Michelin Guide Explained

Michelin Guide
Founder:Édouard Michelin
André Michelin
Company:Michelin
Country:France
Category:Gastronomy, tourism
Frequency:Yearly

The Michelin Guides (in French pronounced as /ɡid miʃlɛ̃/) are a series of guide books that have been published by the French tyre company Michelin since 1900.[1] The Guide awards up to three Michelin stars for excellence to a select few restaurants in certain geographic areas. Michelin also publishes the Green Guides, a series of general guides to cities, regions, and countries.

History

thumb|upright=1|The first Michelin Guide, published in 1900In 1900, there were fewer than 3,000 cars on the roads of France. To increase the demand for cars and, accordingly, car tyres, car tyre manufacturers and brothers Édouard and André Michelin published a guide for French motorists, named Guide Michelin (Michelin Guide).[2] Nearly 35,000 copies of this first, free edition of the guide were distributed. It provided information to motorists, such as maps, tyre repair and replacement instructions, car mechanics listings, hotels, and petrol stations throughout France.

In 1904, the brothers published a guide for Belgium similar to the Michelin Guide.[3] Michelin subsequently introduced guides for Algeria and Tunisia (1907); the Alps and the Rhine (northern Italy, Switzerland, Bavaria, and the Netherlands) (1908); Germany, Spain, and Portugal (1910); the British Isles (1911); and "The Countries of the Sun" (French: Les Pays du Soleil) (Northern Africa, Southern Italy and Corsica) (1911). In 1909, an English-language version of the guide to France was published.[4]

During World War I, publication of the guide was suspended. After the war, revised editions of the guide continued to be given away until 1920. It is said that André Michelin, whilst visiting a tyre merchant, noticed copies of the guide being used to prop up a workbench. Based on the principle that "man only truly respects what he pays for", Michelin decided to charge a price for the guide, which was about 7.50 francs or US$2.15 in 1922.[5] They also made several changes, notably listing restaurants by specific categories, adding hotel listings (initially only for Paris), and removing advertisements in the guide. Recognizing the growing popularity of the restaurant section of the guide, the brothers recruited a team of inspectors, who were always anonymous, to visit and review restaurants.[6]

Following the usage of the Murray's and Baedeker guides, the guide began to award stars for fine dining establishments in 1926. Initially, there was only a single star awarded. Then, in 1931, the hierarchy of zero, one, two, and three stars was introduced. Finally, in 1936, the criteria for the rankings were published:[3]

In 1931 the cover of the guide was changed from blue to red and has remained so in all subsequent editions.[6] During World War II, publication was again suspended. In 1944, at the request of the Allied Forces, the 1939 guide to France was specially reprinted for military use; its maps were judged the best and most up-to-date available. Publication of the annual guide resumed on 16 May 1945, a week after VE Day.[3]

In the early post-war years, the lingering effects of wartime shortages led Michelin to impose an upper limit of two stars; by 1950 the French edition listed 38 establishments judged to meet this standard.[7] The first Michelin Guide for Italy was published in 1956. It awarded no stars in the first edition. In 1974, the first guide to Britain since 1931 was published. Twenty-five stars were awarded.[8]

In 2005, Michelin published its first American guide, covering 500 restaurants in the five boroughs of New York City and 50 hotels in Manhattan. In 2007, a Tokyo Michelin Guide was launched. In the same year, the guide introduced a magazine, French: Étoile. In 2008, a Hong Kong and Macau volume was added.[3] As of 2013, the guide is published in 14 editions covering 23 countries.[3]

In 2008, German restaurateur Juliane Caspar was appointed the first woman and first non-French national editor-in-chief of the French edition of the guide. She had previously been responsible for the Michelin guides to Germany, Switzerland and Austria. The German newspaper Die Welt commented on the appointment, "In view of the fact German cuisine is regarded as a lethal weapon in most parts of France, this decision is like Mercedes announcing that its new director of product development is a Martian."[9] [10]

The Korea Tourism Organization commissioned Michelin to include South Korea in its 2016 edition at a cost of 3.2 billion won (over US$1 million), but government officials were unhappy with resulting inaccuracies such as typos, translation errors, and description errors regarding seating options.[11] In 2017, the Tourism Authority of Thailand agreed to pay 144 million Thai baht (US$4.4 million) over five years for the inclusion of their country.[12]

In 2022, the guide expanded to Canada, with guides covering Toronto[13] and Vancouver[14] in return for undisclosed payments from each city's local chapter of Destination Canada.[15] [16]

The guide announced its first list of restaurants in the US state of Florida on 9 June 2022, after the state and city tourism boards in Miami, Orlando, and Tampa, agreed to collectively pay the company up to US$1.5 million.[17] [18] The guide awarded a single two-star ranking and fourteen one-star rankings, and 29 Bib Gourmands.[19] [20]

In late 2022 the guide expanded to Vietnam, Malaysia, Estonia, and the United Arab Emirates in return for undisclosed payments.[21] [22]

In February 2023, the Israeli Tourism Ministry announced a bid to bring the Michelin guide to their country in return for a payment of €1.5 million.[23]

In 2023, the guide expanded to several cities in Colorado (Aspen, Beaver Creek Resort, Boulder, Denver, Snowmass Village, and Vail) that paid between US$70,000 and US$100,000 on top of a state contribution; other cities (Aurora, Colorado Springs, Fort Collins, and Grand Junction) declined to participate.[24] [25] In September 2023 the Michelin Guide also expanded to Atlanta, in return for a payment of US$1 million over three years.[26] [27]

In the early 2020s, Michelin began requiring certain countries which had previously received reviews to pay for continued coverage. Hungary, Slovenia, and the Czech Republic agreed to do so.[28] [29]

Methods and layout

Red Guides have historically listed many more restaurants than rival guides, relying on an extensive system of symbols to describe each one in as little as two lines. Reviews of starred restaurants also include two to three culinary specialties. Short summaries (2–3 lines) were added in 2002/2003 to enhance descriptions of many establishments. These summaries are written in the language of the country for which the guide is published (though the Spain and Portugal volume is in Spanish only) but the symbols are the same throughout all editions.[30]

Stars

See also: List of Michelin 3-star restaurants.

