Michel Barnier Explained

Michel Barnier
Office:Prime Minister of France
Term Start:5 September 2024
President:Emmanuel Macron
Predecessor:Gabriel Attal
Embed:yes
Office1:Head of the UK Task Force
Deputy1:Clara Martínez Alberola
President1:Jean-Claude Juncker
Ursula von der Leyen
Term Start1:16 November 2019
Term End1:31 March 2021
Predecessor1:Position established
Successor1:João Vale de Almeida (as Ambassador to the United Kingdom)
Office2:Chief Negotiator of Task Force 50
Deputy2:Sabine Weyand
President2:Jean-Claude Juncker
1Blankname2:Opposite number
Term Start2:1 October 2016
Term End2:15 November 2019
Predecessor2:Position established
Successor2:Position abolished
Office3:European Commissioner for Internal Market and Services
President3:José Manuel Barroso
Term Start3:10 February 2010
Term End3:31 October 2014
Predecessor3:Charlie McCreevy
Successor3:Elżbieta Bieńkowska
Office4:European Commissioner for Regional Policy
President4:Romano Prodi
Term Start4:16 September 1999
Term End4:31 March 2004
Predecessor4:Monika Wulf-Mathies
Successor4:Jacques Barrot
Office5:Member of the European Parliament
for Île-de-France
Term Start5:14 July 2009
Term End5:10 February 2010
Successor5:Constance Le Grip
Embed:yes
Office6:Minister of Agriculture and Fisheries
Primeminister6:François Fillon
Term Start6:19 June 2007
Term End6:22 June 2009
Predecessor6:Christine Lagarde
Successor6:Bruno Le Maire
Office7:Minister of Foreign Affairs
Primeminister7:Jean-Pierre Raffarin
Term Start7:31 March 2004
Term End7:31 May 2005
Predecessor7:Dominique de Villepin
Successor7:Philippe Douste-Blazy
Office8:Minister Delegate for European Affairs
Primeminister8:Alain Juppé
Term Start8:18 May 1995
Term End8:3 June 1997
Predecessor8:Alain Lamassoure
Successor8:Pierre Moscovici
Office9:Minister of the Environment
Primeminister9:Édouard Balladur
Term Start9:29 March 1993
Term End9:18 March 1995
Predecessor9:Ségolène Royal
Successor9:Corinne Lepage
Office10:Senator for Savoie
Term Start10:22 September 1997
Term Start12:3 April 1978
Term End12:1 May 1993
Term End10:23 September 1999
Term Start11:2 October 1995
Term End11:31 October 1995
Office12:Member of the National Assembly
for Savoie
Constituency12:2nd (1978–1986)
At-large (1986–1988)
2nd (1988–1993)
Predecessor12:Maurice Blanc
Successor12:Hervé Gaymard
Office13:President of the General Council of Savoie
Term Start13:14 March 1982
Term End13:13 September 1999
Predecessor13:Louis Besson
Successor13:Hervé Gaymard
Office14:General councillor of Savoie
for the canton of Bourg-Saint-Maurice
Term Start14:5 September 1973
Term End14:13 September 1999
Predecessor14:Alexis Borrel
Successor14:Jacqueline Poletti
Birth Name:Michel Jean Barnier
Birth Date:9 January 1951
Birth Place:La Tronche, France
Party:The Republicans
(since 2015)
Otherparty:Union of Democrats for the Republic (1967–1976)
Rally for the Republic
(1976–2002)
Union for a Popular Movement (2002–2015)
Children:3
Residence:Hôtel Matignon, Paris
Alma Mater:ESCP Business School
Relatives:Éric and Nicolas Altmayer (brothers-in-law)
René Altmayer (grandfather-in-law)
Victor Joseph Altmayer (great-grandfather-in-law)
Signature:Michel Barnier signature.svg

Michel Jean Barnier (pronounced as /fr/; born 9 January 1951) is a French politician who has served as Prime Minister of France since 5 September 2024.

