campos
Justice Party 3:PRSD
Justice Start 3:19 October 2016
Justice End 3:11 March 2018
Labor:Javiera Blanco
Labor Party:Ind.
Labor Start:11 March 2014
Labor End:11 May 2015
Labor 2:Ximena Rincón
Labor Party 2:PDC
Labor Start 2:11 May 2015
Labor End 2:18 November 2016
Labor 3:Alejandra Krauss
Labor Party 3:PDC
Labor Start 3:18 November 2016
Labor End 3:11 March 2018
Public Works:Alberto Undurraga
Public Works Party:PDC
Public Works Start:11 March 2014
Public Works End:11 March 2018
Transport:Andrés Gómez-Lobo
Transport Party:PPD
Transport Start:11 March 2014
Transport End:14 March 2017
Transport 2:Paola Tapia
Transport Party 2:PDC
Transport Start 2:14 March 2017
Transport End 2:11 March 2018
Health:Helia Molina (resigned)
Health Party:PPD
Health Start:11 March 2014
Health End:30 December 2014
Health 2:Jaime Burrows (caretaker)
Health Party 2:PDC
Health Start 2:30 December 2014
Health End 2:23 January 2015
Health 3:Carmen Castillo
Health Party 3:Ind.
Health Start 3:23 January 2015
Health End 3:11 March 2018
Housing:Paulina Saball
Housing Party:PPD
Housing Start:11 March 2014
Housing End:11 March 2018
National Assets:Víctor Osorio Reyes
National Assets Party:IC
National Assets Start:11 March 2014
National Assets End:19 October 2016
National Assets 2:Nivia Palma
National Assets Party 2:IC
National Assets Start 2:19 October 2016
National Assets End 2:11 March 2018
Agriculture:Carlos Furche
Agriculture Party:PS
Agriculture Start:11 March 2014
Agriculture End:11 March 2018
Mining:Aurora Williams
Mining Party:PRSD
Mining Start:11 March 2014
Mining End:11 March 2018
Energy:Máximo Pacheco
Energy Party:PS
Energy Start:11 March 2014
Energy End:19 October 2016
Energy 2:Andrés Rebolledo
Energy Party 2:PS
Energy Start 2:19 October 2016
Energy End 2:11 March 2018
Sernam:Claudia Pascual
Sernam Party:PC
Sernam Start:11 March 2014
Sernam End:11 March 2018
Culture:Claudia Barattini
Culture Party:Ind.
Culture Start:11 March 2014
Culture End:11 May 2015
Culture 2:Ernesto Ottone
Culture Party 2:Ind.
Culture Start 2:11 May 2015
Culture End 2:11 March 2018
Conama:Pablo Badenier
Conama Party:PDC
Conama Start:11 March 2014
Conama End:20 March 2017
Conama 2:Marcelo Mena
Conama Party 2:Ind.
Conama Start 2:20 March 2017
Conama End 2:11 March 2018
Sports:Natalia Riffo
Sports Party:MAS
Sports Start:11 March 2014
Sports End:18 November 2016
Sports 2:Pablo Squella
Sports Party 2:Ind.
Sports Start 2:18 November 2016
Sports End 2:11 March 2018

Bachelet was sworn in as President of the Republic of Chile for her second term on March 11, 2014, at the National Congress in Valparaíso. Isabel Allende, the daughter of former President Salvador Allende and newly elected President of the Senate, administered the affirmation of office to Bachelet, marking the first time in the country's history that both parties involved were women.[119]

Domestic policies

Education reform

Among Bachelet's main campaign promises for the 2013 election was the introduction of free university education in Chile and the end of profit-making educational institutions, as a response to the 2011–13 Chilean student protests. The intention was that revenue from the increase in corporate tax rate by 2017 would be used to fund free education. The proposals were criticized and quickly became unpopular due to the opposition from students who felt that the proposals did not go far enough in removing profit making. Opposition parties, lower middle class voters and certain members of Bachelet's Nueva Mayoría coalition attacked the proposals as the law that would prevent individuals from earning profits on public resources would not address making improvements in quality of education.[120]

In 2015, the Chile Constitutional Court rejected large portions of Bachelet's plan to offer free college education to half of the nation's poorest students on grounds that requiring them to attend certain schools participating in the program could be considered discrimination. However, what remained of the plan allowed Bachelet to send 200,000 students from low-income families to college free of cost.[121]

In January 2018, the Chilean Senate passed a law guaranteeing free education which was supported by conservative opposition parties as well, allowing the poorest 60% of students to study for free and doubled state funding for public universities. The new legislation created a higher education Superintendent empowered to supervise and penalize institutions which do not provide quality of education or have for-profit operations.[122]

Tax reform

In September 2014, the Chilean Congress passed Bachelet's tax reform proposal which aimed to increase revenue by 3% of gross domestic product. Measures included in the reform were:[123] [124]

Critics blamed tax reforms for complexity driving away investment and for the slowdown of the Chilean economy during Bachelet's second period in office. However, Bachelet's supporters argue that falling copper prices were more to blame for the economic slowdown. They argue that economic forecasts of faster growth in conjunction with rising copper prices and exports from 2018 onwards (after Bachelet's term) suggest that the tax reforms did not negatively affect the economy.[125] Others, such as MIT-trained economist and academic Klaus Schmidt-Hebbel, have found that Chile's overall terms of trade under Bachelet's second term worsened only marginally compared to those of her predecessor Sebastián Piñera, due in part to a lower cost of key imports like petroleum. Consequently, he concludes that Bachelet's reforms and governance likely were instrumental in causing a period of dampened growth throughout her presidency.[126]

Environmental policy

After Easter Island's Rapa Nui inhabitants voted 73% in favor of establishing a conservation zone, Michelle Bachelet designated a new 720,000 square kilometer protection area in September 2017, protecting at least 142 endemic marine species, including 27 threatened with extinction.[127] Five new national parks in the Patagonia region were created under a presidential decree, covering 10 million acres in January 2018, including 1 million acres of land contributed by conservationist Kris Tompkins.[128] On 9 March 2018, Bachelet created nine marine reserves to protect biodiversity with her final presidential decree, increasing the area of the sea under state protection from 4.2 percent to 42.4 percent. The measure is expected to benefit marine life in approximately 1.4 million square kilometers.[129]

Civil unions and same-sex marriage

When Michelle Bachelet again took office of President in March 2014, she made passing Piñera's civil union bill a priority.[130] The name of the bill was changed to Civil Union Pact (Pacto de Unión Civil) on 17 December, and Congress reiterated their intention to hold the final vote by January 2015.[131] On 6 January 2015, a provision recognizing foreign marriages as civil unions was approved in the Constitutional Committee while the child adoption clause was turned down. The bill went to a final vote before both the Senate and the Chamber of Deputies as it was amended.[132] On 13 January, the full Chamber of Deputies reinserted the adoption provision. On 20 January 2015, the Chamber approved the bill on a vote of 86 to 23 with 2 abstentions. On 27 January, the Senate rejected all the Chamber's amendments, so the bill was headed to the joint committee of both houses.[133] The committee reached the agreement in regard to the text of the bill and changed its name to Civil Union Agreement (Acuerdo de Unión Civil) the same day. The bill was passed in both houses on 28 January 2015.[134] [135] Several lawmakers asked the Chilean Constitutional Court to verify the bill's constitutionality, which was upheld by the court in a ruling released on 6 April 2015.[136] The bill was signed into law by President Bachelet on 13 April 2015.[137] [138] It was published in the Official Gazette on 21 April 2015 and took effect on 22 October 2015.[139] [140] [141]

Chile's civil union provisions enable couples to claim pension benefits and inherit property if their civil partner dies as well as more easily co-own property and make medical decisions for one another. The Government estimated at the time of the law going into effect that some two million Chilean couples cohabiting could have their unions legally recognized. In the day following the law going into effect, approximately 1,600 couples signed up to register their unions.[142]

On 1 December 2016, the Chamber of Deputies unanimously approved (except for 6 abstentions) a bill to give couples who enter in a civil union five days off, like what married couples have.[143] [144] [145] The bill was approved by the Senate in October 2017, in a unanimous 15–0 vote.[146]

Women's rights and abortion

A new Ministry for Women and Gender Inequality was formed, replacing the National Women's Service in June 2016 which aimed to formulate policies against abuse of women and gender inequality. Claudia Pascual was appointed as the first ever Minister for Women and Gender Inequality.

The Chilean Congress approved Bachelet's abortion legalization bill in some circumstances in July 2017, but was subjected to challenge in the Constitutional Court.[147] Later, Chile's total abortion ban implemented under the Pinochet regime in 1989 was lifted in August 2017 after the Constitutional Court voted 6–4 to allow the procedure under some circumstances: in cases of pregnancy as a result of rape (up to 12 weeks), if the fetus endangers the mother's life, or if the fetus is not viable. Prior to this, Chile was one of only four nations in the Americas that had a total ban on abortions, the others being El Salvador, Nicaragua and the Dominican Republic.[148] [149]

Constitutional and political reform

The Chilean Congress passed Bachelet's proposed abolishment of the binomial voting system introduced by the Augusto Pinochet regime and restoring proportional representation for election to both chambers of the Chilean Congress and requirements that 40% of candidates nominated are female in January 2015.[150] The new system took effect from the 2017 elections, increasing the members of the Chamber of Deputies from 120 to 155 seats and the Senate from 38 seats to 43 seats in 2017 and 50 seats in 2021. As a result, the 2017 election saw the end of the dominance of Bachelet's Nueva Mayoría and conservative coalitions and increased number of new political parties represented in Congress.Following revelations that President Bachelet's son and daughter in-law were caught in an influence-peddling scandal, she appointed a Presidential Advisory Council on Conflicts of Interest, Influence Peddling, and Corruption (known as the Engel Commission) headed by economist Eduardo Engel. Subsequently, reforms recommended by the commission were implemented which included, ability to remove politicians from office if found guilty for transparency and election spending limits violations with disqualification for two subsequent elections and constitutional autonomy to Chile's electoral service (SERVEL), giving it complete independence from the government to more effectively oversee electoral processes and the functioning of politics in general.[125] [151]

In 2016, overseas voting rights for Chilean women and men living outside the country were introduced, allowing Chilean citizens who live abroad to exercise their right to vote beginning from the 2017 elections.[152]

Foreign policy

Trade

On 8 March 2018, three days before Bachelet left office, the Comprehensive and Progressive Agreement for Trans-Pacific Partnership (CPTPP) multilateral trade agreement was signed in Santiago with Chile and 10 other signatory countries in the Asia Pacific region, following renegotiation of the original Trans-Pacific Partnership (TPP) which was signed in February 2016. The TPP was renegotiated into the CPTPP following the United States' withdrawal from the original TPP in January 2017.[153]

Popularity

In September 2015, Bachelet's approval rating was 24%, compared to 72% disapproval.[154] Chileans' support for her dropped sharply after revelations of corruption scandals such as the Caval scandal, which involved her son and daughter-in-law accepting millions of dollars in the form of a loan from vice-chairman of the Banco de Chile Andrónico Luksic Craig. The couple's company (Caval) used the money to purchase land and resell it at a $5 million profit after repaying the loan. Bachelet maintains that she was unaware of her family's actions and found out about the agreement between Luksic and her daughter-in-law through the press.[155] [156] By August 2016, Bachelet's approval rating dropped to 15%, the lowest for any President since the return of free elections in 1990,[157] and in March 2017, Bachelet's approval rating remained low, at about 23%.[158]

Bachelet left office in March 2018 with an approval rating at 39% according to Adimark, in contrast to the 84% rating when she left office in 2010.[159]

UN High Commissioner for Human Rights (2018–2022)

See also: Bachelet Report.