Michelin inspectors (reviewers) visit restaurants anonymously, and they award one, two, or three stars for those considered at least very good:

Inspectors' meals and expenses are paid for by Michelin, never by a restaurant being reviewed:

The French chef Paul Bocuse, one of the pioneers of French: [[nouvelle cuisine]] in the 1960s, said, "Michelin is the only guide that counts."[31] In France, when the guide is published each year, it sparks a media frenzy which has been compared to that for annual Academy Awards for films. Media and others debate likely winners, speculation is rife, and TV and newspapers discuss which restaurant might lose and which might gain a Michelin star.[32] [33] [34] [35]

The Michelin Guide also awards "Rising Stars", an indication that a restaurant has the potential to qualify for a star, or an additional star.[36]

Green stars

In 2020, the Michelin Guide launched a sustainability emblem to symbolise excellence in sustainable gastronomy. An establishment awarded this green star is given space on the Guide's website for the chef to describe the restaurant's vision.[37]

Bib Gourmand

Since 1997,[38] the guide has also highlighted restaurants offering "exceptionally good food at moderate prices", a feature now called "French: Bib Gourmand". They must offer menu items priced below a maximum determined by local economic standards. French: Bib (Latin: [[Bibendum]]) is the company's nickname for the Michelin Man, its corporate logo for over a century.[39]

The Plate

In 2016, a new symbol, the Plate, was added to recognize restaurants that "simply serve good food".[40]

Keys, for hotels

Michelin plans on awarding "keys" to hotels starting in 2024. Michelin states that the key award will "distinguish exceptional establishments led by teams with unique forms of knowledge" and that awards will be given after stays conducted anonymously by Michelin Guide selection teams.[41] [42]

Guides

Countries

Note: the information below is based on the number listed on Michelin Guide official website, up to May 21, 2024.

Country/Region[43] Year Stars Stars StarTotal Green starBib GourmandSelected RestaurantEstablishments
France2024[44] 307553463993392N/Aalmost 3000 restaurants
Japan2023[45] 238244254728492[46] 1,501 restaurants
Spain2024[47] 1532224271492297661,266 restaurants
Italy2024[48] 134034239558257 1,986 restaurants
United States[49] 2023[50] 133317722329374
($49)[51] 		1,509 restaurants
Germany2024[52] 105028034077199N/AN/A
Great Britain and Ireland2024[53] 92717032127N/A1,162 restaurants
Nordic Countries[54] 2024[55] 61366853637N/A268 restaurants
Switzerland2023[56] [57] 42610813831125
(CHF70)[58] 		458 hotels and guest houses,
777 restaurants
China (mainland)2023[59] 4161021223106
Singapore2024[60] 364251281 151283 restaurants
Taiwan2023[61] [62] 36354411139321 restaurants
Belgium and Luxembourg2024[63] 22312815312131N/A792 restaurants
Netherlands2023[64] 2201031251598 (€39)[65] 504 restaurants
Austria2023[66] 168152977 restaurants
Slovenia2023[67] 11798759 restaurants
Portugal2024[68] 08313953296167 restaurants
Thailand2024[69] 728354196447 restaurants
Brazil20246152133782140 restaurants
Mexico2024[70] 2161884297157 restaurants
Hungary2023[71] 2794775 restaurants
Canada[72] 2023[73] 12324238160 restaurants
Argentina2024[74] 1677771 restaurants
Malta2024[75] 167052840 restaurants
Malaysia2024[76] 14524577 restaurants
Poland2024[77] 1561165577 restaurants
Estonia2024[78] 112362735 restaurants
Croatia2023[79] 110113117193 restaurants
Vietnam2023040290103 restaurants
Lithuania2024[80] 4142634 restaurants
Latvia2024[81] 113122 restaurants
Andorra202410N/AN/A5 restaurants

Regions and cities

CityYear 3 Star 2 Star 1 StarBib GourmandSelected RestaurantEstablishments
Paris2023[82] 91510646 (€35)488 restaurants[83]
Abu Dhabi2024[84] 00463646 restaurants
Athens2023[85] 0111531 restaurants
Atlanta2023[86] 0051045 restaurants
Beijing2024[87] 322820105 restaurants
Belgrade2024[88] 000222 restaurants
Bodrum2024002219 restaurants
Buenos Aires2024012752 restaurants
Busan2024[89] 00315 (₩ 45,000)2543 restaurants
Chengdu2024[90] 02112069 restaurants
Chicago2023[91] 231647 ($40)[92] 400 restaurants[93]
California [94] 2023[95] 61269143608 restaurants
Colorado2023[96] 005944 restaurants
Dubai2023[97] 03111790 restaurants
Florida2024[98] 012533 ($50)91149 restaurants
Guangzhou2024[99] 031744105 restaurants
Hangzhou2023[100] 0061251 restaurants
Hanoi2023[101] 0031348 restaurants
Ho Chi Minh City20230011655 restaurants
Hong Kong and Macau2024[102] 918687790262 restaurants
Istanbul2024[103] 0161877 restaurants
İzmir2024003615 restaurants
Kaohsiung20230122753 restaurants
Kyoto and Osaka2024[104] 827150117138440 restaurants
Kuala Lumpur20240122043 restaurants
Las Vegas (suspended)2009[105] 1313127 restaurants, 30 hotels (2007)
London2023[106] 5125734 (£28)347 restaurants, 14 in hotels
Main Cities of Europe[107] 15552712311,715 restaurants, 1,542 hotels
Mendoza2024004019 restaurants
Moscow (suspended)[108] 2021[109] 02715
Nara Prefecture2023[110] 04201888 restaurants
New York City2023[111] 41453102 ($49)
Penang20240022534 restaurants
Rio de Janeiro and São Paulo2024[112] 06153782140 restaurants
Salzburg2023023220 restaurants
Seoul2024192357 (₩ 45,000)87177 restaurants
Shanghai2024[113] 284126148 restaurants
Taichung20231053164 restaurants
Tainan20230003656 restaurants
Taipei2023252845148 restaurants
Toronto2023[114] 01142183 restaurants
Tokyo2024[115] 1233138127194504 restaurants
Vancouver2023[116] 0091777 restaurants
Vienna2023[117] 145757 restaurants
Washington, D.C.2023[118] 132129
($40)		122 restaurants [119]