A member of a series of Gaullist parties (UDR, RPR, UMP, LR), Barnier has served in several French cabinet positions, including as Minister of the Environment from 1993 to 1995, Minister Delegate for European Affairs from 1995 to 1997, Minister of Foreign Affairs from 2004 to 2005, and Minister of Agriculture and Fisheries from 2007 to 2009. At the European Union (EU) level, Barnier was European Commissioner for Internal Market and Services from 2010 to 2014 and vice-president of the European People's Party (EPP) from 2010 to 2015. From October 2016 to 2021, he was the EU's chief negotiator on Britain's exit from the European Union.

In August 2021, Barnier sought his party's nomination for President of France in the 2022 presidential election, but obtained third place at the 2021 The Republicans congress. In September 2024, he was appointed to the prime ministership by President Emmanuel Macron following the 2024 snap legislative election. He is the oldest person to take office as prime minister under the Fifth Republic.

Barnier is a pro-European, Gaullist conservative. He has advocated for stricter controls on extra-European immigration, expanding prison capacity and the introduction of mandatory minimum sentences for certain crimes.

Early life and education

Michel Jean Barnier was born at La Tronche in the French Alps, into a Gaullist family in 1951. His father, Jean Barnier,[1] was a leather and textiles craftsman.[2] His mother, Denise Durand, was a practising member of the Christian left, who founded a local chapter of the . Barnier is the youngest of the couple's three sons.[3]

In his youth, Barnier was a scout and choirboy.[2] He graduated from the École Supérieure de Commerce de Paris (ESCP) in 1972.[4] During his studies at the ESCP, he was a classmate of Jean-Pierre Raffarin, future prime minister, and a member of the Conférence Olivaint, a student organisation intended to prepare members for political life.[5] [6]

Political career

National politics

Barnier served on the staff of various Gaullist ministers in the 1970s, before being elected in 1978, aged 27, to the National Assembly as deputy for the department of Savoie representing the neo-Gaullists, Rally for the Republic (RPR), serving until 1993.[7] [8] In the 1980s, he voted for the abolition of capital punishment and against reducing the age of consent for same-sex relationships to that of mixed-sex couples.

Barnier became the youngest president of the departmental council of Savoie in 1982, following a deal called the between right-wing and centrist parties in the council.[9] In 1992, he co-organised the Winter Olympics in Albertville.[10]

Barnier first joined the Cabinet as Minister of the Environment following the right's landslide victory in the 1993 legislative election. In 1995, Jacques Chirac appointed him Minister for European Affairs,[11] a role in which he served until the defeat of the presidential majority in the 1997 legislative election.[12] Barnier then served as a European Commissioner for Regional Policy in the Prodi Commission from 1999 until 2004.[13] He subsequently served as Foreign Minister in Jean-Pierre Raffarin's government until June 2005 when Dominique de Villepin replaced him with Philippe Douste-Blazy.[14] From 2006 until 2015, Barnier was vice-president of the European People's Party.[15] In 2007, under Nicolas Sarkozy's presidency, he re-joined the Cabinet as Minister of Agriculture.

In 2016, the investigating judge Sabine Kheris requested that the case of Barnier, Dominique de Villepin and Michèle Alliot-Marie be referred to the Court of Justice of the Republic. The former ministers were suspected of having allowed the exfiltration of the mercenaries responsible for the attack on the Bouaké penal camp during the 2004 Ivory Coast conflict, killing nine French soldiers. Supporters of the Ivorian president Laurent Gbagbo accused the French government of using the attack as a pretext for military retaliation against him.[16]

European politics

Barnier worked in 2006 as a special adviser to José Manuel Barroso, then President of the European Commission, and presented a report to the Council of Ministers proposing the creation of a European civil-protection force.[17] During 2006–2007, he served as member of the Amato Group, a group of high-level European politicians unofficially working on rewriting the Treaty establishing a Constitution for Europe into what became known as the Treaty of Lisbon following its rejection by French and Dutch voters.