On 10 September 2018, Bachelet urged China to allow observers into Xinjiang and expressed concern about the situation there. She said that: "The UN rights group had shown that Uyghurs and other Muslims are being detained in camps across Xinjiang and I expect discussions with Chinese officials to begin soon".[160] China called for Bachelet to respect its sovereignty.[161]

In September 2018, Bachelet criticized the Saudi Arabian-led intervention in Yemen. She has called on Saudi Arabia to hold accountable those responsible for airstrikes on civilians in Yemen.[160]

On 5 October 2019, Bachelet said she was "troubled by the high levels of violence associated with some demonstrations" during the 2019–20 Hong Kong protests, and stressed that any measures to quell the unrest must be grounded in law. She also stated that "Freedom of peaceful assembly … should be enjoyed without restriction to the greatest extent possible. But on the other hand, we cannot accept people who use masks to provoke violence."[162]

Regarding the November 2019 Iranian protests, Nasrin Sotoudeh, a jailed Iranian lawyer, asked Bachelet to administrate an independent investigation into the alleged atrocities committed by the Iranian security forces in the uprising.[163] In January 2020, Bachelet has issued a report on Israeli settlements in the Occupied Palestinian Territory and in the occupied Syrian Golan. This report said that "the establishment and expansion of settlements in the Occupied Palestinian Territory amounts to the transfer by Israel of its population into the Occupied Palestinian Territory, which is prohibited under international humanitarian law. The transfer of an occupying Power's population to a territory it occupies amounts to a war crime that may engage the individual criminal responsibility of those involved. A number of international bodies have confirmed the illegality of Israeli settlements in the Occupied Palestinian Territory and the occupied Syrian Golan, including the International Court of Justice, the Security Council, the General Assembly and the Human Rights Council."[164]

During the COVID-19 pandemic, Bachelet asked the United States to suspend its sanctions regimes as way to help alleviate the pandemic's impact on the people of sanctioned countries.[165]

On 9 October 2020, Bachelet expressed concern about the suffering of civilians during the Nagorno-Karabakh conflict between Armenia and Azerbaijan.[166]

In January 2021, in preparation for the 2021 spring session of the UN Human Rights Council, Bachelet has issued a report on Sri Lanka. The report criticizes the failure of the current Sri Lankan government to address documented accusations of grave and numerous human rights crimes perpetrated during and after the Civil war in Sri Lanka, even though the war ended in 2009.[167] [168]

In February 2022, Bachelet report on Human rights situation in the Occupied Palestinian Territory said that "there are serious concerns that steps taken thus far by Israel and the Palestinian authorities to investigate alleged violations of international humanitarian law during the escalation of hostilities in May 2021 have not been sufficient" and "there was an almost total failure to ensure accountability for numerous allegations of the excessive use of force by Israeli forces in the context of law enforcement operations in the Occupied Palestinian Territory, resulting in the killing and injury of Palestinians. With regard to the Palestinian authorities, few steps were documented in the investigation and prosecution of members of Palestinian security forces or of the security forces in Gaza responsible for the alleged excessive use of force and other human rights violations committed against Palestinians."[169]

Bachelet's visited Xinjiang in May 2022 which marked the first time in 17 years that a UN high commissioner for human rights had travelled to China.[170] Bachelet's statement following the visit praised China's "[p]overty alleviation and the eradication of extreme poverty, 10 years ahead of its target date" as "tremendous achievements", noting also that China's "introduction of universal health care and almost universal unemployment insurance scheme go a long way in ensuring protection of the right to health and broader social and economic rights".[171] Bachelet stated that in Xinjiang she "raised questions and concerns about the application of counter-terrorism and de-radicalisation measures and their broad application – particularly their impact on the rights of Uyghurs and other predominantly Muslim minorities" and that "the Government assured me that the [Vocational and Educational Training Center] system has been dismantled". She also "encouraged the Government to undertake a review of all counter terrorism and deradicalization policies to ensure they fully comply with international human rights standards, and in particular that they are not applied in an arbitrary and discriminatory way".

Bachelet's visit was criticized by organizations such as Amnesty International, Human Rights Watch, the Campaign for Uyghurs, and the World Uyghur Congress.[172] [173] [174] [175] The New York Times described Bachelet's comments regarding Xinjiang as "couched in the language of the Chinese government"[176] and the editorial boards of The Guardian and The Washington Post criticized the visit.[177] [178]

On 13 June 2022, Bachelet announced that she would not seek a second term as UN High Commissioner on Human Rights following the expiration of her term on 31 August 2022. She said the decision was motivated by her desire to spend more time with her family in Chile and was unrelated to her recently concluded trip to Xinjiang.[179] [180] According to Al Jazeera, the United Nation's Human Rights Office is politically charged and nearly all its high commissioners have avoided seeking term extensions. In her final brief at the UN's summer session, Bachelet touched on a number of issues, including the work her office was doing to provide an updated assessment on the human rights situation in Xinjiang and supporting calls for investigation into Israel's alleged killing of journalist Shireen Abu Akleh, stating that the "now chronically high levels of killings and injuries of Palestinians, including children by Israeli forces in the occupied Palestinian territory, have continued in the first six months of 2022".[181] Bachelet's report on Xinjiang was published on her final day in the role of high commissioner, but unusually she did not sign off on the report with her signature.[182]

Awards and media recognition

Honorary degrees

Styles, honours and arms

Type:Presidential
Michelle Bachelet Jeria
Image Alt:Flag of the President of Chile
Reference:Her Excellency
Spoken:Your Excellency
Alternative:Madam President
Michelle Bachelet
Shield:A heraldic interpretation of the Chilean flag.[218]
Motto:Incluir para crecer (Include For Growing)
Orders:Order of the Seraphim
Order of Charles III
Order of Merit
Notes:Used since Bachelet's induction in the Order of the Seraphim.

National honours

Foreign honours

Honorary Companion of the Order of Australia (5 October 2012)[219]

Grand Collar of the National Order of San Lorenzo (2010)[220]

Grand Cross with Collar of the Order of the White Rose of Finland (2007)[221]

Grand Cross with Chain of the Order of Merit of the Republic of Hungary (2008)

Knight Grand Cross with Collar of the Order of Merit of the Italian Republic (9 October 2007)[222]

Grand Cross with Golden Chain of the Order of Vytautas the Great (23 July 2008)[223]

Honorary Recipient of the Order of the Crown of the Realm (2009)[224]

Collar of the Order of the Aztec Eagle (2007)

Dame Grand Cross of the Order of the Netherlands Lion, The Netherlands (25 May 2009)[225]

Member of Royal Order of the Seraphim (10 May 2016). Received on her state visit to Sweden.[229]

Recipient of the Medal of the Oriental Republic of Uruguay (2006)[230]

Collar of the Order of the Liberator (28 October 2009)[231]