Non-restaurant food

In 2014, Michelin introduced a separate listing for gastropubs in Ireland.[120] In 2016, the Michelin Guide for Hong Kong and Macau introduced an overview of notable street-food establishments.[121] [122] In the same year, the Singapore guide introduced the first Michelin stars for street-food locations, for Hong Kong Soya Sauce Chicken Rice and Noodle and Hill Street Tai Hwa Pork Noodle.[123]

Other ratings

All listed restaurants, regardless of their star, French: Bib Gourmand, or Plate status, also receive a "fork and spoon" designation, as a subjective reflection of the overall comfort and quality of the restaurant.[124] Rankings range from one to five: one fork and spoon represents a "comfortable restaurant" and five signifies a "luxurious restaurant". Forks and spoons colored red designate a restaurant that is considered "pleasant" as well.

Restaurants, independently of their other ratings in the guide, can also receive a number of other symbols next to their listing:

Green Guides

The Michelin Green Guides review and rate attractions other than restaurants. There is a Green Guide for France as a whole, and a more detailed one for each of ten regions within France. Other Green Guides cover many countries, regions, and cities outside France. Many Green Guides are published in several languages. They include background information and an alphabetical section describing points of interest. Like the Red Guides, they use a three-star system for recommending sites, ranging from "worth a trip" to "worth a detour", and "interesting".[125]

Controversies

Allegations of lax inspection standards and bias

Pascal Rémy, a veteran France-based Michelin inspector, and also a former Gault Millau employee, wrote a tell-all book, L'Inspecteur se met à table (The Inspector Sits Down at the Table), published in 2004. Rémy's employment was terminated in December 2003 when he informed Michelin of his plans to publish his book.[126] He brought a court case for unfair dismissal, which was unsuccessful.[127]

Rémy described the French Michelin inspector's life as lonely, underpaid drudgery, driving around France for weeks on end, dining alone, under intense pressure to file detailed reports to strict deadlines. He maintained that the guide had become lax in its standards. Though Michelin states that its inspectors visited all 4,000 reviewed restaurants in France every 18 months, and all starred restaurants several times a year, Rémy said only about one visit every years was possible because there were only 11 inspectors in France when he was hired, rather than the 50 or more hinted by Michelin. That number, he said, had shrunk to five by the time he was fired in December 2003.[126]

Rémy also accused the guide of favouritism. He alleged that Michelin treated famous and influential chefs, such as Paul Bocuse and Alain Ducasse, as "untouchable" and not subject to the same rigorous standards as lesser-known chefs.[126] Michelin denied Rémy's charges, but refused to say how many inspectors it actually employed in France. In response to Rémy's statement that certain three-star chefs were sacrosanct, Michelin said, "There would be little sense in saying a restaurant was worth three stars if it weren't true, if for no other reason than that the customer would write and tell us."[128]

Allegations of prejudice favouring French cuisine

Some non-French food critics have alleged that the rating system is biased in favour of French cuisine or French dining standards. The UK The Guardian commented in 1997 that "some people maintain the guide's principal purpose is as a tool of Gallic cultural imperialism".[129] When Michelin published its first New York City Red Guide in 2005 Steven Kurutz of The New York Times noted that Danny Meyer's Union Square Cafe, a restaurant rated highly by The New York Times, Zagat Survey, and other prominent guides, received a no-star rating from Michelin (he did, however, acknowledge that the restaurant received positive mention for its ambiance, and that two other restaurants owned by Meyer received stars). Kurutz also said the guide appeared to favour restaurants that "emphasized formality and presentation" rather than a "casual approach to fine dining". He said over half of the restaurants that received one or two stars "could be considered French".[130] The Michelin Guide New York 2007 included 526 restaurants, compared to 2,014 in Zagat New York 2007; after The Four Seasons Restaurant received no stars in that edition, co-owner Julian Niccolini said Michelin "should stay in France, and they should keep their guide there".[131] The 2007 guide does, however, include menus, recipes, and photographs, and descriptions of the atmosphere of starred restaurants.

