1885 Explained

Events

January - March

• January 3 - 4  - Sino-French War  - Battle of Núi Bop: French troops under General Oscar de Négrier defeat a numerically superior Qing Chinese force, in northern Vietnam.
• January 17  - Mahdist War in Sudan  - Battle of Abu Klea: British troops defeat Mahdist forces.
• January 20  - American inventor LaMarcus Adna Thompson patents a roller coaster.
• January 24  - Irish rebels damage Westminster Hall and the Tower of London with dynamite.^[1]
• January 26  - Mahdist War in Sudan: Troops loyal to Mahdi Muhammad Ahmad conquer Khartoum; British commander Charles George Gordon is killed.^[2]
• February 5  - King Leopold II of Belgium establishes the Congo Free State, as a personal possession.
• February 9  - The first Japanese arrive in Hawaii.
• February 16  - Charles Dow publishes the first edition of the Dow Jones Industrial Average. The index stands at a level of 62.76, and represents the dollar average of 14 stocks: 12 railroads and two leading American industries.^[3]
• February 20  - The Richmond Football Club is officially formed at the Royal Hotel in the Melbourne suburb of Richmond, Victoria.^[4]
• February 21  - United States President Chester A. Arthur dedicates the Washington Monument.
• February 23
  • Sino-French War  - Battle of Đồng Đăng: France gains an important victory over China, in the Tonkin region of modern-day Vietnam.
  • An English executioner fails after several attempts to hang John Babbacombe Lee, sentenced for the murder of his employer Emma Keyse; Lee's sentence is commuted to life imprisonment.
• February 26  - The final act of the Berlin Conference regulates European colonization and trade, in the scramble for Africa.^[2]
• February 28  - February concludes without having a full moon.
• March 3  - A subsidiary of the American Bell Telephone Company, American Telephone and Telegraph (AT&T), is incorporated in New York.
• March 4  - Grover Cleveland is sworn in, as the 22nd president of the United States.
• March 7  - The Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Madrid is founded.
• March 14  - Gilbert and Sullivan's comic opera The Mikado opens, at the Savoy Theatre in London.^[5]
• March 26
  • Prussian deportations: The Prussian government, motivated by Otto von Bismarck, expels all ethnic Poles and Jews without German citizenship from Prussia.
  • The North-West Rebellion in Canada by the Métis people, led by Louis Riel, begins with the Battle of Duck Lake.
  • First legal cremation in England: widowed painter Jeanette Pickersgill of London, "well known in literary and scientific circles",^[6] is cremated by the Cremation Society at Woking, Surrey.
• March 30  - The Battle for Kushka triggers the Panjdeh Incident, which nearly gives rise to war between the British Empire and Russian Empire.
• March 31  - The United Kingdom establishes the Bechuanaland Protectorate.^[7]

April - June

• April 2  - Frog Lake Massacre: Cree warriors led by Wandering Spirit kill 9 settlers at Frog Lake in the Northwest Territories.
• April 3  - Gottlieb Daimler is granted a German patent, for his single-cylinder, water-cooled engine design.
• April 11  - Luton Town Football Club is created by the merger of (Luton) Wanderers F.C. and Luton Excelsior F.C. in England.
• April 14  - Sino-French War: A French victory at Kép causes China to withdraw its forces from Tonkin, in the final engagement of the conflict.
• April 22  - Symphony No. 7 (Dvořák) was premiered at St James's Hall in London.
• April 30  - A bill is signed in the New York State legislature, forming the Niagara Falls State Park.
• May 2
  • Good Housekeeping magazine goes on sale for the first time in the United States.
  • North-West Rebellion  - Battle of Cut Knife: Cree and Assiniboine warriors win their largest victory over Canadian forces.
• May 9 - 12  - North-West Rebellion  - Battle of Batoche: Canadian government forces inflict a decisive defeat on Métis rebels, bringing an end to their part in the rebellion.
• May 19  - After a three-month legislative battle in the Illinois General Assembly, John A. Logan is re-elected to the United States Senate.
• May 20  - The first public train departs Swanage railway station, on the newly built Swanage Railway in England.
• June 3  - Battle of Loon Lake: The Canadian North-West Mounted Police and allies force a party of Plains Cree warriors to surrender in the last skirmish of the North-West Rebellion, and the last battle fought on Canadian soil.
• June 17  - The Statue of Liberty arrives in New York Harbor.
• June 23  - Robert Gascoyne-Cecil, 3rd Marquess of Salisbury, becomes Prime Minister of the United Kingdom.