Arms

Documentaries

Publications

Further reading

External links

Notes and References

  1. Web site: Austria's Turk appointed UN human rights chief. CNA. 9 September 2022. 9 September 2022.
  2. Web site: 3 October 1951. Certficado de Nacimiento . Birth certificate . Dirección Nacional del Registro Civil Nacional de la República de Chile. 6 February 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210206124621/https://es.wikisource.org/wiki/Archivo:CLSRCeI_AP1195109290(1).pdf. live.
  3. News: Michelle Bachelet será la nueva Alta Comisionada de la ONU para los Derechos Humanos . Michelle Bachelet will be the new UN High Commissioner for Human Rights . 8 August 2018. Noticias ONU. 8 August 2018. es. 24 January 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210124052722/https://news.un.org/es/story/2018/08/1439272. live.
  4. Web site: 15 women leading the way for girls' education. www.globalpartnership.org. en. 2019-03-22. https://web.archive.org/web/20190322121455/https://www.globalpartnership.org/blog/15-women-leading-way-girls-education. 22 March 2019. dead.
  5. Web site: Michelle Bachelet: primera mujer presidenta y primer presidente reelecto desde 1932 . Michelle Bachelet: first female president and first re-elected president since 1932 . Facebook. 11 March 2016. 16 December 2013. 5 March 2016. https://web.archive.org/web/20160305012821/http://biobiochile.cl/2013/12/16/bachelet-primera-mujer-presidenta-y-primer-presidente-reelecto-desde-1932.shtml. live.
  6. News: Bachelet critica a la derecha por descalificarla por ser agnóstica . El Mercurio . Bachelet criticises the political right for discounting her because of her agnosticism . 30 December 2005 . 25 November 2014 . es . 25 December 2014 . https://web.archive.org/web/20141225151905/http://www.emol.com/noticias/nacional/2005/12/30/206367/bachelet-critica-a-la-derecha-por-descalificarla-por-ser-agnostica.html . live .
  7. Web site: Biografía Michelle Bachelet . Michelle Bachelet biography . 2 February 2007. Gobierno de Chile. es. https://web.archive.org/web/20080312235635/http://www.gobiernodechile.cl/viewPresidenta.aspx?Idarticulo=22478. 12 March 2008.
  8. Web site: Biographical Sketch: Michelle Bachelet . UN Women . 12 May 2012 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20120428202323/http://www.unwomen.org/about-us/directorate/executive-director/biographical-sketch-michelle-bachelet/ . 28 April 2012 .
  9. Web site: Familia Jeria (Geria) . Jeria (Geria) family . Genealog.cl. 9 September 2011. 22 June 2012. https://web.archive.org/web/20120622101911/http://www.genealog.cl/Chile/J/Jeria#JeriaJohnson,Maximo. live.
  10. Web site: Biografías de Líderes Políticos CIDOB: Michelle Bachelet Jeria . 9 March 2007. 18 May 2007. Biographies of Political Leaders CIDOB: Michelle Bachelet Jeria . Fundació CIDOB. es. 25 April 2015. https://web.archive.org/web/20150425103720/http://www.cidob.org/es/documentacion/biografias_lideres_politicos/america_del_sur/chile/michelle_bachelet_jeria. live.
  11. Web site: La vida de Bachelet, la historia de Chile en sus espaldas . The life of Bachelet, the history of Chile on her back . Fernando Jimenez. 24horas.cl. 15 December 2013. 11 March 2016. 13 May 2015. https://web.archive.org/web/20150513081115/http://www.24horas.cl/politica/decisionfinal/la-vida-de-bachelet-la-historia-de-chile-en-sus-espaldas-985245. live.
  12. Web site: Michelle Bachelet, présidente du Chili . Michelle Bachelet, President of Chile . CBC/Radio-Canada. 3 March 2006. 11 March 2016. fr. 19 December 2013. https://web.archive.org/web/20131219033223/http://www.radio-canada.ca/nouvelles/societe/2006/03/03/001-femmes-chili.shtml. live.
  13. News: Woman in the News; A Leader Making Peace With Chile's Past. 16 January 2006. Rohter. Larry. 16 January 2006. The New York Times. 3 May 2006. https://web.archive.org/web/20060503224623/http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F10C10FA3F5B0C758DDDA80894DE404482. live.
  14. Web site: Los años de Alvear y Bachelet en el Liceo 1 . https://archive.today/20130116065341/http://www.latercera.cl/medio/articulo/0,0,3255_5714_93568820,00.html. dead. 16 January 2013. The years of Alvear and Bachelet at Liceo 1 . 25 January 2008. 10 October 2004. La Tercera. es.
  15. Web site: El Mercurio. De 376 a 780 puntos: Los resultados de los políticos en la Prueba de Aptitud Académica . From 376 to 780 points: The results of politicians in the Academic Aptitude Test . 5 January 2014. es. Michelle Bachelet. Año en que rindió: 1969. Verbal: 712. Matemáticas: 707. Biología: 724. Esp. Ciencias Sociales: 705. Física y Química: 603 575. Ciencias Naturales: 632. Ponderación: 720,6 para medicina en Universidad de Chile. Fue 113 de 160.. 6 January 2014. 6 January 2014. https://web.archive.org/web/20140106034505/http://impresa.elmercurio.com/Pages/NewsDetail.aspx?dt=2014-01-05&dtB=05-01-2014%200:00:00&PaginaId=2&bodyid=10. live.
  16. Web site: Biografía de Michelle Bachelet . Biography of Michelle Bachelet . 15 January 2006 . . es . dead . https://archive.today/20120804175256/http://www.lanacion.cl/prontus_noticias/site/artic/20060115/pags/20060115211311.html . 4 August 2012 .
  17. Web site: Bachelet confirma que Krassnoff participó en su detención . 7 July 2003 . Bachelet confirms that Krasnov participated in her arrest . Emol.com. 9 October 2013. 18 December 2013. https://web.archive.org/web/20131218155725/http://www.emol.com/noticias/nacional/2003/07/07/116758/bachelet-confirma-que-krassnoff-participo-en-su-detencion.html. live.
  18. News: Single mother poised to be Chilean President. https://archive.today/20130628092707/http://www.accessmylibrary.com/coms2/summary_0286-12015452_ITM. dead. 28 June 2013. 12 December 2005. 12 December 2005. Davison. Phil. The Independent. London, UK.
  19. News: Bachelet revela que fue interrogada por el jefe de la policía secreta de Pinochet . Bachelet reveals that she was interrogated by the head of Pinochet's secret police . El País. 9 October 2013. 8 October 2013. Cea. Rodrigo. 10 October 2013. https://web.archive.org/web/20131010060134/http://internacional.elpais.com/internacional/2013/10/08/actualidad/1381202095_923747.html. live.
  20. News: Latin America's Schindler: a forgotten hero of the 20th century . . 14 December 2016 . 29 April 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190429085720/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/dec/14/roberto-kozak-chile-latin-america-schindler . live .
  21. Web site: Michelle Bachelet spotlights remarkable Australian women in her address to students at the Australian National University. Headquarters. 24 August 2012 . 11 March 2016. 11 March 2016. https://web.archive.org/web/20160311202744/http://www.unwomen.org/en/news/stories/2012/8/michelle-bachelet-spotlights-remarkable-australian-women-in-her-address-to-students-at-the-australia. live.
  22. Web site: La vida de la primera Presidenta de Chile . The life of the first President of Chile . 16 January 2006 . 16 January 2006 . . es . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20060212125355/http://www.lanacion.cl/prontus_noticias/site/artic/20060116/pags/20060116011432.html . 12 February 2006 .
  23. Web site: BACHELET DA SU TESTIMONIO DE TORTURA EN DICTADURA . https://archive.today/20131009023927/http://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cache:j_6aO2j-TioJ:www.lanacion.cl/noticias/site/artic/20041114/pags/20041114132127.html . dead . 9 October 2013 . BACHELET GIVES HER TESTIMONY OF TORTURE IN DICTATORSHIP . 14 November 2004 . es .
  24. Web site: Chiles Vorzeigefrau Michelle Bachelet: Zurück zum Präsidentenjob? . . 2022-06-14 . „Ja, mein Kopf steckte in einer Kapuze. Ja, ich wurde bedroht, geschmäht, geschlagen. Aber die ‚parrilla‘ (der Grill) ist mir erspart geblieben.“ Das war jenes eiserne Gestell, an das die nackten Leiber der Gefangenen geschnallt wurden, um ihnen die Namen ihrer Freunde oder Komplizen zu entreißen..
  25. Web site: Las huellas de Bachelet en Alemania Oriental . Bachelet's footprints in East Germany . 9 April 2006 . 9 April 2006 . . es . https://web.archive.org/web/20060708054735/http://www.tercera.com/medio/articulo/0%2C0%2C3255_66602343_199370524%2C00.html . 8 July 2006 . dead .
  26. Web site: Superintendencia de Salud. Certificado de Inscripción en el Registro Nacional de Prestadores Individuales de Salud . Certificate of Registration in the National Registry of Individual Health Providers . Superintendencia de Salud. 29 April 2017. 15 April 2017. https://web.archive.org/web/20170415201220/http://webserver.superdesalud.gob.cl/bases/prestadoresindividuales.nsf/CertificadoRegistro?openform&pid=4E7E3D85CE5D54128425763C006A3380. live.
  27. http://webhosting.superdesalud.cl/bases/prestadoresindividuales.nsf/WebRegistro?OpenFrameSet Registro Nacional de Prestadores Individuales de Salud
  28. Web site: Los currículos y biografías de los candidatos presidenciales contrastados con la realidad . The resumes and biographies of the presidential candidates contrasted with reality . El Mercurio D4. 23 September 2013. es. 23 September 2013. 19 December 2013. https://web.archive.org/web/20131219210853/http://impresa.elmercurio.com/Pages/NewsDetail.aspx?dt=2013-09-22&dtB=22-09-2013%200:00:00&PaginaId=4&bodyid=10. live.
  29. Web site: La historia del ex frentista que fue pareja de Bachelet . The story of the former frentista who was Bachelet's partner . 10 July 2005 . 10 July 2005 . . es . https://web.archive.org/web/20060427025539/http://www.latercera.cl/medio/articulo/imprimir/0%2C0%2C3255_66602343_147819372%2C00.html . 27 April 2006 . dead .
  30. Encyclopedia: Michelle Bachelet Biography, Presidency, & Facts. Encyclopædia Britannica. 20 December 2017. 22 December 2017. https://web.archive.org/web/20171222054611/https://www.britannica.com/biography/Michelle-Bachelet. live.
  31. Web site: Las historias clandestinas de Bachelet . La Tercera. The clandestine stories of Bachelet . 27 December 2007. 9 December 2007. es. dead. https://web.archive.org/web/20071226164115/http://papeldigital.info/ltrep/. 26 December 2007.
  32. News: Michelle Bachelet : Biographie de Michelle Bachelet . Michelle Bachelet : Biography of Michelle Bachelet . aufeminin.com. 20 December 2017. 22 December 2017. https://web.archive.org/web/20171222053034/http://www.aufeminin.com/portraits-de-femmes/michelle-bachelet-d48402.html. live.
  33. [Carlos Huneeus|Huneeus, Carlos]
  34. News: Asumió Bachelet e hizo historia . Bachelet took office and made history . La Nación. Lanacion.com.ar. 13 September 2011. 12 March 2006. 8 January 2016. https://web.archive.org/web/20160108220956/http://www.lanacion.com.ar/788220-asumio-bachelet-e-hizo-historia. live.