Barnier led the UMP list in Ile-de-France for the 2009 European Parliament election. In February 2010 he was confirmed as European Commissioner for Internal Market and Services.[18] [19] [20] In charge of European banking system reform, he argued for a "coherent single market with intelligent rules that apply everywhere".[21] As European Commissioner for Internal Market and Services, Barnier handled many important issues, such as the reform of the financial sector (40 pieces of legislation between 2010 and 2014), the banking union (starting with European Banking Supervision) and the digital single market.[22]

Barnier stood unsuccessfully for the nomination of the European People's Party to become President of the European Commission in March 2014, losing to Jean-Claude Juncker. He was twice appointed Acting Commissioner for Industry and Entrepreneurship in Antonio Tajani's stead  first from 19 April to 25 May 2014, while Tajani was on electoral campaign leave for the 2014 European Parliament elections, and secondly from 1 to 16 July 2014, after Tajani was elected and took up his seat.[23] [24] From 2015, Barnier served as an unpaid special adviser to Juncker on defence policy.[25] [26]

Brexit negotiator

On 27 July 2016, Barnier was announced as the European Commission's chief negotiator with the United Kingdom over leaving the European Union, under Article 50 of the Treaty on European Union. Commenting on the appointment, Juncker said: "I wanted an experienced politician for this difficult job."[27]

From 2019 to 2021, Barnier led the European Commission's Task Force for Relations with the United Kingdom (UK Task Force/UKTF).[28] [29] [30] He was the main negotiator for the 2020 trade deal talks between the UK and EU,[31] receiving his negotiating mandate from the European Council on 25 February 2020.[32]

In January 2021, Barnier was appointed special adviser to President Ursula von der Leyen overseeing the ratification of the EUUK Trade and Cooperation Agreement, under new arrangements that handed responsibility for implementing the agreement to Vice-President Maroš Šefčovič.[33] [34]

2022 presidential campaign

See main article: 2022 French presidential election. In February 2021, Barnier set up a political faction within the Republicans under the name "Patriot and European" in preparation for a possible bid in the 2022 presidential election.[35] [36]

On 27 August 2021, Barnier launched his presidential campaign. At the party's 2021 congress in December, he placed third in the first round of voting with 23.93% of the vote, after Éric Ciotti (on 25.59%) and Valérie Pécresse (on 25.00%); he subsequently endorsed Pécresse.[37] Pécresse was nominated in the second round with 61% of the vote, and proceeded to place in fifth place in the first round of the presidential election, the worst result ever recorded by the Republicans or their Gaullist predecessors[38] She endorsed Macron for the second round of the election.[39] After his defeat, Barnier retreated from front-line politics for most of the three following years.[40] [41]

Prime Minister of France

See also: Barnier government. Following gains by opposition parties in the legislative elections called by President Emmanuel Macron in the summer of 2024, the prime minister, Gabriel Attal, resigned. Macron initially refused his resignation but accepted it on 16 July.[42] On 5 September, Barnier was appointed as prime minister by Macron. The period between Attal's resignation and Barnier's appointment was the longest period that the French Fifth Republic had spent without a prime minister. Barnier is the oldest prime minister in modern French history. Dominique Moïsi, a French political scientist, described Barnier as a compromise candidate, chosen to be acceptable to parties from the centre, the right and the far right.[43]

Barnier's initial challenges as Prime Minister will be forming a new government, passing the vote of confidence (with a minimum of 289 out of 577 votes) and submitting the 2025 budget by 1 October to parliament according to Reuters, further remarking that it would "be no easy task with the budget deficit already this year running billions of euros over target, leaving Barnier tough choices about calibrating spending cuts and tax rises" and risking the government's position in parliament.[44] On 6 September, Barnier stated that he would continue some of Macron's policies, including refusing to repeal the raising of the retirement age to 64. On immigration he said, "There still is a feeling that our borders are sieves and that migration flows aren't being controlled."[45] In an interview, he remarked that the new government would include the "presidential camp" and "maybe maybe ministers of the previous government".[46]