July - September

• July  - Japan Brewery, predecessor of Kirin Holdings is founded in Yokohama, Japan.
• July 6  - Louis Pasteur and Émile Roux successfully test their rabies vaccine. The patient is Joseph Meister, a boy who was bitten by a rabid dog.
• July 14  - Sarah E. Goode is the first African-American woman to apply for and receive a patent, for the invention of the hideaway bed.
• July 15  - The Reservation at Niagara Falls opens, enabling access to all for free. Thomas V. Welch is the first Superintendent of the Park.
• July 16  - BHP (Broken Hill Proprietary), a worldwide mining and natural gas producer is founded in New South Wales, Australia.^[8]
• July 20  - The Football Association recognises professional players in England.
• July 28  - Louis Riel's trial for treason begins in Regina.
• August 19  - S Andromedae, the only supernova seen in the Andromeda Galaxy so far by astronomers, and the first ever noted outside the Milky Way, is discovered.

• August 29  - Gottlieb Daimler is granted a German patent for the Daimler Reitwagen, regarded as the first motorcycle, which he has produced with Wilhelm Maybach.^[9]
• September 2  - The Rock Springs massacre occurs in Rock Springs, Wyoming; 150 white miners attack their Chinese coworkers, killing 28, wounding 15, and forcing several hundred more out of town.
• September 6  - Eastern Rumelia declares its union with Bulgaria, completing the unification of Bulgaria.
• September 8  - Saint Thomas Academy is founded in Minnesota.
• September 12  - Arbroath FC defeats Bon Accord FC, 36-0, in the highest score ever in professional football.
• September 15  - A train wreck of the P. T. Barnum Circus kills giant elephant Jumbo, at St. Thomas, Ontario.
• September 18  - The union of Eastern Rumelia with Bulgaria is proclaimed at Plovdiv.
• September 30  - A British force abolishes the Boer republic of Stellaland, and adds it to British Bechuanaland.

October - December

• October 3  - Millwall F.C. is founded by workers on the Isle of Dogs in London, as Millwall Rovers.
• October 12  - The city of Fresno, California, is incorporated.
• October 13  - The Georgia Institute of Technology is established in Atlanta as the Georgia School of Technology.
• October 25  - Symphony No. 4 (Brahms) is premiered in Meiningen, Germany, with Johannes Brahms himself conducting it.
• November  - The Third Anglo-Burmese War begins.
• November 7  - Canadian Pacific Railway: In Craigellachie, British Columbia, construction ends on a railway extending across Canada. Prime Minister John A. Macdonald considers the project to be vital to Canada, due to the exponentially greater potential for military mobility.
• November 14 - 28  - Serbo-Bulgarian War: Serbia declares war against Bulgaria, but is defeated in the Battle of Slivnitsa on November 17 - 19.
• November 16  - Louis Riel, Canadian rebel leader of the Métis, is executed for high treason.
• December 1  - The U.S. Patent Office acknowledges this date as the day Dr Pepper is served for the first time; the exact date of Dr. Pepper's invention is unknown.
• December 28  - 72 Indian lawyers, academics and journalists gather in Bombay to form the Congress Party.

Date unknown

• Karl Benz produces the Benz Patent-Motorwagen, regarded as the first automobile (patented and publicly launched the following year).^[10]
• John Kemp Starley demonstrates the Rover safety bicycle, regarded as the first practical modern bicycle.^[11]
• The Home Insurance Building in Chicago, designed by William Le Baron Jenney, is completed. With ten floors and a fireproof weight-bearing metal frame, it is regarded as the first skyscraper.^[12]
• Bicycle Playing Cards are first produced.
• The Soldiers' and Sailors' Families Association is established in the United Kingdom, to provide charitable assistance.
• Camp Dudley, the oldest continually running boys' camp in the United States, is founded.
• John Ormsby publishes his new English translation of Don Quixote, acclaimed as the most scholarly made up to that time. It will remain in print through the 20th century.
• Michigan Technological University (originally Michigan Mining School) opens its doors for the first time, in the future Houghton County Fire Hall.
• Chuo Law College, as predecessor of Chuo University, founded in Kanda, Tokyo, Japan.
• Before November 1 – More than 24,000 Christians killed, 225 churches burnt, seventeen orphanages and ten convents destroyed in Cochinchina, now known as Vietnam.^[13]