  35. News: 'All I want in life is to walk along the beach, holding my lover's hand. 22 November 2005. 22 November 2005. The Guardian. London, UK. Jonathan. Franklin. 7 April 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200407103123/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2005/nov/22/chile.gender. live.
  36. Web site: Estuve una semana encerrada en un cajón, vendada, atada . I was locked in a crate for a week, blindfolded, tied . 19 January 2006. 19 January 2006. Santa María. Orietta. Las Últimas Noticias. es. https://web.archive.org/web/20060527103325/http://www.lun.com/modulos/catalogo/paginas/2006/01/19/LUCST09LU1901.htm. 27 May 2006.
  37. News: Barrionuevo. Alexei. Michelle Bachelet profile. The New York Times. 11 March 2010. 10 September 2011. 6 September 2015. https://web.archive.org/web/20150906061703/http://topics.nytimes.com/top/reference/timestopics/people/b/michelle_bachelet/index.html. live.
  38. Web site: Veronica Michelle Bachelet Jeria. Pike. John. globalsecurity.org. 20 December 2017. 26 October 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20181026025142/https://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/chile/president-bachelet.htm. live.
  39. Web site: Presidentes Bachelet y Kirchner firmaron acuerdo estratégico . Presidents Bachelet and Kirchner signed strategic agreement . Emol.com. 21 March 2006. 12 May 2012. 26 October 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20181026143059/https://www.emol.com/noticias/internacional/2006/03/21/214249/presidentes-bachelet-y-kirchner-firmaron-acuerdo-estrategico.html. live.
  40. Web site: Comisión Reforma Previsional será encabezada por Mario Marcel . The Pension Reform Commission will be headed by Mario Marcel . Economia.terra.cl . 9 September 2011 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20120331012338/http://economia.terra.cl/noticias/noticia.aspx?idNoticia=200603131723_INV_29130464 . 31 March 2012 .
  41. Web site: Comisión Marcel propone equiparar edad de jubilación de hombres y mujeres . 6 July 2006 . Marcel Commission proposes equalizing retirement age for men and women . Emol.com. 9 September 2011. 26 October 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20181026104445/https://www.emol.com/noticias/nacional/2006/07/06/224273/comision-marcel-propone-equiparar-edad-de-jubilacion-de-hombres-y-mujeres.html. live.
  42. http://www.nip-lac.org/uploads/Incentives_under_the_New_Solidarity_Pillar_in_Chile.pdf Incentives under the New Pension Solidarity Pillar in Chile
  43. Web site: Bono por hijo nacido vivo – Superintendencia de Pensiones – Gobierno de Chile . Bonus for live born child – Superintendency of Pensions – Government of Chile . Safp.cl. 9 September 2011. https://web.archive.org/web/20110908024503/http://www.safp.cl/573/article-6018.html. 2011-09-08. dead.
  44. Web site: Presidenta Bachelet promulgó la ley de Subcontratación . President Bachelet enacted the Subcontracting Law . Cooperativa.cl. 16 October 2006. 12 May 2012. 11 December 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20181211123705/http://www.cooperativa.cl/prontus_nots/site/artic/20061016/pags/20061016121658.html. live.
  45. Web site: Bachelet promulga ley sobre igualdad de sueldos entre hombres y mujeres . Bachelet enacts law on equal pay between men and women . Lanacion.cl . 2 June 2009 . 4 October 2011 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20090612001309/http://www.lanacion.cl/prontus_noticias_v2/site/artic/20090602/pags/20090602121046.html . 12 June 2009 .
  46. Web site: LEY-20379 12-SEP-2009 MINISTERIO DE PLANIFICACIÓN – Ley Chile – Biblioteca del Congreso Nacional . LAW-20379 12-SEP-2009 MINISTRY OF PLANNING – Chilean Law – Library of the National Congress . Leychile.cl . 14 December 2016 . 12 September 2009 . 26 October 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20181026104556/https://www.leychile.cl/Navegar?idLey=20379 . live .
  47. Web site: Bachelet comenzó la entrega del Maletín Literario . https://archive.today/20120714235134/http://dianoticias.cauquenesnet.com/2008/04/bachelet-comenz-la-entrega-del-maletn.html . dead . 14 July 2012 . Bachelet began the delivery of the Literary Portfolio . Dianoticias.cauquenesnet.com . 12 May 2012 .
  48. Web site: Enlaces – CET – Ministerio de Educación . Links – CET – Ministry of Education . Enlaces.cl. 9 September 2011. 1 April 2012. https://web.archive.org/web/20120401025006/http://www.enlaces.cl/index.php?t=44&i=2&cc=686.218&tm=3. live.
  49. Web site: Presidenta Michelle Bachelet inicia entrega de ajuares a recién nacidos . President Michelle Bachelet begins delivery of trousseaus to newborns . Biobiochile.cl. 12 May 2012. 30 September 2009. 4 March 2016. https://web.archive.org/web/20160304113209/http://www.biobiochile.cl/2009/09/30/presidenta-michelle-bachelet-inicia-entrega-de-ajuares-a-recien-nacidos.shtml. live.
  50. Web site: Bachelet inició entrega de ajuares para recién nacidos . https://archive.today/20120721042852/http://www.3tv.cl/index.php?m=video&v=6888 . dead . 21 July 2012 . Bachelet began delivery of trousseaus for newborns . 3tv.cl . 10 January 2009 . 12 May 2012 .
  51. Web site: LEY-20418 28-ENE-2010 MINISTERIO DE SALUD, SUBSECRETARÍA DE SALUD PÚBLICA – Ley Chile – Biblioteca del Congreso Nacional . LAW-20418 28-JAN-2010 MINISTRY OF HEALTH, UNDERSECRETARIAT OF PUBLIC HEALTH – Chilean Law – Library of the National Congress . Leychile.cl . 14 December 2016 . 28 January 2010 . 26 October 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20181026104341/https://www.leychile.cl/Navegar?idLey=20418 . live .
  52. Web site: Bachelet recibe informe de educaciĂłn agradeciendo labor del Consejo . Bachelet receives education report thanking the Council for its work . Lanacion.cl . 11 December 2006 . 9 September 2011 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20071018014832/http://lanacion.cl/prontus_noticias/site/artic/20061211/pags/20061211124623.html . 18 October 2007 .
  53. Web site: Bachelet promulgó la nueva Ley General de Educación . Bachelet enacted the new General Education Law . Cooperativa.cl. 9 September 2011. 11 October 2012. https://web.archive.org/web/20121011063143/http://www.cooperativa.cl/bachelet-promulgo-la-nueva-ley-general-de-educacion/prontus_nots/2009-08-17/131658.html. live.
  54. Web site: Bachelet inaugura Línea 4 A de Metro de Santiago . 16 August 2006 . Bachelet inaugurates Line 4 A of the Santiago Metro . Emol.com. 9 September 2011. 7 October 2012. https://web.archive.org/web/20121007092503/http://www.emol.com/noticias/nacional/2006/08/16/228249/bachelet-inaugura-linea-4-a-de-metro-de-santiago.html. live.
  55. Web site: PRESIDENTA MICHELLE BACHELET INAUGURÓ EXTENSIÓN DE LA LÍNEA 2 NORTE DEL METRO QUE BENEFICIA A MÁS DE 670.000 PERSONAS . PRESIDENT MICHELLE BACHELET INAUGURATED EXTENSION OF LINE 2 NORTH OF THE METRO THAT BENEFITS MORE THAN 670,000 PEOPLE . Mtt.gob.cl . 30 January 2007 . 9 September 2011 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20120402090513/http://www.mtt.gob.cl/prontus_mtt/site/artic/20070130/pags/20070130181013.html . 2 April 2012 .
  56. Web site: Bachelet anuncia construcción de nueva línea del Metro . 29 December 2009 . Bachelet announces construction of new Metro line . Emol.com. 9 September 2011. 7 October 2012. https://web.archive.org/web/20121007092411/http://www.emol.com/noticias/nacional/2009/12/29/391418/bachelet-anuncia-construccion-de-nueva-linea-del-metro.html. live.
  57. Web site: Cooperativa.cl . Cooperativa.cl . 25 June 2013 . 9 October 2013 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20131005220705/http://www.cooperativa.cl/prontus_nots/site/artic/20110713/asocfile/20110713083004/hes_2011070105671_1.pdf . 5 October 2013 .
  58. Web site: Belisario Velasco afirma que Bachelet también conoció informe del Metro que advertía colapso del Transantiago . Belisario Velasco affirms that Bachelet also knew of the Metro report that warned of the collapse of Transantiago . . 24 December 2007 . 30 July 2007 . es . https://web.archive.org/web/20071219104438/http://www.latercera.cl/medio/articulo/0%2C0%2C3255_5664_285592518%2C00.html . 19 December 2007 . dead .
  59. Web site: UPDATE: Chile Govt To Use Emergency Funding For Transit System . https://archive.today/20121221134304/http://forexdaily.org.ru/Dow_Jones/page.htm?id=231796 . dead . 21 December 2012 . Forexdaily.org.ru . 5 September 2008 . 9 September 2011 .
  60. Web site: MASIVO TERREMOTO DE MAGNITUD 8,8 SACUDE CHILE: 122 MUERTOS . El19digital.com. 13 September 2011. 26 March 2012. https://web.archive.org/web/20120326061012/http://www.el19digital.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&catid=24:internacionales&id=10559:urgente-masivo-terremoto-de-magnitud-88-sacude-chile&Itemid=15. live.
  61. Web site: Ya son 723 los muertos por el fuerte terremoto de 8.8 grados que destruyó gran parte de Chile . Peru.com . 16 September 2011 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20110808211411/http://www.peru.com/noticias/portada20100301/83678/Ya-son-723-los-muertos-por-el-fuerte-terremoto-de-88-grados-que-destruyo-gran-parte-de-Chile . 8 August 2011 .
  62. News: Massive earthquake strikes Chile. BBC News. 28 February 2010. 16 September 2011. 3 September 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20190903141153/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/8540289.stm. live.
  63. News: Barrionuevo. Alexei. Chile Officials Call for Aid as Devastation Sinks In. Chile. The New York Times. 1 March 2010. 16 September 2011. 25 September 2011. https://web.archive.org/web/20110925083206/http://www.nytimes.com/2010/03/02/world/americas/02chile.html. live.
  64. News: Hough. Andrew. Chile earthquake: President Michelle Bachelet 'failed to grasp scale of devastation'. The Daily Telegraph. 3 March 2010. 10 September 2011. London, UK. 1 June 2010. https://web.archive.org/web/20100601062541/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/southamerica/chile/7361122/Chile-earthquake-President-Michelle-Bachelet-failed-to-grasp-scale-of-devastation.html. live.
  65. Web site: Chile's Leader Faces Criticism Over Quake Response. NPR. 3 March 2010. 10 September 2011. 23 April 2010. https://web.archive.org/web/20100423110244/http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=124285980. live.
  66. Web site: Chile: Michelle Bachelet impresionada con objetos saqueados tras terremoto . Informe21.com. 7 March 2010. 10 September 2011. 27 March 2012. https://web.archive.org/web/20120327071504/http://informe21.com/actualidad/chile-michelle-bachelet-impresionada-objetos-saqueados-terremoto. live.