Barnier is faced with a National Assembly divided nearly evenly into three blocs: the leftist New Popular Front with a plurality of seats, Macron's centrist to centre-right Ensemble, and the far-right National Rally.[47] [48] Marine Le Pen, the leader of National Rally, praised Barnier as "respectful of National Rally voters", but expressed caution as to his legislative agenda. The New Popular Front rejected Barnier's appointment and called for demonstrations against Macron. Olivier Faure, the leader of the Socialist Party, accused Macron of a "denial of democracy." Jean-Luc Mélenchon, the leader of the left-wing La France Insoumise, said that Macron had "stolen" the election by not appointing a prime minister from the New Popular Front[49] and called for protests against the new government.[50] According to France's Interior Ministry, around 110,000 people took part in these protests, which were held in Paris,[51] Montauban,[52] Nice, Lille, Strasbourg and Montpellier, as well as in several rural areas.[53]

On 2 December 2024, Barnier resorted to using Article 49.3 of the French Constitution to push through the 2025 budget without a vote. The left-wing New Popular Front had already declared its intent to file a motion of no confidence against the government, forcing Barnier to depend on the far-right National Rally party to pass the budget. Several last-ditch concessions were made to try find a compromise, however, efforts ultimately failed as Marine Le Pen announced later that day her intent to file her own party's motion against the government.[54]

Political positions

Following his appointment as prime minister in 2024, the BBC described Barnier as "a committed, patriotic conservative in the tradition of ... Charles de Gaulle". In a conversation with Politico during July 2024, after the 7 July snap election, Barnier said France's most pressing issues were immigration, the state of its public finances and rebuilding its industrial and agricultural capacities.[55] Upon his appointment as prime minister, he listed his main priorities as education, security and immigration control.

During his 2021 presidential campaign, Barnier stated he would be in favour of proposing a referendum on whether to tighten the legal framework for immigration in France. As a candidate, he stated his intention in "putting a stop to non-European immigration for three to five years," during an interview with French weekly magazine Le Point. He proposed to "immediately stop regularizations, rigorously limit family reunification, reduce the reception of foreign students and the systematic execution of the double penalty".[56] He also proposed expanding prison capacity by 20,000 and imposing mandatory minimum sentences for certain crimes.

On economic issues, Barnier has been characterised as close to the neoliberal policies of Emmanuel Macron, including the reduction of taxes and business regulation. As a presidential candidate, Barnier proposed cutting production taxes by €10 billion, raising the retirement age from 62 to 65, lengthening the working week and tightening the conditions for access to social assistance.

Barnier is regarded as pro-European, as supporting NATO, and as favouring support for Ukraine in its war against Russia. He was described as a "Euro-ecstatic" by François Cornut-Gentille, his supporter and colleague in the Republicans. During his presidential campaign, many media organisations commented that Barnier sounded like a Eurosceptic and Brexit supporter, contradicting previous positions he had taken on the matter.[57] [58]

In 1981, Barnier voted for the abolition of capital punishment, following a number of other right-wing deputies in breaking party instructions not to do so.[59] In the same year, he was among the conservative politicians, including Jacques Chirac and François Fillon, who voted against reducing the age of consent for same-sex relationships to 15, the same as that for mixed-sex couples.[60] He has made few statements on same-sex relations in the years since.

Personal life

Barnier has been a member of the Sustainability and Legacy Commission of the International Olympic Committee,[61] and of the board of trustees of Friends of Europe, a Brussels-based think tank.[62] In 2021, he published My Secret Brexit Diary, a memoir of the EU's negotiations with the UK during its withdrawal from the bloc.[63]

In 1982, Barnier married Isabelle Altmayer, a lawyer; they have three children.[64]

In October 2024, Barnier underwent surgery for a cervical lesion.[65]