Allegations of leniency with stars for Japanese cuisine

In 2007, Tokyo's restaurants were awarded with the most stars and in 2010 other Japanese cities like Kyoto and Osaka also received many stars. At the time this sparked questions from some over whether these high ratings were merited for Japanese restaurants, or whether the Michelin Guide was too generous in giving out stars to gain an acceptance with Japanese customers and to enable the tyre-selling parent company to market itself in Japan. But the discrepancy is easily explained by the number of restaurants in total: Tokyo has 160,000 restaurants while Paris, for example, has just 40,000.[132] [133] The Wall Street Journal reported in 2010 that some Japanese chefs were surprised at receiving a star and were reluctant to accept one because the publicity caused an unmanageable jump in booking, affecting their ability to serve their traditional customers without compromising on lowering the quality of their dishes.[134]

Unwanted stars

Some restaurateurs have asked Michelin to revoke a star, because they felt that it created undesirable customer expectations[135] or pressure to spend more on service and decor.[136] Notable cases include:

Losing stars

The pressure to retain Michelin stars can be immense, as the loss of a star will almost inevitably have a significant impact on business. It is widely believed that chef Bernard Loiseau committed suicide in 2003 after hearing the rumor that his three-star restaurant, La Côte d'Or, would be demoted to two stars.[144]

Mistakes

In 2017, the Bouche à Oreille café in Bourges was accidentally given a star when it was confused with a restaurant of the same name in Boutervilliers, near Paris.[145] [146]

Influence on cuisine and working conditions

In the 21st century, some American chefs, restaurant owners, and officials interviewed by The New York Times criticized the guide for creating a type of sameness, rewarding expensive fine dining attributes, luxury ingredients, expensive tableware, matching uniforms, many-course menus, small bites, and meticulously arranged plating. High-quality fine dining in Western countries is labor-intensive, putting downward pressure on line chef wages. Because of their high status, Michelin-starred fine dining restaurants often rely on staging, a form of unpaid internship. At the three-star restaurant Noma, chef-owner René Redzepi yielded to public pressure in 2022 and began paying interns. After three months, Redzepi announced the restaurant was no longer financially sustainable and that the concept would close at the end of 2024.[147] The power imbalance between chef-owners and staff has also resulted in workers at some fine-dining restaurants producing intricate dishes complaining of very long hours, difficulty affording food, physical and sexual abuse, refusal of permission to treat injuries at a hospital, and destruction of workers' personal property.[148]

Most chefs interviewed by The New York Times said the increase in business and job applicants that comes with the publicity around a Michelin star makes it worth seeking. Many also said the competition for stars improves restaurant quality.