  67. Web site: The Politics of Memory Museums. The Daily Beast. 31 March 2010. 9 September 2011. https://web.archive.org/web/20130824062639/http://www.thedailybeast.com/newsweek/2010/03/31/the-art-of-darkness.html. 24 August 2013. dead.
  68. Web site: Presidenta Bachelet promulga ley que crea el Instituto Nacional de Derechos Humanos . Biobiochile.cl. 12 May 2012. 24 November 2009. 24 August 2013. https://web.archive.org/web/20130824082834/http://www.biobiochile.cl/2009/11/24/presidenta-bachelet-promulga-ley-que-crea-el-instituto-nacional-de-derechos-humanos.shtml. live.
  69. Web site: Mandatario recibió en La Moneda el segundo informe de la Comisión Valech . La Tercera. 12 May 2012. 12 April 2016. https://web.archive.org/web/20160412090656/http://www.latercera.com/noticia/politica/2011/08/674-387056-9-mandatario-recibio-en-la-moneda-el-segundo-informe-de-la-comision-valech.shtml. live.
  70. News: 28 August 2017 . Chile's President Bachelet sends gay marriage bill to Congress . Reuters . live . 23 May 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20180609130326/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-chile-lgbt/chiles-president-bachelet-sends-gay-marriage-bill-to-congress-idUSKCN1B81IA . 9 June 2018.
  71. Zeid warmly welcomes appointment of new UN Human Rights Chief Zeid warmly welcomes appointment of new UN Human Rights Chief
  72. Web site: Bachelet promulgó ley que crea ministerio de Medio Ambiente . latercera.com . 31 July 2010 . 10 September 2011 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20120401011353/http://latercera.com/contenido/680_216969_9.shtml . 1 April 2012 .
  73. Web site: Chile: New Law Creates Ministry for the Environment, Other Environmental Agencies – Global Legal Monitor – Law Library of Congress (Library of Congress). Loc.gov. 10 September 2011. 17 February 2010. 4 November 2012. https://web.archive.org/web/20121104051716/http://www.loc.gov/lawweb/servlet/lloc_news?disp3_l205401817_text. live.
  74. Web site: Lo que cambia para las mujeres . 11 June 2019 . 16 June 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190616141857/http://www.medelu.org/Lo-que-cambia-para-las-mujeres . live .
  75. News: Rohter. Larry. Chile Copper Windfall Forces Hard Choices on Spending. Chile. The New York Times. 7 January 2007. 10 September 2011. 5 June 2015. https://web.archive.org/web/20150605041821/http://www.nytimes.com/2007/01/07/world/americas/07chile.html. live.
  76. Web site: Sovereign Wealth Fund Institute – Social and Economic Stabilisation Fund – Chile. Swfinstitute.org. 10 September 2011. 19 April 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20190419173057/https://www.swfinstitute.org/profile/598cdaa60124e9fd2d05beb2. live.
  77. Web site: Report for Selected Countries and Subjects. World Economic Outlook Database. April 2012. International Monetary Fund. 14 May 2012. 28 June 2013. https://web.archive.org/web/20130628115916/http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2012/01/weodata/weorept.aspx?pr.x=19&pr.y=9&sy=2005&ey=2009&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&c=228&s=NGDP_R%2CNGDPRPC%2CPCPI%2CLUR&grp=0&a=. live.
  78. Web site: Panorama social de América Latina . https://web.archive.org/web/20110707005900/http://www.cepal.cl/publicaciones/xml/9/41799/PSE-panoramasocial2010.pdf. dead. 2011-07-07. ECLAC. 2010.
  79. Web site: REFORMA ELECTORAL EN CHILE . Carlos Huneeus . Carlos Huneeus. 374 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20120402110836/http://www.bibliojuridica.org/libros/6/2527/10.pdf . 2 April 2012 .
  80. Web site: La Moneda fustigó el "obstruccionismo" de la derecha en 2006 . 26 December 2006. 10 December 2007. Radio Cooperativa. es. 30 July 2007. https://web.archive.org/web/20070730050443/http://www.cooperativa.cl/p4_noticias/site/artic/20061226/pags/20061226143055.html. live.
  81. Web site: Gobierno quiere debate 'pausado y sin presiones' . . 22 November 2007 . 10 December 2007 . es . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20071125082203/http://lanacion2007.altavoz.net/prontus_noticias_v2/site/artic/20071121/pags/20071121215812.html . 25 November 2007 .
  82. "Clashes Break out after Pinochet's death", Yahoo! News, 11 December 2006
  83. News: Chilean minister voted out of job. BBC News. 17 April 2008. 16 September 2011. 19 July 2013. https://web.archive.org/web/20130719170928/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/7351805.stm. live.
  84. Web site: La destitución de ministra por el Senado causa polémica en Chile . Eldeber.com.bo . 18 April 2008 . 16 September 2011 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20120811210544/http://www.eldeber.com.bo/2008/2008-04-18/vernotainternacional.php?id=080417224659 . 11 August 2012 .
  85. Web site: Sanhueza, José. Las miradas de la política regional a la destitución de Yasna Provoste . Laopinon.cl. 16 September 2011. 2 April 2012. https://web.archive.org/web/20120402124525/http://www.laopinon.cl/admin/render/noticia/14834. live.
  86. News: Chile-Peru spat over sea border. BBC News. 17 January 2008. 9 September 2011. 8 February 2011. https://web.archive.org/web/20110208162859/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/7194854.stm. live.
  87. Web site: Chilevisión Noticias Última Mirada . 13 March 2007. 13 March 2007. Chilevisión. 24 February 2011. https://web.archive.org/web/20110224025253/http://www.chilevision.cl/. live.
  88. Web site: La cumbre de Unasur "abortó" un golpe contra Evo Morales, afirma Hugo Chávez . Jornada.unam.mx. 17 September 2008. 9 September 2011. 8 January 2011. https://web.archive.org/web/20110108072951/http://www.jornada.unam.mx/2008/09/17/index.php?section=mundo&article=037n1mun. live.
  89. Web site: Bachelet condemns US embargo on Cuba. Argentinaindependent.com. 12 February 2009. 13 September 2011. https://web.archive.org/web/20110913171105/http://www.argentinaindependent.com/currentaffairs/newsroundups/roundupslatinamerica/bachelet-condemns-us-embargo-on-cuba-/. 13 September 2011. dead.
  90. News: Bachelet se reúne con Fidel Castro tras condenar el bloqueo . 2009-02-12 . 2023-03-28 . . Spanish.
  91. News: Bachelet se reunió con Fidel Castro . BBC News. 13 February 2009. 9 September 2011. 19 July 2013. https://web.archive.org/web/20130719193422/http://news.bbc.co.uk/hi/spanish/latin_america/newsid_7888000/7888118.stm. live.
  92. Web site: Fidel Castro critica a la oligarquía chilena . Peru21.pe . 9 September 2011 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20120328113109/http://peru21.pe/noticia/246566/fidel-castro-critico-oligarquia-chilena . 28 March 2012 .
  93. Web site: Fidel Castro afirma que la oligarquía chilena le arrebató el mar a Bolivia en la guerra de 1879 . https://archive.today/20120913093557/http://www.larepublica.pe/impresa/fidel-castro-afirma-que-oligarquia-chilena-le-arrebato-mar-bolivia-en-guerra-de-1879-2009-02-14. dead. 13 September 2012. Larepublica.pe. 13 September 2011.
  94. Web site: Cumbre de líderes progresistas finaliza hoy en Viña del Mar . Emol.com. 28 March 2009. 9 September 2011. 7 October 2012. https://web.archive.org/web/20121007165217/http://www.emol.com/noticias/nacional/2009/03/28/351089/cumbre-de-lideres-progresistas-finaliza-hoy-en-vina-del-mar.html. live.
  95. News: Conway. Edmund. G20 ministers set for clash over economic crisis solutions. The Daily Telegraph. 9 March 2009. 13 September 2011. London, UK. 23 August 2013. https://web.archive.org/web/20130823200046/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/g20-summit/4963944/G20-ministers-set-for-clash-over-economic-crisis-solutions.html. live.
  96. News: Chile anuncia amnistía a inmigrantes . BBC News. 23 October 2007. 9 September 2011. 30 March 2012. https://web.archive.org/web/20120330195304/http://news.bbc.co.uk/hi/spanish/latin_america/newsid_7057000/7057528.stm. live.
  97. http://www.mer.cl/modulos/generacion/mobileASP/detailNew.asp?strNamePage=MERSTNA001CC2205.jpg&codCuerpo=715&strFecha=2008-05-22&resolucion=&tipoPantalla=&iPage=1&iNumPag=01&iFirstPage=0&codRev=&source=thumb Chile obtiene cupo en Consejo de Derechos Humanos de la ONU
  98. Web site: Chile invited to become a member of the OECD. Oecd.org. 10 September 2011. 20 April 2010. https://web.archive.org/web/20100420043842/http://www.oecd.org/document/2/0,3343,en_2649_201185_44267356_1_1_1_1,00.html. live.
  99. Web site: Chile joins the OECD's economic club. BBC. 12 January 2010. 10 September 2011. 25 April 2014. https://web.archive.org/web/20140425014832/http://www.bbc.co.uk/worldservice/business/2010/01/100112_chile_oecd_biz.shtml. live.
  100. Web site: Chile signs up as first OECD member in South America. 11 January 2010. 9 March 2010. OECD. 16 March 2010. https://web.archive.org/web/20100316213933/http://www.oecd.org/document/1/0,3343,en_2649_34487_44365210_1_1_1_1,00.html. live.
  101. Web site: Damnificados de Chiguayante acusan a Bachelet de abusar de la tragedia. 12 July 2006 . Emol.com. 9 September 2011. 7 October 2012. https://web.archive.org/web/20121007092335/http://www.emol.com/noticias/nacional/2006/07/12/224973/damnificados-de-chiguayante-acusan-a-bachelet-de-abusar-de-la-tragedia.html. live.
  102. Web site: Bachelet debió enfrentar la rabia de afectados por temporal en Chiguayante. Cooperativa.cl. 12 July 2006. 9 September 2011. 20 December 2013. https://web.archive.org/web/20131220021748/http://www.cooperativa.cl/p4_noticias/site/artic/20060712/pags/20060712142230.html. live.
  103. Web site: Ignacio Nieto. Especiales Emol – Michelle Bachelet, a un año de su llegada a la Moneda. Emol.com. 12 May 2012. 21 June 2013. https://web.archive.org/web/20130621235529/http://www.emol.com/especiales/michelle_bachelet_2007/conflictos.html. live.
  104. Web site: Life & Arts – First among unequals: Chile's president. Financial Times. 29 September 2007. 9 September 2011. 11 September 2011. https://web.archive.org/web/20110911184351/http://www.ft.com/cms/s/2/2af1a9be-6b14-11dc-9410-0000779fd2ac.html. live.
  105. Web site: Con banderas negras protestan en Puerto Aisén por llegada de Bachelet. 22 April 2007 . Emol.com. 9 September 2011. 10 October 2007. https://web.archive.org/web/20071010062940/http://www.emol.com/noticias/nacional/detalle/detallenoticias.asp?idnoticia=253435. live.
  106. Web site: Alcalde de Puerto Aysén: La Presidenta "se puede ir a la punta del cerro". Cooperativa.cl. 23 April 2007. 9 September 2011. 20 December 2013. https://web.archive.org/web/20131220025754/http://www.cooperativa.cl/p4_noticias/site/artic/20070423/pags/20070423081108.html. live.