Honours and decorations

National honours

Foreign honours

External links

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Notes and References

  1. Web site: Michel Barnier, une vie entre la Savoie et Paris. Les Echos. 22 March 2001. 18 November 2022. 27 January 2022. https://web.archive.org/web/20220127223200/https://www.lesechos.fr/2001/03/michel-barnier-une-vie-entre-la-savoie-et-paris-1052800. live.
  2. Who is Michel Barnier? Meet the EU's chief Brexit negotiator. Ockrent. Christine. Prospect. 22 January 2018. 26 October 2019. 30 December 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20201230235513/https://www.prospectmagazine.co.uk/magazine/who-is-michel-barnier-meet-the-eus-chief-brexit-negotiator. live.
  3. Web site: Michel Barnier: "On ne peut pas devenir président de la République sans aimer les arbres" . parismatch.com . 13 October 2021 . 24 October 2021 . 6 September 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240906030158/https://www.parismatch.com/Actu/Politique/Michel-Barnier-On-ne-peut-pas-devenir-president-de-la-Republique-sans-aimer-les-arbres-1763698 . live .
  4. Web site: Who is Michel Barnier, the man primed to be France's next PM?. 5 September 2024. 5 September 2024. Euronews. 5 September 2024. https://web.archive.org/web/20240905183829/https://www.euronews.com/my-europe/2024/09/05/who-is-michel-barnier-the-man-primed-to-be-frances-next-pm. live.
  5. Web site: Les Anciens de la Conférence Olivaint . Conférence Olivaint . 23 October 2022 . 5 September 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240905183832/https://www.conferenceolivaint.fr/anciens-de-la-conference-olivaint/ . live. .
  6. David . Colon . Les jeunes de la Conférence Olivaint et l'Europe, de 1919 à 1992 . Histoire@Politique . 10 . 2010 . 10 . 5 . Centre d'histoire de Sciences Po . 10.3917/hp.010.00101 .
  7. Web site: VIe législature Michel Barnier . assemblee-nationale.fr . 14 February 2019 . 15 February 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190215050746/http://www.assemblee-nationale.fr/histoire/trombinoscope/Vrepublique/Legis06/barnier-michel-09011951.asp . live .
  8. Web site: Xe législature Michel Barnier . assemblee-nationale.fr. 14 February 2019 . 15 February 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190215050746/http://www.assemblee-nationale.fr/histoire/trombinoscope/Vrepublique/Legis06/barnier-michel-09011951.asp . live .
  9. Web site: Election présidentielle 2022 : Michel Barnier, celui qui « coche toutes les cases » mais reste peu connu en France. 23 October 2021. Belouezzane. Sarah. de Royer. Solenn. 9 November 2021. Le Monde. fr. 5 September 2024. https://web.archive.org/web/20240905145111/https://www.lemonde.fr/politique/article/2021/10/23/election-presidentielle-2022-michel-barnier-l-ex-m-brexit-a-la-conquete-de-lr_6099639_823448.html. live.
  10. Web site: Key facts on Michel Barnier, France's new prime minister. 5 September 2024. 5 September 2024. Straits Times. 5 September 2024. https://web.archive.org/web/20240905183932/https://www.straitstimes.com/world/europe/key-facts-on-frances-michel-barnier-a-possible-candidate-for-prime-minister. live.
  11. Web site: Who is the EU's chief Brexit negotiator Michel Barnier?. New Statesman. 6 December 2016. Crisp. James. 5 September 2024. 5 September 2024. https://web.archive.org/web/20240905184626/https://www.newstatesman.com/world/2016/12/who-eus-chief-brexit-negotiator-michel-barnier. live.
  12. Web site: New Cabinet Is Announced In France. 5 September 2024. The New York Times. Whitney. Craig R.. 5 June 1997. 6 September 2024. https://web.archive.org/web/20240906030158/https://www.nytimes.com/1997/06/05/world/new-cabinet-is-announced-in-france.html. live.
  13. Web site: 5 September 2024. School's patrons. European School of Law, Toulouse. 5 September 2024. https://web.archive.org/web/20240905184632/https://esl.ut-capitole.fr/home/the-school/presentation/schools-patrons. live.
  14. Web site: The New York Times. Criticism from an ousted minister. 5 September 2024. 4 June 2005. 6 May 2024. https://web.archive.org/web/20240506094236/https://www.nytimes.com/2005/06/04/world/europe/criticism-from-an-ousted-minister.html. live.