See also

References

Further reading

Published in the 20th century

Published in the 21st century

External links

Notes and References

  1. Web site: The History of the Michelin Guide . 2024-06-02 . MICHELIN Guide . en-KR.
  2. Web site: Mayyasi . Alex . Why Does a Tire Company Publish the Michelin Guide? . Priceonomics . 23 June 2016 . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20161016182944/https://priceonomics.com/why-does-a-tire-company-publish-the-michelin-guide . 16 October 2016 .
  3. Web site: The Michelin Guide: 100 editions and over a century of history . ViaMichelin.co.uk . 2 March 2009 . 20 May 2013 . 2013-05-05 . https://archive.today/20130505100337/http://www.viamichelin.co.uk/tpl/mag6/art200903/htm/tour-saga-michelin.htm .
  4. Web site: Le guide Michelin en quelques dates . fr . 13 May 2010 . Association des Collectionneurs de Guides et Cartes Michelin . 19 May 2013 . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20160304134653/http://www.acgcm.com/guide_michelin.html . 4 March 2016 .
  5. Wertenbaker . Charles . The Testing of M. Thuilier . . 5 June 1954 . https://web.archive.org/web/20160629140911/http://archives.newyorker.com/?i=1954-06-05#folio=072v. 29 June 2016 . live . subscription .
  6. Web site: Michelin Guide History, restaurant and dining guides . Provence and Beyond . 19 May 2013 . https://web.archive.org/web/20160304025504/http://www.beyond.fr/food/michelin-guide-history.html . 4 March 2016 .
  7. News: The Michelin Guide . . 28 March 1950 . 4 . 32275 . 17 March 2020 . Newspapers.com .
  8. News: Dawson . Helen . British Michelin revived . . London . 24 March 1974 . 9530 . 40 . Newspapers.com .
  9. News: Paterson . Tony . French find German's role hard to swallow . https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220514/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/french-find-germans-role-hard-to-swallow-1201990.html . 14 May 2022 . subscription . live . 18 March 2020 . . 17 December 2008 . en.
  10. Paterson, Tony. "French shock at Michelin guide's first foreign chief", The Independent, 18 December 2008
  11. News: South Korea paid big money to commission its Michelin Guide. Does that mean U.S. cities could do the same? . . Maura Judkis . October 24, 2017.
  12. Web site: Hsiao . Tina . 2017-12-06 . Bangkok street food joint gets Michelin star . 2024-05-14 . . en.
  13. Web site: The MICHELIN Guide Is Coming To Toronto . 2024-04-24 . MICHELIN Guide . en-US.
  14. Web site: The MICHELIN Guide is Coming to Vancouver . 2024-04-24 . MICHELIN Guide . en-US.
  15. News: Silver . Mathew . August 5, 2022 . How did Toronto land the Michelin Guide? A Q&A with Andrew Weir, executive vice-president of Destination Toronto . Toronto Life.
  16. News: Grant . Josh . November 4, 2022 . Michelin recognition is a boon for Vancouver and its restaurants, but why all the secrecy? . CBC.
  17. News: Freund . Helen . Tampa, Orlando and Miami restaurants can now earn Michelin stars . Tampa Bay Times . 1 November 2021 . en.
  18. News: Frías . Carlos . Mark your calendars. We finally know when Florida restaurants will get Michelin stars . Miami Herald . 16 May 2022. Bradenton Herald.
  19. MICHELIN Guide 2022 – Florida . Boulogne-Billancourt . 9 June 2022 . Michelin . 10 June 2022 . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20221007130103/https://www.michelin.com/en/documents/michelin-guide-2022-florida-first-selection/ . 7 October 2022.
  20. News: Kara . Faiyaz . The Michelin Guide handed out its stars tonight. Here are the Florida restaurants that earned them . Orlando Weekly . en.
  21. Web site: 8 February 2023 . Paying Michelin Guide to Help Promote Your Tourism Can be a Messy Business . Skift.
  22. Web site: Latham . Tori . June 7, 2023 . Vietnam Just Got Its First Michelin-Starred Restaurants—Here They Are . . en-CA.
  23. News: Spiro . Amy . February 1, 2023 . Tourism Ministry greenlights entry of Michelin Guide to Israel . The Times of Israel.
  24. Web site: 2023-09-12 . Colorado's first-ever Michelin star restaurants are here . 2024-05-14 . Denverite . en.
  25. Web site: The MICHELIN Guide Arrives in Colorado . 2024-04-24 . MICHELIN Guide . en-US.
  26. Web site: Jorden . Rashaad . 2024-04-24 . Atlanta's Michelin Guide Deal Translates to Tourism Dollars . 2024-05-14 . . en-US.
  27. Web site: The MICHELIN Guide Heats up Atlanta . 2024-04-24 . MICHELIN Guide . en-US.
  28. News: Prague Morning . January 25, 2023 . 'Pay or There'll be No Stars.' Czech Republic May Lose its Michelin Restaurants.
  29. News: Czech Government Will Pay to be Included in Michelin Gastronomic Guide . July 13, 2023 . Prague Morning.
  30. Michelin Guide Great Britain & Ireland (2000), Netherlands (2007), Benelux (2003)
  31. Web site: Surekha . Ragavan . Taste test: Menu by three-star Michelin chef Philippe Marc . 23 October 2012 . . https://web.archive.org/web/20130115130231/http://www.timeoutkl.com/food/articles/Taste-test-Menu-by-three-star-Michelin-chef-Philippe-Marc . 15 January 2013 .
  32. News: Sumathi . Reddy . Michelin Stars Align for Seven NYC Restaurants . 4 October 2011 . . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20161109181109/https://blogs.wsj.com/metropolis/2011/10/04/michelin-guide-in-new-york-city-three-stars-for-eleven-madison-park . 9 November 2016 .
  33. News: Florence . Fabricant . Off the Menu . . 4 October 2011 . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20160206174902/http://www.nytimes.com/2011/10/05/dining/kibo-opens-brooklyn-fare-gets-three-michelin-stars-off-the-menu.html . 6 February 2016 .