  107. Web site: Alcalde insistió que Bachelet "le faltó el respeto" a la gente de Aysén. Cooperativa.cl. 24 April 2007. 9 September 2011. 11 October 2012. https://web.archive.org/web/20121011014522/http://www.cooperativa.cl/alcalde-insistio-que-bachelet-le-falto-el-respeto-a-la-gente-de-aysen/prontus_nots/2007-04-24/190710.html. live.
  108. Web site: Alcalde de Aysén ofreció disculpas públicas a Bachelet. Cooperativa.cl. 18 June 2007. 9 September 2011. 11 October 2012. https://web.archive.org/web/20121011014757/http://www.cooperativa.cl/alcalde-de-aysen-ofrecio-disculpas-publicas-a-bachelet/prontus_nots/2007-06-18/132756.html. live.
  109. Web site: Washington. The. More quakes hit Chile as new president takes office. The Washington Times. 12 March 2010. 9 September 2011. 19 October 2012. https://web.archive.org/web/20121019122911/http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2010/mar/12/more-quakes-hit-chile-as-new-president-takes-offic/. live.
  110. Web site: Bachelet: "Inequívocamente apoyo a Frei como candidato" . Lanacion.cl . 6 July 2009 . 9 September 2011 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20120927151619/http://www.lanacion.cl/noticias/site/artic/20090706/pags/20090706092539.html . 27 September 2012 .
  111. Web site: Bachelet inaugura Fundación Dialoga en contrapeso a la concentración de poderes existente en Chile. Biobiochile.cl. 16 August 2011. 10 September 2011. 24 August 2013. https://web.archive.org/web/20130824085225/http://www.biobiochile.cl/2010/04/16/bachelet-inaugura-fundacion-dialoga-en-contrapeso-a-la-concentracion-de-poderes-existente-en-chile.shtml. live.
  112. Web site: Michelle Bachelet | Club de Madrid. Clubmadrid.org. 13 September 2011. https://web.archive.org/web/20120322031904/http://www.clubmadrid.org/en/miembro/michelle_bachelet. 22 March 2012. dead.
  113. Web site: Inter-American Dialogue Michelle Bachelet. www.thedialogue.org. 31 March 2016 . 13 April 2017. 14 April 2017. https://web.archive.org/web/20170414081428/http://www.thedialogue.org/experts/michelle-bachelet/. live.
  114. News: Krause. Flavia. Bachelet Quits UN to Return to Chile Before Elections. Bloomberg.com . 16 March 2013 . Bloomberg. 9 October 2013. 29 December 2013. https://web.archive.org/web/20131229060934/http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2013-03-16/bachelet-quits-un-to-return-to-chile-before-elections.html. live.
  115. Web site: Bachelet seeks a second term. ABC News. 9 October 2013. 28 March 2013. https://web.archive.org/web/20130328163906/http://abcnews.go.com/International/wireStory/bachelet-announces-chile-presidential-bid-18826819. live.
  116. Web site: Encuesta CEP: Bachelet lidera por lejos la carrera presidencial con 51% de las preferencias. EMOL. 14 May 2012. 10 May 2012. es. 13 May 2012. https://web.archive.org/web/20120513195957/http://www.emol.com/noticias/nacional/2012/05/10/539836/encuesta-cep.html. live.
  117. News: Bachelet Wins Primary for Chile President. The Wall Street Journal. July 2013. 4 July 2013. Ibáñez. Graciela. 11 June 2015. https://web.archive.org/web/20150611092640/http://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424127887323936404578579521476049516. live.
  118. News: Ex-president Michelle Bachelet wins Chile poll run-off. BBC News. 16 December 2013. 11 March 2016. 19 July 2016. https://web.archive.org/web/20160719082930/http://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-25387340. live.
  119. News: Michelle Bachelet sworn in as Chile's president. BBC News. 11 March 2014. 11 March 2016. 3 March 2016. https://web.archive.org/web/20160303213435/http://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-26528923. live.
  120. News: The complicated journey of Bachelet's flagship reforms. 13 March 2018. El País. 22 August 2014. 13 March 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20180313154124/https://elpais.com/elpais/2014/08/22/inenglish/1408722919_728679.html. live.
  121. News: Students in Chile Are Demanding Free Tuition, and Protests Are Turning Violent. 13 March 2018. Vice News. 3 June 2016. 13 March 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20180313214249/https://news.vice.com/article/students-in-chile-are-demanding-free-tuition-and-protests-are-turning-violent. live.
  122. News: Major higher education reforms secured by senators. 13 March 2018. universityworldnews.com. 31 January 2018. 3 December 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20211203180333/https://www.universityworldnews.com/post.php?story=20180131161031349. live.
  123. News: Chile passes landmark tax reform into law. 13 March 2018. Reuters. 9 September 2014. 13 March 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20180313154055/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-chile-tax-reform/chile-passes-landmark-tax-reform-into-law-idUSKBN0H523Z20140911. live.
  124. News: Factbox: Chile tax reform set to be approved. 13 March 2018. Reuters. 9 September 2014. 13 March 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20180313154329/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-chile-tax-reform-factbox/factbox-chile-tax-reform-set-to-be-approved-idUSKBN0H524S20140910. live.
  125. News: Michelle Bachelet's Underappreciated Legacy in Chile. 13 March 2018. Americas Quarterly. 9 March 2018. 13 March 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20180313154128/http://www.americasquarterly.org/content/michelle-bachelets-underappreciated-legacy-chile. live.
  126. News: La tarea número uno es crecer, todo lo demás es música. 17 March 2018. El Mercurio. 12 September 2017.
  127. News: One of world's largest marine parks created off coast of Easter Island. The Guardian. 9 September 2017. 13 March 2018. 15 March 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20180315040410/https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2017/sep/09/easter-island-marine-park-save-endemic-species-indigenous-lives. live.
  128. News: Chile creates five national parks over 10m acres in historic act of conservation. The Guardian. 29 January 2018. 13 March 2018. 13 March 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20180313193723/https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2018/jan/29/chile-creates-five-national-parks-in-patagonia. live.
  129. Book: Case, Jean. Be Fearless: 5 Principles for a Life of Breakthroughs and Purpose. Simon and Schuster. 2020. 9781501196355. 28.
  130. News: Government announces priority for same-sex civil unions and tax reform. Santiago Times. 17 March 2014. dead. https://web.archive.org/web/20140323232444/http://santiagotimes.cl/government-announces-priority-sex-civil-unions-tax-reform/. 23 March 2014.
  131. News: Otorgan suma urgencia al AVP y le cambian el nombre por Pacto de Unión Civil (PUC). MOVILH. 17 December 2014. 18 December 2014. 26 April 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20190426192250/http://www.movilh.cl/comision-de-constitucion-de-la-camara-aprueba-el-acuerdo-de-vida-en-pareja-avp/. live.
  132. Web site: Comisión de Constitución de la Cámara despacha el Pacto de Unión Civil limitando los derechos de hijos e hijas . 13 March 2018 . 10 May 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190510073441/https://www.movilh.cl/comision-de-constitucion-de-la-camara-despacha-el-pacto-de-union-civil/ . live .
  133. Pacto de Unión Civil: Senado rechaza texto aprobado por la Cámara para zanjar disensos en comisión mixta
  134. News: Esposito. Anthony. Socially-conservative Chile approves civil unions. 28 January 2015. Reuters. 16 October 2015. https://web.archive.org/web/20151016144837/http://www.reuters.com/article/2015/01/28/chile-civilunions-idUSL1N0V71X020150128. live.
  135. Comisión mixta concluye revisión de proyecto de Unión Civil: Mañana se vota en la Cámara y el Senado
  136. News: Chilean court upholds constitutionality of civil unions bill. 6 April 2015. The Washington Blade. 13 March 2018. 21 April 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20190421101334/https://www.washingtonblade.com/2015/04/06/chilean-court-upholds-constitutionality-of-civil-unions-bill/. live.
  137. Web site: Chilean president signs civil unions bill . 13 April 2015 . 13 March 2018 . 12 April 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190412034809/https://www.washingtonblade.com/2015/04/13/chilean-president-signs-civil-unions-bill/ . live .
  138. Web site: Chilean president signs same-sex civil union law . 13 April 2015 . 13 March 2018 . 3 May 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190503082618/https://www.lgbtqnation.com/2015/04/chilean-president-signs-same-sex-civil-union-law/ . live .
  139. Web site: Chile civil unions law takes effect. 22 October 2015. Washington Blade. Michael Lavers. 13 March 2018. 22 April 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20190422100237/https://www.washingtonblade.com/2015/10/22/chile-civil-union-law-takes-effect/. live.
  140. Acuerdo de Unión Civil
  141. Ley número 20.830. – Crea el Acuerdo de Unión Civil
  142. Web site: Chile civil union law comes into force. BBC News. 23 October 2015. 22 June 2018. 23 October 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20201023195847/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-34602629. live.
  143. Web site: Chile. Cámara de Diputados de. Cámara de Diputados de Chile. camara.cl. 21 July 2016. 21 August 2016. https://web.archive.org/web/20160821165259/https://www.camara.cl/pley/pley_detalle.aspx?prmID=11199&prmBoletin=10763-13. live.
  144. Web site: Cámara de Diputados de Chile. Trabajo en sala: Detalle de Votación. camara.cl. 1 December 2016. https://web.archive.org/web/20161202035041/https://www.camara.cl/trabajamos/sala_votacion_detalle.aspx?prmid=25003. 2 December 2016. dead.
  145. News: Chile. Cámara de Diputados de. Avanza proyecto para que trabajadores que celebren Acuerdo de Unión Civil tengan derecho a cinco días libres. 1 December 2016. es-LA. 2 December 2016. https://web.archive.org/web/20161202035806/https://www.camara.cl/prensa/noticias_detalle.aspx?prmid=131034. live.
  146. Tema: Proyecto de ley, en segundo trámite constitucional, que modifica el Código del Trabajo, con el objeto de aplicar al trabajador que celebra un acuerdo de unión civil el permiso laboral que se otorga a quien contrae matrimonio.
  147. News: Chile passes bill to legalize abortion in certain cases. 13 March 2018. The Guardian. 19 July 2017. 19 July 2017. https://web.archive.org/web/20170719181408/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/jul/19/chile-abortion-mother-rape-life-legalization. live.
