Membrane steroid receptor explained

Membrane steroid receptors (mSRs), also called extranuclear steroid receptors, are a class of cell surface receptors activated by endogenous steroids that mediate rapid, non-genomic signaling via modulation of intracellular signaling cascades.^{[1] [2] [3] [4]} mSRs are another means besides classical nuclear steroid hormone receptors (SHRs) for steroids to mediate their biological effects. SHRs can produce slow genomic responses or rapid, non-genomic responses in the case of mSRs.^[5] __TOC__

List of membrane steroid receptors

Known groups of mSRs, by ligand, include:

• Membrane sex steroid receptors
  • Membrane estrogen receptors (mERs) – GPER, ER-X, ERx, G_q-mER; Nav1.2; palmitoylated nuclear receptors^[6]
  • Membrane progesterone receptors (mPRs) – PAQRs (mPRα, mPRβ, mPRγ, mPRδ, mPRϵ); PGRMC1, PGRMC2;^[6]
  • Membrane androgen receptors (mARs) – GPRC6A, OXER1, ZIP9; TRPM8;^[6] Cav1.2^[6]
• Membrane corticosteroid receptors
  • Membrane glucocorticoid receptors (mGRs) – caveolin-associated nuclear receptors; possible unidentified receptors^[6]
  • Membrane mineralocorticoid receptors (mMRs) – caveolin-associated NRs; diverse putative receptors^[6]

In addition, PDIA3 is a membrane receptor for the secosteroid calcitriol, the activated form of Vitamin D.^[7]

Notes and References

1. Levin ER . Translating extranuclear steroid receptor signaling to clinical medicine . Horm Cancer . 5 . 3 . 140–5 . 2014 . 24752388 . 4040225 . 10.1007/s12672-014-0179-9 .
2. Hammes SR, Levin ER . Minireview: Recent advances in extranuclear steroid receptor actions . Endocrinology . 152 . 12 . 4489–95 . 2011 . 22028449 . 3858720 . 10.1210/en.2011-1470 .
3. Sen A, Prizant H, Hammes SR . Understanding extranuclear (nongenomic) androgen signaling: what a frog oocyte can tell us about human biology . Steroids . 76 . 9 . 822–8 . 2011 . 21354434 . 10.1016/j.steroids.2011.02.016 . 4972037.
4. Watson. C. S.. Signaling Themes Shared Between Peptide and Steroid Hormones at the Plasma Membrane. Science Signaling. 1999. 12. 1999. pe1. 1945-0877. 10.1126/stke.1999.12.pe1. 11865187. 1317563.
5. W.Norman. A.. Mizwicki. M. T.. Norman. D. G.. Steroid-hormone rapid actions, membrane receptors and a conformational ensemble model. Nature Reviews Drug Discovery. January 2004. 3. 1. 27–41. 10.1038/nrd1283. 14708019. 17487277 .
6. Treviño . LS . Gorelick . DA . The Interface of Nuclear and Membrane Steroid Signaling. . Endocrinology . 1 August 2021 . 162 . 8 . bqab107 . 10.1210/endocr/bqab107 . 34038515 . 8214340.
7. Gaucci E, Raimondo D, Grillo C, Cervoni L, Altieri F, Nittari G, Eufemi M, Chichiarelli S . 6 . Analysis of the interaction of calcitriol with the disulfide isomerase ERp57 . Scientific Reports . 6 . 37957 . November 2016 . 27897272 . 10.1038/srep37957 . 5126700 . 2016NatSR...637957G .