  34. News: . Tokyo retains title as Michelin's gourmet capital . . 29 November 2011 . https://web.archive.org/web/20111204080507/http://ajw.asahi.com/article/behind_news/social_affairs/AJ201111290082 . 4 December 2011 .
  35. News: Catherine . Cheney . Taking the Pop-Up Restaurant to New Heights . . 9 September 2011 . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20111231160621/http://www.spiegel.de/international/zeitgeist/0,1518,785286,00.html . 31 December 2011 .
  36. Web site: Ephanov . Nikita . 2022-06-24 . Why Michelin's Rising Star Designation Is So Confusing . 2024-06-15 . Tasting Table . en-US.
  37. Web site: Michelin Guide 2020: The New Sustainability Emblem . News & Views . Michelin Guide . 21 December 2020 . 17 February 2020.
  38. Web site: 1 October 2022 . What Is The MICHELIN Bib Gourmand Award? . Michelin Guide.
  39. Web site: 8 Surprising Facts about the Michelin Man . 2024-06-02 . MICHELIN Guide . en-VN.
  40. Web site: To the Stars and Beyond. Michelin Guide.
  41. News: A Distinction for the Hotel Selection—the Michelin Key . Michelin Guide . 5 October 2023 .
  42. News: Michelin Guide will start rating hotels with 'key' awards . 6 October 2023 . The Washington Post.
  43. Web site: Accueil Guides & Cartes Guides d'Hôtels et de Restaurants Europe . . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20160207190957/http://www.michelin-boutique.com/guides-cartes/guides-dhebergements-restauration/europe-c-33_54_57.html . 7 February 2016 .
  44. Michelin Guide 2024 - France . Paris . Michelin . 18 March 2024 . 22 May 2024.
  45. Web site: 2023 Michelin Guide 2023 . MICHELIN Guide.
  46. Web site: Bib Gourmand – the MICHELIN Guide Japan. MICHELIN Guide.
  47. 2 NEW THREE-STAR RESTAURANTS SHINE IN THE 2024 MICHELIN GUIDE SPAIN. Michelin Guide . 2023-11-28 . Paris . https://web.archive.org/web/20240522142947/https://dgaddcosprod.blob.core.windows.net/corporate-production/attachments/clsbmkbnh8f3k0tmvf3d5gy5s-20231128-pr-mgc-esp-2024.pdf . 2024-05-22.
  48. Web site: 2023 ANNUAL GENERAL MEETING | Michelin .
  49. Only select states and cities are reviewed in the US. As of 2024, only Atlanta, Chicago, the State of California, select cities in Florida, select cities in Colorado, select cities in Texas (coming late 2024), New York City, and Washington D.C. are reviewed. Each region would have its own separate guide
  50. Web site: 2023 USA Michelin Guide . MICHELIN Guide.
  51. Web site: Bib Gourmand – the MICHELIN Guide USA. MICHELIN Guide.
  52. Michelin Guide 2024 - Germany . Paris . Michelin . 26 March 2024 . 22 May 2024.
  53. The Michelin Guide Great Britain & Ireland 2024 Welcomes a New Three Star Restaurant . Paris . Michelin . 5 February 2024 . 22 May 2024.
  54. Nordic Countries consists of Denmark, Finland, Iceland, Norway and Sweden
  55. Web site: MICHELIN Guide - Nordic Countries - 2024 .
  56. Web site: Guide Michelin: 2 Sterne für Mahler & Eperon GaultMillau – Channel. Gault Millau. de. 2019-02-05. https://web.archive.org/web/20190207020400/https://www.gaultmillau.ch/starchefs/guide-michelin-2-sterne-fur-mahler-eperon. 7 February 2019. live.
  57. Web site: Switzerland. Michelin Guide . 6 October 2023.
  58. "Michelin Stars Rain Down on Switzerland ", Michelin, 16 November 2010.
  59. Web site: 3 Stars Michelin . Michelin Guide . https://web.archive.org/web/20230625051629/https://guide.michelin.com/en/cn/restaurants/3-stars-michelin/2-stars-michelin/1-star-michelin . 25 June 2023.
  60. The MICHELIN Guide Singapore 2024 Full Selection: Newly Awarded Restaurants Announced .
  61. Web site: Taiwan MICHELIN Restaurants – The MICHELIN Guide . 2023-09-01 . MICHELIN Guide . en-TW.
  62. Guide Michelin 2023 - Taiwan - 2 restaurants promoted to Three Michelin Stars . Paris . Michelin . 31 August 2023.
  63. Michelin Guide 2024 – Belgium and Luxembourg . Paris . Michelin . 26 February 2024 . 22 May 2024.
  64. Web site: Michelin Guide Netherlands 2023 . 2023-04-19 . MICHELIN Guide . nl-NL.
  65. Web site: Prijs Bib Gourmand menu van 37 naar 39 euro. Bluiminck. Nathalie. 11 November 2019. Misset Horeca. nl. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20200117134518/https://www.missethoreca.nl/restaurant/nieuws/2019/11/michelin-prijs-bib-gourmand-menu-van-37-naar-39-euro-in-2020-101327888. 17 January 2020. 17 January 2020.
  66. Michelin Guide 2023 - Vienna and Salzburg - Two new Bib Gourmands and a new Michelin Green Star highlighted . Boulogne-Billancourt . Michelin . 24 January 2023.
  67. Michelin Guide 2023 - Slovenia - A Green Star restaurant awarded Three Michelin Stars . Paris . Michelin . 19 September 2023.
  68. Guide Michelin 2024 – Portugal . Paris . Michelin . 27 February 2024 . 22 May 2024.
  69. Web site: Guide MICHELIN 2024 - Thaïland - 2 new two Michelin Stars restaurant .
  70. Michelin Guide 2024 - Mexico - first edition . Paris . Michelin . 15 May 2024 . 22 May 2024.
  71. A New Green Star Restaurant Joins The Michelin Guide Hungary 2023 selection . Paris . Michelin . 14 September 2023.
  72. As of 2024, only Toronto and Vancouver are reviewed.
  73. Web site: Canada MICHELIN Restaurants – The MICHELIN Guide . 2023-10-27 . MICHELIN Guide . en-US.
  74. Michelin Guide 2024 - Buenos Aires and Mendoza - First selection . Paris . Michelin . 24 November 2023.
  75. For the first time, the Michelin Guide awards two Stars to a Maltese restaurant . Paris . Michelin . 4 April 2024 . 22 May 2024.
  76. Web site: The MICHELIN Guide | Explore .
  77. Web site: The Full List of MICHELIN Star Restaurants in Poland | Michelin .
  78. News: Estijoje dar 4 nauji restoranai įtraukti į "Michelin" gidą – dabar jame iš viso yra 35 šios šalies restoranai . Delfi . May 21, 2024 . lt . May 22, 2024.
  79. Web site: The MICHELIN Guide Croatia 2024 Is Unveiled!; Michelin .