  148. News: 'A triumph of reason': Chile approves landmark bill to ease abortion ban. 13 March 2018. The Guardian. 22 August 2017. 24 March 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20180324073348/https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2017/aug/22/chile-abortion-bill-michelle-bachelet-a-triumph-of-reason-ease-abortion-ban. live.
  149. News: Chile court ruling ends abortion ban; new law allows in limited cases. 13 March 2018. Reuters. 22 August 2017. 13 March 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20180313154642/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-chile-abortion/chile-court-ruling-ends-abortion-ban-new-law-allows-in-limited-cases-idUSKCN1B1234. live.
  150. News: Chile reforms Pinochet's voting system. El País. 21 January 2015. 13 March 2018. 13 March 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20180313160202/https://elpais.com/elpais/2015/01/21/inenglish/1421854633_536333.html. live.
  151. News: Review some of the outstanding achievements of the government's second year. 13 March 2018. Government of Chile. 22 March 2016. 13 March 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20180313154230/https://www.gob.cl/en/news/review-some-of-the-outstanding-achievements-of-the-governments-second-year/. live.
  152. News: A third year of Government progressing toward a better Chile. 13 March 2018. Government of Chile. 14 March 2017. 13 March 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20180313154810/https://www.gob.cl/en/news/a-third-year-of-government-progressing-toward-a-better-chile/. live.
  153. News: CPTPP: 11 countries sign Pacific Trade Deal in Chile. 13 March 2018. The Santiago Times. 9 March 2018. 12 March 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20180312072247/http://santiagotimes.cl/2018/03/09/cptpp-11-countries-sign-pacific-trade-deal-in-chile/. live.
  154. Rosario Álvarez, Adimark: Bachelet obtiene 24% de aprobación registrando la peor cifra en la historia de la encuesta Politica, 02 de septiembre del 2015
  155. Web site: Aprobación de Michelle Bachelet cae ocho puntos y llega a un mínimo histórico de 31% . 1 April 2015 . 11 March 2016 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20160304215801/http://www.latercera.com/noticia/politica/2015/04/674-623575-9-adimark-aprobacion-a-presidenta-bachelet-cae-8-puntos-y-llega-a-un-31.shtml . 4 March 2016 .
  156. Web site: Chilean President Michelle Bachelet's son Sebastián Dávalos testifies in Caval corruption scandal. Nicole Rojas. International Business Times UK. 14 April 2015. 11 March 2016. 11 March 2016. https://web.archive.org/web/20160311193447/http://www.ibtimes.co.uk/chilean-president-michelle-bachelets-son-sebastian-davalos-testifies-caval-corruption-scandal-1496219. live.
  157. Web site: Chile president approval plunges to lowest since return to democracy. Reuters. 19 August 2016. 26 November 2016. 27 November 2016. https://web.archive.org/web/20161127021802/http://www.reuters.com/article/us-chile-politics-idUSKCN10U1MZ. live.
  158. Web site: Massai . Nicolás . 2017-03-06 . Adimark y Bachelet: Un 23% aprueba la conducción de la Presidenta . 2023-11-19 . . es.
  159. News: Adimark: Bachelet finaliza su mandato con un 39% de aprobación. 13 March 2018. EL MOSTRADOR. 9 March 2018. 13 March 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20180313154926/http://www.elmostrador.cl/noticias/pais/2018/03/09/adimark-bachelet-finaliza-su-mandato-con-un-39-de-aprobacion/. live.
  160. Web site: New UN Rights Chief Takes on China, Other Powers. Voice of America. 10 September 2018. 17 December 2018. 8 March 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210308143631/https://learningenglish.voanews.com/a/new-un-rights-chief-takes-on-china-other-powers-in-first-speech/4565652.html. live.
  161. Web site: China Tells U.N. Rights Chief to Respect Its Sovereignty After Xinjiang Comments. The New York Times. 11 September 2018. 13 September 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20180913223532/https://www.nytimes.com/reuters/2018/09/11/world/asia/11reuters-un-rights-china.html. live.
  162. News: U.N. calls for probe into violence related to Hong Kong protests . Reuters . 5 October 2019 . 11 October 2019 . 11 October 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20191011063557/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-hongkong-protests-un/un-calls-for-probe-into-violence-related-to-hong-kong-protests-idUSKCN1WK07G . live .
  163. Web site: Jailed Rights Defender Demands Full Investigation Of Iran Protest Deaths . 10 December 2019 . 10 December 2019 . 10 December 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20191210155045/https://en.radiofarda.com/a/jailed-rights-defender-demands-full-investigation-of-iran-protest-deaths/30317409.html . live .
  164. Web site: A/HRC/43/67 - Israeli settlements in the Occupied Palestinian Territory, including East Jerusalem, and in the occupied Syrian Golan . 14, para 65 . 2022-10-22 . ohchr.org . en.
  165. Book: Sanctions as War: Anti-Imperialist Perspectives on American Geo-Economic Strategy . 2023 . Haymarket Books. 978-1-64259-812-4 . 11 . 1345216431. Davis . Stuart .
  166. Web site: Nagorno-Karabakh: UN rights chief calls for urgent ceasefire as hostilities mount. 9 October 2020. UN News. 30 October 2020. 15 November 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20201115170144/https://news.un.org/en/story/2020/10/1075022. live.
  167. Web site: BBC News. 23 February 2021. Sri Lanka Human Rights: UK seeks new UN resolution. 25 January 2021. BBC News. 23 February 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210223004502/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-56156233. live.
  168. Web site: UN Human Rights Council. 27 January 2021. UN human Rights Commissioners' Report Spring2021. 25 January 2021. UNHRC, Geneva. 27 January 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210127170526/https://www.ohchr.org/EN/NewsEvents/Pages/DisplayNews.aspx?NewsID=26695&LangID=E. live.
  169. Web site: A/HRC/49/25 - Human rights situation in the Occupied Palestinian Territory, including East Jerusalem, and the obligation to ensure accountability and justice . 15, para 45 . 2022-10-22 . ohchr.org . en.
  170. Web site: UN rights chief defends China trip amid criticism . www.aljazeera.com . 2 June 2022 . en . 28 May 2022.
  171. Web site: 2022-08-02 . Statement by UN High Commissioner for Human Rights Michelle Bachelet after official visit to China OHCHR . 2022-08-02 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220802203530/https://www.ohchr.org/en/statements/2022/05/statement-un-high-commissioner-human-rights-michelle-bachelet-after-official . 2 August 2022 .
  172. Web site: 2022-05-28 . China: UN visit falls short of addressing crimes against humanity in Xinjiang . 2022-05-31 . . en.
  173. Web site: 2022-05-20 . UN: Rights Chief's Credibility at Stake in China Visit . 2022-06-18 . . en.
  174. Web site: Allen-Ebrahimian . Bethany . 2022-05-31 . Advocates denounce UN official's China visit as "ultimate betrayal" . 2022-05-31 . . en.
  175. News: Seytoff . Alim . May 31, 2022 . Uyghur groups urge resignation of UN rights chief for 'Potemkin-style' Xinjiang tour . . June 1, 2022.
  176. Web site: 2022-08-02 . U.N. Human Rights Chief Tempers Criticism at End of China Trip - The New York Times . 2022-08-02 . The New York Times. https://web.archive.org/web/20220802202737/https://www.nytimes.com/2022/05/28/world/asia/un-human-rights-china.html . 2 August 2022 . dead.
  177. Web site: 2022-05-31 . The Guardian view on the UN in Xinjiang: a grave error . 2022-05-31 . . en.
  178. News: 29 May 2022 . Truth emerges about Chinese repression of Uyghurs — no thanks to the U.N. . . 31 May 2022.
  179. News: Michelle Bachelet, U.N. rights chief, says no to second term amid China trip backlash Wendell Roelf . Reuters .
  180. Web site: After China trip criticism, UN rights chief to not seek 2nd term . 2022-06-15 . www.aljazeera.com . en.
  181. Web site: After China trip criticism, UN rights chief to not seek 2nd term . 2022-06-22 . www.aljazeera.com . en.
  182. News: Cumming-Bruce . Nick . Ramzy . Austin . 2022-08-31 . U.N. Says China May Have Committed 'Crimes Against Humanity' in Xinjiang . en-US . . 2022-09-01 . 0362-4331.
  183. News: The 100 Most Powerful Women: #17 Michelle Bachelet. 31 August 2006. 31 August 2006. Forbes. 25 October 2006. https://web.archive.org/web/20061025134137/http://www.forbes.com/lists/2006/11/06women_Michelle-Bachelet_Z2QJ.html. live.
  184. News: The 100 Most Powerful Women: #22 Michelle Bachelet. 22 January 2010. 19 August 2009. Forbes. 26 January 2010. https://web.archive.org/web/20100126175219/http://www.forbes.com/lists/2009/11/power-women-09_Michelle-Bachelet_Z2QJ.html. dead.
  185. News: The 100 Most Powerful Women: #25 Michelle Bachelet. 28 August 2008. 27 August 2008. Forbes. 31 August 2008. https://web.archive.org/web/20080831051054/http://www.forbes.com/lists/2008/11/biz_powerwomen08_Michelle-Bachelet_Z2QJ.html. live.
  186. News: The 100 Most Powerful Women: #27 Michelle Bachelet. 31 August 2007. 31 August 2007. Forbes. 27 October 2007. https://web.archive.org/web/20071027095912/http://www.forbes.com/lists/2007/11/biz-07women_Michelle-Bachelet_Z2QJ.html. live.
  187. Web site: The World's 100 Most Powerful Women. Forbes. 24 June 2014. 20 September 2017. https://web.archive.org/web/20170920073036/https://www.forbes.com/power-women/list/#tab:overall. live.
  188. News: Bachelet y De la Vega estrenan los premios Ramón Rubial. El Pais. 11 January 2007. 16 September 2011. 22 March 2007. https://web.archive.org/web/20070322101927/http://www.elpais.com/articulo/pais/vasco/Bachelet/Vega/estrenan/premios/Ramon/Rubial/elpepuesppvs/20070111elpvas_9/Tes. live.
  189. The World's Most Influential People – The 2008 TIME 100 – Leaders & Revolutionaries – Michelle Bachele. https://web.archive.org/web/20080505054007/http://www.time.com/time/specials/2007/article/0,28804,1733748_1733757_1735593,00.html. dead. 5 May 2008. 2 May 2008. 1 May 2008. Time.
  190. Web site: Congreso Judío Mundial entrega Premio Shalom a Presidenta Bachelet. 17 June 2008 . Emol.com. 16 September 2011. 19 June 2008. https://web.archive.org/web/20080619074323/http://www.emol.com/noticias/nacional/detalle/detallenoticias.asp?idnoticia=309030. live.
  191. Web site: Bachelet fue premiada por mujeres líderes y luego se reunió con Crist…. https://archive.today/20130126075747/http://www.infobae.com/contenidos/407565-100897-0-Bachelet-abri%C3%B3-la-cumbre-de-mujeres-en-Buenos-Aires. dead. 26 January 2013. 26 January 2013. 9 December 2017.
