Metarhizium Explained

Metarhizium[1] is a genus of entomopathogenic fungi in the family Clavicipitaceae. With the advent of genetic profiling, placing these fungi in proper taxa has now become possible. Most turn out to be the asexual forms (anamorphs) of fungi in the phylum Ascomycota, including Metacordyceps spp.

Species

Before molecular techniques were introduced at the end of the 20th century, Metarhizium species were identified on morphological (notably conidial) characteristics. The 'original' species included: M. anisopliae (with M.a. var. major), M. brunneum, M. cicadinum, M. cylindrosporum, M. flavoviride, M. taii, M. truncatum, and M. viridicolumnare. In 2009, nine former varieties of the type species M. anisopliae were assigned species status.[2] New species have continued to be identified, with original names sometimes re-instated (notably M. brunneum). The first complete chromosome length genome sequence for any Metarhizium was carried-out for this species at Swansea University in 2021.[3]

The Index Fungorum currently (April 2024) lists:[4]

Other Reclassified Species Names

Teleomorphs

The teleomorphs of Metarhizium species appear to be members of the genus Metacordyceps.[7] Metacordyceps taii (as Cordyceps taii) has been described as the teleomorph of Metarhizium taii:[8] [9] a name that has now been restored.

Whether the other varieties of M. anisopliae have their own teleomorphs is not yet clear. Some, if not most, strains of M. anisopliae possibly have lost the capability of reproducing sexually.

Natural pesticide

The artificially grown fungi's spores are also used as a natural pesticide. Certain strains are advised against use in food-growing fields and in close proximity to water sources due to risk of their contamination.[10] [11]

Locust control

In the 1990s, the LUBILOSA research programme proved that M. acridum in its spore form was effective in killing locusts and other members of the Acrididea families with no deleterious effects found in field trials on any nontarget species except for the domesticated silk worm Bombyx mori.[12] It is currently produced as a biopesticide under the name Novacrid by the company Eléphant Vert in their factory in Meknès, Morocco.[13] The same company recently (2019) obtained the licence to produce and market the original product developed by LUBILOSA, which is called Green Muscle. A third product, Green Guard, is produced by BASF of Australia for the control of Australian plague locusts and wingless grasshoppers.[14]

Notes and References

  1. Sorokīn (1879) Veg. Parasitenk. Mensch Tieren 2: 268.
  2. A multilocus phylogeny of the Metarhizium anisopliae lineage. Mycologia. 101. 512–530. 2009. Bischoff J.F.. Rehner S.A. Humber R.A.. 10.3852/07-202. 19623931. 4. 2018-12-29. 2020-08-19. https://web.archive.org/web/20200819092353/https://naldc-legacy.nal.usda.gov/naldc/download.xhtml?id=32523&content=PDF. dead.
  3. Saud . Z. . Kortsinoglou . A.M. . Kouvelis . V.N. . Butt . T.M. . Telomere length de novo assembly of all 7 chromosomes and mitogenome sequencing of the model entomopathogenic fungus, Metarhizium brunneum, by means of a novel assembly pipeline . BMC Genomics . 22 . 2021 . 1 . 87 . 33509090 . 10.1186/s12864-021-07390-y. 7842015. free .
  4. http://www.speciesfungorum.org/Names/Names.asp Species fungorum search Metarhizium (retrieved 27 April 2024)
  5. Lombard L, Crous PW (2016) in: Lombard, Houbraken, Decock, Samson, Meijer, Réblová, Groenewald & Crous Persoonia 36: 177.
  6. Luangsa-ard, Thanakitpipattana (2017) in: Luangsa-ard, Mongkolsamrit, Thanakitpipattana, Khonsanit, Tasanathai, Noisripoom, Humber. Index Fungorum 345: 1.
  7. Phylogenetic classification of Cordyceps and the clavicipitaceous fungi. Studies in Mycology. 57. 5–59. 2007. Sung, G.-H.. Hywel-Jones, N.L.. Sung, J.-M.. Luangsa-ard, J.J.. Shrestha, B.. Spatafora, J.W.. amp. 18490993. 10.3114/sim.2007.57.01. 2104736.
  8. A new species of the genus Cordyceps and its Metarhizium anamorph. Acta Mycologica Sinica. 10. 257–262. 1991. Liang, Z.-Q.. Liu, A.-Y.. Liu, J.-L..
  9. Molecular evidence for the taxonomic status of Metarhizium taii and its teleomorph, Cordyceps taii (Hypocreales, Clavicipitaceae). Mycotaxon. 94. 137–147. 2005 . Huang B. . Li C. . Humber R.A. . Hodge K.T. . Fan M. . Li Z. .
  10. Web site: Metarhizium anisopliae strain F52 (029056) Biopesticide Fact Sheet. Environmental Protection Agency. Pennsylvania. June 1, 2003.
  11. In this case only Metarhizium anisopliae F52 strain is concerned.
  12. Lomer . C.J. . Bateman . R.P. . Johnson . D.L. . Langewald . J. . Thomas . M. . Biological Control of Locusts and Grasshoppers . Annual Review of Entomology . 46 . 667–702 . 2001 . 10.1146/annurev.ento.46.1.667 . 11112183.
  13. http://en.elephant-vert.com Eléphant Vert company website
  14. https://www.basf.com BASF website

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