  15. Web site: Michel Barnier . 5 September 2024 . europarl.europa.eu . 6 September 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240906030249/https://www.europarl.europa.eu/cmsdata/226356/cv-barnier_en_0.pdf . live .
  16. Web site: Soupçons sur la Cour pénale internationale . Francesca Maria . Benvenuto . 1 April 2016 . Le Monde diplomatique . 15 September 2019 . 4 April 2016 . https://web.archive.org/web/20160404151907/http://www.monde-diplomatique.fr/2016/04/BENVENUTO/55185 . live .
  17. http://www.politico.eu/article/barnier-as-special-adviser/ Barnier as special adviser
  18. Web site: Euobserver . Michel Barnier to take over internal market portfolio . 27 November 2009 . 8 March 2010 . 5 June 2011 . https://web.archive.org/web/20110605034616/http://euobserver.com/9/29063 . live .
  19. News: Michel Barnier looks to calm City nerves about reform . The Telegraph . 30 November 2009 . Philip Aldrick . London . 2 April 2018 . 31 December 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20201231002941/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/newsbysector/banksandfinance/6693989/Michel-Barnier-looks-to-calm-City-nerves-about-reform.html . live .
  20. Web site: Summary of Hearing of Michel Barnier . 13 January 2010 . European Parliament . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20150924195614/http://www.europarl.europa.eu/news/expert/infopress_page/008-67167-012-01-03-901-20100112IPR67166-12-01-2010-2010-false/default_en.htm . 24 September 2015.
  21. News: European Union Offers Berlin Compromise on Bank Proposal . The New York Times . Stephen . Castle . 12 July 2013 . 27 February 2017 . 18 April 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190418130224/https://www.nytimes.com/2013/07/13/business/global/eu-offers-berlin-compromise-on-bank-union.html?ref=global . live .
  22. Book: Five years of laying the foundations of new growth in Europe . 2014 . European Commission . 29 August 2014 . https://web.archive.org/web/20160305004405/http://ec.europa.eu/internal_market/publications/docs/legacy/legacy_en.pdf?dpfl=true&__utma=157191919.1665854920.1409131068.1409131068.1409318758.2&__utmb=157191919.12.1.1409318759990&__utmc=157191919&__utmx=-&__utmz=157191919.1409131068.1.1.utmcsr=t.co . 5 March 2016 . live.
  23. Web site: Six commissioners head for EU election campaign trail . 1 July 2014 . 2 January 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210102173130/https://euobserver.com/news/123733 . live .
  24. Web site: KUNA – Barroso announces caretaker replacements following resignation of 4 EU Commissioners . kuna.net.kw . 3 March 2019 . 15 February 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200215012542/https://www.kuna.net.kw/ArticleDetails.aspx?id=2385629&language=en . live .
  25. http://ec.europa.eu/civil_service/about/who/sa_en.htm Special Advisers to the President, Vice-Presidents and Commissioners of the European Commission
  26. Simon Taylor (9 March 2015), European Commission special advisers European Voice.
  27. News: Khan . Mehreen . Michel Barnier appointed as Juncker's Brexit chief . 27 July 2016 . Financial Times . 27 July 2016 . 12 February 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220212071151/https://www.ft.com/content/b7ba9a61-e957-350f-a645-27c5da2003e4 . live .
  28. Web site: Director / Head of Service Michel Barnier . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20201221014421/https://ec.europa.eu/info/persons/director-head-service-michel-barnier_en . 21 December 2020 . 29 December 2019 . European Commission.
  29. Web site: 22 October 2019 . European Commission reinforces Brexit team by setting up "Task Force for Relations with the United Kingdom" (UKTF) . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20201231011557/https://ec.europa.eu/luxembourg/news/european-commission-reinforces-brexit-team-setting-%E2%80%9Ctask-force-relations-united-kingdom%E2%80%9D-uktf_fr . 31 December 2020 . 29 December 2019 . European Commission.