  80. https://dgaddcosprod.blob.core.windows.net/corporate-production/attachments/clxecy4ah17bq13o41640adxo-20240613-pr-michelin-guide-lithuania-2024-en.pdf
  81. Web site: The First MICHELIN Guide Latvia Is Out! . 2023-11-22 . MICHELIN Guide . en-LV.
  82. Web site: 2023 Michelin Guide Paris . https://web.archive.org/web/20120324065928/http://www.michelin.com/corporate/EN/news/products/article?articleID=NThe-2012-MICHELIN-guide-France . 2012-03-24 . michelin.com.
  83. Web site: The Michelin Guide France 2010 Selection. 1 March 2010. Michelin North America. https://web.archive.org/web/20101031014837/http://vocuspr.vocus.com/vocuspr30/Newsroom/MultiQuery.aspx?SiteName=michelin&Entity=PRAsset&SF_PRAsset_PRAssetID_EQ=535757&XSL=Release&IncludeChildren=True. 31 October 2010.
  84. Web site: A New Michelin Star Restaurant Joins The MICHELIN Guide Abu Dhabi 2024. MICHELIN Guide.
  85. Web site: Michelin Guide 2023 Athens: 3 New One-Star Restaurants . Michelin . 2023.
  86. Web site: Michelin Guide 2023 Atlanta: First Selection . Michelin . 2023.
  87. Web site: Michelin Guide 2024 Beijing: A Restaurant Offering Teochew Specialties is Awarded Three Michelin Stars . Michelin . 2024.
  88. Web site: Michelin Guide 2024 Belgrade: Five New Restaurants . Michelin . 2024.
  89. Michelin Guide 2024 – Seoul and Busan . Michelin . Paris . 22 February 2024 . 22 May 2024.
  90. Web site: Michelin Guide 2024 Chengdu: One Restaurant Awarded Two Michelin Stars . Michelin . 2024.
  91. Web site: Here Are Chicago's Michelin Star and Bib Gourmand Winners for 2023 . 8 November 2023 .
  92. Web site: Levitt . Aimee . Michelin Announces 2022 Chicago Bib Gourmand List . Eater Chicago . 1 August 2022 . en . 5 April 2022.
  93. Web site: Michelin Guide Chicago 2015 - Michelin Travel & Lifestyle . michelintravel.com . 13 November 2014 . https://web.archive.org/web/20141113183307/http://www.michelintravel.com/shop/michelin-guide-chicago-2015/ . 13 November 2014.
  94. Beginning in 2019, Los Angeles and San Francisco areas were no longer separate publications and one guide was issued for the entire state of California.
  95. Web site: California Michelin restaurants - the Michelin Guide United States.
  96. Web site: Boulder, Colorado. MICHELIN Guide USA. 6 October 2023.
  97. Web site: Michelin Guide 2023 Dubai: One New Two Michelin-Star Restaurant . Michelin . 2023.
  98. 2024 Michelin Guide awards Ceremony . Greenville, South Carolina . Michelin . 18 April 2024 . 22 May 2024.
  99. Web site: MICHELIN Guide - Guangzhou - 2024 . Michelin . 5 June 2024 . 30 May 2024.
  100. Web site: Michelin Guide 2023 Hangzhou: First Edition . Michelin . 2023.
  101. "103 Restaurants Shine In The Inaugural Of The MICHELIN Guide Hanoi & Ho Chi Minh City, Including 4 MICHELIN Stars", 6 June 2023
  102. Michelin Guide 2024 - Hong Kong & Macau . Paris . Michelin . 13 March 2024 . 22 May 2024.
  103. Web site: Michelin Guide 2024 Istanbul, Izmir, Bodrum: A New Michelin Sommelier Award . Michelin . 2024.
  104. One new Two Michelin Star and two new Michelin Green Star restaurants shine in the 15th anniversary edition of the Michelin Guide Kyoto and Osaka . Michelin . Paris . 9 April 2024 . 22 May 2024.
  105. News: Michelin: Bad economy means no 2010 guide in Las Vegas . Las Vegas Sun . 26 June 2009 . live. https://web.archive.org/web/20100814234711/http://www.lasvegassun.com/blogs/culture/2009/jun/26/michelin-bad-economy-means-no-2010-guide-las-vegas/ . 14 August 2010.
  106. Web site: Greater London. MICHELIN Guide . 6 October 2023.
  107. "Michelin Guide Main Cities of Europe 2010 to go on sale on March 17 ", Michelin, 16 March 2010. covering Austria (Vienna, Salzburg) – Belgium (Brussels, Antwerp) – Czech Republic (Prague) – Denmark (Copenhagen) – Finland (Helsinki) – France (Paris, Lyons, Strasbourg, Toulouse) – Germany (Berlin, Cologne, Frankfurt, Hamburg, Munich, Stuttgart) – Greece (Athens) – Hungary (Budapest) – Ireland (Dublin) – Italy (Rome, Milan, Turin, Florence) – Luxembourg (Luxembourg) – Netherlands (Amsterdam, Rotterdam, The Hague) – Norway (Oslo) – Poland (Warsaw, Cracow) – Portugal (Lisbon) – Spain (Madrid, Barcelona, Valencia) – Sweden (Stockholm, Gothenburg) – Switzerland (Bern, Geneva, Zurich) – United Kingdom (London, Birmingham, Edinburgh, Glasgow)
  108. News: 2022-03-04 . Michelin Guide suspends restaurant recommendations in Russia . en . Reuters . 2023-07-16.
  109. Web site: Рестораны Michelin - Гид Michelin. 2021-10-14. Michelin Guide. ru-RU.
  110. Web site: Michelin Guide 2023 Nara: Two Restaurants Are Newly Awarded One Michelin Star . Michelin . 2023.
  111. Web site: New York MICHELIN Restaurants - the MICHELIN Guide USA. MICHELIN Guide.
  112. 2024 Michelin Guide makes a bright relaunch in Rio de Janeiro and São Paulo . Rio de Janeiro . Michelin . 20 May 2024 . 22 May 2024.
  113. Web site: Michelin Guide 2024 Shanghai: 5 Restaurants Receive One Michelin Star for the First Time . Michelin . 2024.
  114. Web site: Michelin Guide 2023 Toronto: Two Restaurants Earn a Michelin Star for the First Time . Michelin . 2023.
  115. Restaurant Harutaka is newly awarded Three MICHELIN Stars in the 2024 edition of the MICHELIN Guide Tokyo . Michelin . 2024.
  116. Web site: 2023 Guide Michelin Vancouver: Five More Bib Gourmands . Michelin . 2023.
  117. Web site: MICHELIN Guide Vienna & Salzburg 2023: The full list.
  118. Web site: Washington, D.C. Michelin Restaurants - the Michelin Guide. michelin.com . 15 February 2023.
  119. Web site: Washington, D.C. Michelin Restaurants - 2023. michelinmedia.com . 15 February 2023.