  192. Web site: Conmebol condecoró a Bachelet. Oem.com.mx. 13 September 2011. 11 October 2012. https://web.archive.org/web/20121011134255/http://www.oem.com.mx/estO/notas/n1256813.htm. live.
  193. Web site: Bachelet recibió el "Gran Collar Extraordinario" del Fútbol Sudamericano. Cooperativa.cl. 13 September 2011. 11 October 2012. https://web.archive.org/web/20121011063540/http://www.cooperativa.cl/bachelet-recibio-el-gran-collar-extraordinario-del-futbol-sudamericano/prontus_nots/2009-07-23/125758.html. live.
  194. Web site: Ex Presidenta Bachelet recibirá el premio "Mujer del Bicentenario". Cooperativa.cl. 16 September 2011. 11 October 2012. https://web.archive.org/web/20121011063902/http://www.cooperativa.cl/ex-presidenta-bachelet-recibira-el-premio-mujer-del-bicentenario/prontus_nots/2010-04-08/155409.html. live.
  195. Web site: Chaves y Bachelet, premiados por la Federación de Mujeres Progresistas . https://archive.today/20120802183837/http://www.elcorreoweb.es/actualidad/108598/chaves/bachelet/premiados/federacion/mujeres/progresistas . dead . 2 August 2012 . es . El Correo de Andalucía . 15 November 2010 . 16 September 2011 .
  196. Web site: Miami Honors Michelle Bachelet – Head of UN Women and Former President of Chile for Leadership. 16 September 2011.
  197. Web site: Inter-American Dialogue Michelle Bachelet. www.thedialogue.org. 31 March 2016 . 17 April 2017. 14 April 2017. https://web.archive.org/web/20170414081428/http://www.thedialogue.org/experts/michelle-bachelet/. live.
  198. Web site: WOLA's Human Rights Awards Ceremony and Benefit Gala . WOLA . 1 October 2012 . 17 December 2013 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20120406160241/http://www.wola.org/wola_human_rights_award . 6 April 2012 .
  199. Web site: Remarks by Michelle Bachelet on Receiving Women's eNews' Newsmaker of the Decade Award. Unwomen.org. 3 May 2011. 16 September 2011. dead. https://web.archive.org/web/20110510040620/http://www.unwomen.org/2011/05/remarks-by-michelle-bachelet-on-receiving-womens-enews-newsmaker-of-the-decade-award/. 10 May 2011.
  200. Web site: Bachelet recibe distinción del Ministerio de Defensa argentino por su lucha a favor de la igualdad de género. EFE via El Mostrador. 25 April 2012. 26 April 2012. 20 May 2012. https://web.archive.org/web/20120520213622/http://www.elmostrador.cl/noticias/pais/2012/04/25/bachelet-recibe-distincion-del-ministerio-de-defensa-argentino-por-su-lucha-a-favor-de-la-igualdad-de-genero/. live.
  201. Web site: Colin Powell entrega condecoración a Bachelet y elogia su trayectoria. La Tercera. 18 May 2012. 21 May 2012. es. dead. https://web.archive.org/web/20130624095931/http://papeldigital.info/lt/2012/05/18/01/paginas/004.pdf. 24 June 2013.
  202. Web site: LOS 10 INTELECTUALES IBEROAMERICANOS MÁS INFLUYENTES 2012 . Fp-es.org . 9 October 2013 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20070702194227/http://libweb.princeton.edu/libraries/firestone/rbsc/aids/llosa/ . 2 July 2007 .
  203. News: 2017-09-27 . BBC 100 Women 2017: Who is on the list? . en-GB . BBC News . 2022-12-17.
  204. Web site: La Republica . https://archive.today/20120804204707/http://www.larepublica.pe/archive/all/larepublica/20060412/pasadas/10/77246 . dead . 4 August 2012 . 12 April 2006 . Larepublica.pe . 13 September 2011 .
  205. Web site: Honoris causa a Bachelet . Lahora.com.gt . 13 September 2011 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20120320215924/http://www.lahora.com.gt/index.php/nacional/guatemala/actualidad/61236-honoris-causa-a-bachelet . 20 March 2012 .
  206. Web site: Oration given on 3 April 2008, presented at the Canning House Annual Lecture. essex.ac.uk. 28 November 2011. 24 August 2013. https://web.archive.org/web/20130824221150/http://www.essex.ac.uk/honorary_graduates/or/2008/michelle-bachelet-oration.aspx/. live.
  207. Web site: UPF awards Michelle Bachelet with a degree honoris causa . Upf.edu . 13 September 2011 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20100528060031/http://www.upf.edu/postgrau/en/noticies/0516.html . 28 May 2010 .
  208. Web site: Michelle Bachelet recibirá doble doctorado "honoris causa" en Argentina. Cooperativa.cl. 13 September 2011. 11 October 2012. https://web.archive.org/web/20121011063318/http://www.cooperativa.cl/michelle-bachelet-recibira-doble-doctorado-honoris-causa-en-argentina/prontus_nots/2010-05-15/203252.html. live.
  209. Web site: Discurso de Michelle Bachelet al recibir Doctor Honoris Causa de la Universidad Internacional Menéndez Pelayo . Dialoga.cl . 23 August 2011 . 13 September 2011 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20120402110245/http://www.dialoga.cl/2010/09/doctor-honoris-causa-de-la-universidad-internacional-menendez-pelayo/ . 2 April 2012 .
  210. Web site: UASD otorgará Doctorado Honoris Causa a Michelle Bachelet, ex presidenta de Chile. DiarioLibre.com. 16 November 2010. 13 September 2011. 1 April 2012. https://web.archive.org/web/20120401085552/http://www.diariolibre.com/noticias_det.php?id=268527. live.
  211. Web site: Université Sorbonne Nouvelle – Paris3 – Docteur Honoris Causa 2010 de l'Université Sorbonne Nouvelle. Univ-paris3.fr. 13 September 2011. 24 March 2012. https://web.archive.org/web/20120324055622/http://www.univ-paris3.fr/65561474/0/fiche___pagelibre/. live.
  212. Web site: La ex presidenta chilena Bachelet, doctora honoris causa por la Sorbona – Noticias internacionales en MSN Latino . MSN . 13 September 2011 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20120402110217/http://noticias.latino.msn.com/internacionales/articulos.aspx?cp-documentid=26294634 . 2 April 2012 .
  213. Web site: Michelle Bachelet 2012 Commencement Speech at Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health. 12 May 2012. 6 August 2012. dead. https://web.archive.org/web/20120806015237/http://www.unwomen.org/2012/05/michelle-bachelet-2012-commencement-speech-at-columbia-university-mailman-school-of-public-health/. 6 August 2012.
  214. Web site: Doctorats honoris causa 2012 - Michelle Bachelet. 15 April 2024.
  215. Web site: Ehrenpromotion für Staatspräsidentin Michelle Bachelet. 28 October 2014. 6 April 2020. TU Freiberg. de. 6 April 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200406105114/https://tu-freiberg.de/presse/ehrenpromotion-fuer-staatspraesidentin-michelle-bachelet. live.
  216. Web site: KULeuven. KULeuven.be. 3 February 2015. dead. https://web.archive.org/web/20150203183811/http://www.kuleuven.be/english/news/patron-saints-day-2015-ku-leuven-confers-5-honorary-doctorates. 3 February 2015.
  217. Web site: Presidente chilena recebe doutoramento Honoris Causa em Évora . 30 March 2017 . Expresso . pt . 30 March 2017 . https://web.archive.org/web/20170330114937/http://expresso.sapo.pt/internacional/2017-03-30-Presidente-chilena-recebe-doutoramento-Honoris-Causa-em-Evora . live .
  218. Web site: Untitled image of heraldic symbols . 25 October 2021 . 25 October 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20211025160520/http://leifericsson.se/wp-content/uploads/2017/12/IMG_1241-scaled.jpg . live .
  219. Web site: Commonwealth of Australia Gazette No. S160 . Governor General of Australia . 7 November 2012 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20121207041916/http://www.gg.gov.au/sites/default/files/files/honours/S160%20-%20Oct%202012.pdf . 7 December 2012 .
  220. Web site: Ex presidenta Bachelet fue condecorada. 2010-06-11. El Universo. es. 2019-08-23. 23 August 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20190823163036/https://www.eluniverso.com/2010/06/12/1/1355/ex-presidenta-bachelet-fue-condecorada.html. live.
  221. Web site: Suomen Valkoisen Ruusun ritarikunnan suurristin ketjuineen ulkomaalaiset saajat. www.ritarikunnat.fi. 2019-08-23. 2 November 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20191102083606/http://www.ritarikunnat.fi/index.php/fi/ritarikunnat/64-ritarikunnat/palkitut/216-suomen-valkoisen-ruusun-ritarikunnan-suurristin-ketjuineen-saajat-ulkomaalaiset. dead.
  222. Web site: Bachelet Jeria S.E. Verónica Michelle decorato di Gran Cordone . Presidenza della Repubblica . it . 20 September 2012 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20130928083955/http://www.quirinale.it/elementi/DettaglioOnorificenze.aspx?decorato=244583 . 28 September 2013 .
  223. Web site: Lithuanian Orders searching form. Lithuanian Presidency. 21 May 2012. lt. 25 August 2013. https://web.archive.org/web/20130825184024/http://www.lrp.lt/lt/prezidento_veikla/apdovanojimai/apdovanojimai_256/p600.html. dead.
  224. Web site: Semakan Penerima Darjah Kebesaran, Bintang, dan Pingat Persekutuan.. 15 June 2016. 19 July 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20190719195551/http://www.istiadat.gov.my/index.php/component/semakanlantikanskp. live.
  225. Web site: Photographic image . Gpdhome.typepad.com . 14 December 2016 . 24 February 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210224121107/https://gpdhome.typepad.com/.a/6a00d8341c648253ef01156fb58598970c-pi . live .
  226. Web site: III. OTRAS DISPOSICIONES PRESIDENCIA DEL GOBIERNO . 10 January 2015. 9 December 2017. bot: unknown. https://web.archive.org/web/20150110211735/http://www.boe.es/boe/dias/2014/10/25/pdfs/BOE-A-2014-10888.pdf. 10 January 2015.
  227. Web site: picture of three dignitaries. https://web.archive.org/web/20150125045224/http://www.google.com/hostednews/getty/media/ALeqM5jFn883YOl3o3fUr-xkdDuQOzk_FA. dead. 25 January 2015. 25 January 2015.
  228. Web site: III. OTRAS DISPOSICIONES MINISTERIO DE ASUNTOS EXTERIORES Y DE COOPERACIÓN . 2 April 2015. 9 December 2017. bot: unknown. https://web.archive.org/web/20150402120147/http://www.boe.es/boe/dias/2010/02/27/pdfs/BOE-A-2010-3212.pdf. 2 April 2015.
  229. Web site: 22 bilder från kungens stora fest på slottet . svenskdam.se . 20 June 2023 . 11 May 2016.
  230. Web site: Resolución N° 222/006. 2020-12-24. www.impo.com.uy. 2 December 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20201202160214/https://www.impo.com.uy/bases/resoluciones/222-2006. live.
  231. News: Chile's Bachelet, Venezuela's Chavez Agree to Ease Political Tensions . 4 March 2024 . Voice of America . 1 November 2009 . en.
  232. Web site: PHOENIX Sendeplan Samstag, 18. März 2006 . Bankkaufmann.com . 17 March 2006 . 14 December 2016 . 21 October 2016 . https://web.archive.org/web/20161021000757/http://www.bankkaufmann.com/a-3529-PHOENIX-Sendeplan-Samstag-18-Maerz-2006.html . live .
  233. Web site: December 2016 Calendar . Bakerinstitute.org . 14 December 2016 . 14 September 2013 . https://web.archive.org/web/20130914012711/http://bakerinstitute.org/events/a1revolucion-film-series-la-hija-del-general-the-generals-daughter . live .