  30. Web site: De La Baume . Maïa . Barigazzi . Jacopo . 21 October 2019 . Michel Barnier set to lead 'UK Task Force' in Brexit phase II . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20201201130903/https://www.politico.eu/article/michel-barnier-set-to-lead-uk-task-force-in-brexit-phase-ii/ . 1 December 2020 . 29 December 2019 . POLITICO.
  31. Web site: Brexit: what are the key flashpoints as EU-UK trade talks begin? . Daniel . Boffey . Jennifer . Rankin . 1 March 2020 . The Guardian . 19 March 2020 . 31 December 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20201231000008/https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2020/mar/01/brexit-what-are-the-key-flashpoints-as-eu-uk-trade-talks-begin . live .
  32. Web site: Future EU-UK Partnership: European Commission receives mandate to begin negotiations with the UK (press release) . European Commission . 25 February 2020 . 10 March 2020 . 20 December 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20201220114245/https://ec.europa.eu/commission/presscorner/detail/en/ip_20_324 . live .
  33. George Parker, Jim Brunsden and Mure Dickie), EU 'not punishing' UK financial services sector, London envoy insists Financial Times.
  34. Barbara Moens and David M. Herszenhorn (19 January 2021), Barnier moves to 'special adviser' as Šefčovič to become point man on Brexit Politico Europe.
  35. Elizabeth Pineau and Michel Rose (16 February 2021), Barnier launches political faction, fueling French presidential bid rumours Reuters.
  36. Elisa Braun (16 February 2021), Barnier gathers allies to support national ambitions Politico Europe.
  37. Richard Lough (2 December 2021), Pecresse emerges as favourite to win French centre-right's presidential ticket Reuters.
  38. News: Calcea . Nicu . 11 April 2022 . How the centre-left and centre-right in France collapsed . 25 April 2022 . New Statesman . 25 April 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220425175222/https://www.newstatesman.com/chart-of-the-day/2022/04/how-the-centre-left-and-centre-right-in-france-collapsed . live .
  39. News: 10 April 2022 . French Socialist, Green, conservative candidates back Macron in election run-off against Le Pen . 25 April 2022 . France 24 . 11 April 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220411222107/https://www.france24.com/en/europe/20220410-french-socialist-green-right-wing-candidates-back-macron-in-election-run-off-against-le-pen . live .
  40. Web site: Gozzi . Laura . 5 September 2024 . Michel Barnier's journey from Mr Brexit to French PM . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20240906030713/https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c36nd5l8k6wo . 6 September 2024 . 5 September 2024 . BBC News.
  41. Web site: Cohen . Roger . Breeden . Aurelian . 5 September 2024 . Breaking Impasse, Macron Names a Right-Wing Prime Minister . 6 September 2024 . The New York Times . 6 September 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240906010722/https://www.nytimes.com/2024/09/05/world/europe/france-prime-minister-barnier-macron.html . live .
  42. News: DIRECT. Législatives : Gérald Darmanin appelle le camp présidentiel à «travailler avec LR» . 16 July 2024 . Le Parisien . 16 July 2024 . 6 September 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240906030253/https://www.leparisien.fr/elections/legislatives/direct-legislatives-un-conseil-des-ministres-a-11h30-laurence-tubiana-proposee-pour-matignon-par-le-ps-et-le-pc-16-07-2024-NGAFO5QLHBCGNLRZJTTFXWXHLU.php . live .
  43. Web site: Beardsley . Eleanor . 5 September 2024 . France names conservative Michel Barnier as prime minister, irking leftist vote winners . 6 September 2024 . NPR . 6 September 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240906015403/https://www.npr.org/2024/09/05/nx-s1-5101536/france-prime-minister-michel-barnier . live .
  44. Web site: 5 September 2024 . Michel Barnier's first challenges as France's new PM . Reuters.
  45. Web site: Salaün . Tangi . Kar-Gupta . Sudip . 7 September 2024 . New French PM Barnier pledges to defend key Macron policies, hints at rightward shift . .
  46. News: 7 September 2024 . Michel Barnier is a PM representing a break in continuity . 8 September 2024 . en.
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