  120. News: Four Clare pubs listed in 2014 Michelin Guide . Clare Champion . 19 May 2014 . 4 January 2016 . https://web.archive.org/web/20150908085405/http://www.clarechampion.ie/four-clare-pubs-listed-2014-michelin-guide/ . 8 September 2015 .
  121. Web site: Michelin Recognizes Street Food for the First Time in Its Hong Kong Guide . Adam H. . Callaghan . 5 November 2015 . Eater . 2 February 2016 . https://web.archive.org/web/20160123205046/http://www.eater.com/2015/11/5/9674384/michelin-guide-hong-kong-street-food . 23 January 2016 . live .
  122. News: Michelin includes street food for first time in Hong Kong guide . . 5 November 2015 . 2 February 2016 . https://web.archive.org/web/20160202203609/http://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2015/nov/05/michelin-includes-street-food-category-for-first-time-in-hong-kong-guide . 2 February 2016 . live .
  123. News: Kim. Soo. Singapore street food stalls get Michelin stars. 8 August 2016. The Daily Telegraph. 25 July 2016. https://web.archive.org/web/20160922233916/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/travel/destinations/asia/singapore/articles/singapore-street-food-stalls-get-michelin-star/. 22 September 2016. live.
  124. http://www.michelinguide.com/us/pdf/use_guide_2010.pdf How to Use This Guide
  125. Web site: Green guide . 2024-04-17 . Boutique de l'Aventure Michelin . en-US.
  126. Sage, Adam. "J'Accuse: Michelin cooks the books", The Times, 31 May 2004
  127. Henley, John. "Michelin bean-spiller loses court battle", The Guardian, 15 December 2004
  128. https://www.nytimes.com/2004/02/25/dining/michelin-man-jolts-french-food-world.html?pagewanted=all "Michelin Man Jolts French Food World"
  129. "Pass Notes", The Guardian, 23 January 1997, p. A3
  130. Kurutz, Steven. "She's a Belle of the City, but the French are Blasé", The New York Times, 13 November 2005
  131. Ferguson. Priscilla Parkhurst . 2008-02-01. Michelin in America . Gastronomica: The Journal of Critical Food Studies . 8. 1. 49–55. 10.1525/gfc.2008.8.1.49. 1529-3262.
  132. Robinson, Gwen. "Michelin serves up stars and stirs envy in Japan", Financial Times, 14 October 2009; and Robinson, Gwen. "Michelin sprinkles stars on Tokyo", Financial Times, 19 November 2007
  133. News: Tokyo 'world's best place to eat' . 13 December 2019 . BBC . 17 November 2009 . https://web.archive.org/web/20191213213146/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/8364051.stm . 13 December 2019 . live .
  134. Sanchanta, Mariko, Katy Mclaughlin and Max Colchester. "Michelin Stars Draw Shots", The Wall Street Journal, 25 October 2010
  135. News: Why great chefs reject Michelin stars . July 30, 2016 . Antonio Pita . The World.
  136. Gergaud . Olivier . Storchmann . Karl . Verardi . Vincenzo . Expert Opinion and Quality Perception of Consumers: Evidence from New York City Restaurants . SSRN Electronic Journal. 22 May 2012. 1556-5068 . 10.2139/ssrn.2064554.
  137. Web site: The curse of the Michelin-star restaurant rating . Ian . Mount . 11 December 2014 . . 2 February 2016 . https://web.archive.org/web/20160308035632/http://fortune.com/2014/12/11/michelin-star-restaurants-down-side/ . 8 March 2016 . live .
  138. Web site: The chef who gave up his Michelin star . 2 December 2014 . . 2 February 2016 . https://web.archive.org/web/20160111163716/http://elpais.com/elpais/2014/12/02/inenglish/1417521188_192723.html . 11 January 2016 . live .
  139. Web site: Skye Gyngell: curse of the Michelin star has driven me out of the kitchen . 21 February 2012 . . 2 February 2016 . https://web.archive.org/web/20160111163716/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/foodanddrink/foodanddrinknews/9094386/Skye-Gyngell-curse-of-the-Michelin-star-has-driven-me-out-of-the-kitchen.html . 11 January 2016 . live .
  140. Web site: 摘星變詛咒 難耐食客投訴不絕 女廚棄米芝蓮榮耀 - 蘋果日報 - 兩岸國際 - 20120222 . Apple Daily 蘋果日報 . 2 February 2016 . https://web.archive.org/web/20160111163716/http://hk.apple.nextmedia.com/international/art/20120222/16091504 . 11 January 2016 . live .
  141. Web site: Chef in Belgium Gives Back His Michelin Star . Hillary . Dixler . 13 March 2014 . Eater . 2 February 2016 . https://web.archive.org/web/20160111163716/http://www.eater.com/2014/3/13/6264733/chef-in-belgium-gives-back-his-michelin-star . 11 January 2016 . live .
  142. News: Michelin's Coveted Stars Can Come With Some Costs. Julia Moskin . September 18, 2023 . The New York Times .
  143. News: Marco Pierre White: My work was a painkiller – it was where I hid . Rachel Cooke . 17 January 2015.
  144. Michelin and the Deaths of Two French Chefs . Michael . Steinberger . 5 February 2016 . The New Yorker.
  145. Web site: Workmen's cafe overwhelmed with customers after it is accidentally awarded a Michelin star . 18 February 2017 . . 18 February 2017 . https://web.archive.org/web/20170218223545/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2017/02/18/workmens-cafe-overwhelmed-customers-accidentally-given-michelin/ . 18 February 2017 . live .
  146. Web site: Quand un bistrot de quartier reçoit par erreur une étoile au Michelin . 17 February 2017 . . 20 February 2017 . https://web.archive.org/web/20170220173401/http://clubsandwich.konbini.com/news/quand-un-bistrot-de-quartier-recoit-par-erreur-une-etoile-au-michelin/ . 20 February 2017 . live .
  147. News: 'Begging to Work There for Free': Fine Dining Wouldn't Exist Without Unpaid Labour . Aleksandra Bliszczyk . Vice . January 20, 2023.
  148. News: Fine dining faces its dark truths in Copenhagen / Bold chefs turned the city into a global culinary capital. What was really happening in their kitchens? . . Imogen West-Knights . June 2, 2022.

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