Births

January

• January 6  - Florence Turner, American actress (d. 1946)
• January 8  - John Curtin, 14th Prime Minister of Australia (d. 1945)
• January 11
  • Jack Hoxie, American actor, rodeo performer (d. 1965)
  • Alice Paul, American women's rights activist (d. 1977)
• January 12
  • Harry Benjamin, American endocrinologist, sexologist (d. 1986)
  • Claude Fuess, American author, historian and headmaster (d. 1963)
• January 14  - Constantin Sănătescu, 44th prime minister of Romania (d. 1947)
• January 16  - Zhou Zuoren, Chinese writer (d. 1967)
• January 17  - Nikolaus von Falkenhorst, German general and war criminal (d. 1968)
• January 21  - Umberto Nobile, Italian aviator and explorer (d. 1978)
• January 25  - Roy Geiger, American general (d. 1947)
• January 26  - Harry Ricardo, English mechanical engineer, engine pioneer (d. 1974)
• January 27
  • Jerome Kern, American composer (d. 1945)
  • Harry Ruby, American musician, composer, and writer (d. 1974)
• January 28  - Władysław Raczkiewicz, President of Poland (d. 1947)
• January 30  - John Henry Towers, U. S.admiral and naval aviation pioneer (d. 1955)

February

• February 1  - Friedrich Kellner, German diarist (d. 1970)
• February 7
  • Sinclair Lewis, American writer, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1951)^[14]
  • Hugo Sperrle, German field marshal (d. 1953)
• February 9  - Alban Berg, Austrian composer (d. 1935)
• February 10  - Rupert Downes, Australian general (d. 1945)
• February 13
  • George Fitzmaurice, French-American motion picture director (d. 1940)
  • Bess Truman, First Lady of the United States (d. 1982)
• February 14  - Zengo Yoshida, Japanese admiral (d. 1966)
• February 21  - Sacha Guitry, Russian-born French dramatist, writer, director, and actor (d. 1957)^[15]
• February 22  - Pat Sullivan, Australian-born American director, animated film producer (d. 1933)
• February 24
  • Chester W. Nimitz, American admiral (d. 1966)^[16]
  • Stanisław Ignacy Witkiewicz, Polish writer, painter (d. 1939)
• February 25  - Princess Alice of Battenberg (d. 1969)^[17]
• February 26  - Aleksandras Stulginskis, President of Lithuania (d. 1969)

March

• March 6  - Ring Lardner, American writer (d. 1933)
• March 7  - John Tovey, British admiral of the fleet (d. 1971)
• March 11  - Sir Malcolm Campbell, English land, water racer (d. 1948)
• March 14  - Raoul Lufbery, French-born American World War I pilot (d. 1918)
• March 23  - Mollie McNutt, Australian poet (d. 1919)
• March 27  - Julio Lozano Díaz, President of Honduras (d. 1957)
• March 31  - Jules Pascin, Bulgarian painter (d. 1930)

April

• • • April 1 Wallace Beery, American actor (d. 1949)
  • Clementine Churchill, wife of British Prime Minister Winston Churchill (d. 1977)
• April 3
  • Allan Dwan, Canadian-born American film director (d. 1981)
  • Bud Fisher, American cartoonist (Mutt and Jeff) (d. 1954)
  • St John Philby, Ceylonese-born British orientalist (d. 1960)
• April 12  - Hermann Hoth, German general (d. 1971)
• April 13
  • John Cunningham, British admiral (d. 1962)
  • Otto Plath, American father of poet Sylvia Plath, entomologist (d. 1940)
• April 15 – Tadeusz Kutrzeba, Polish general (d. 1947)
• April 16  - Charles Debbas, 1st president, 5th prime minister of Lebanon (d. 1935)
• April 17  - Karen Blixen, Danish author (d. 1962)^[18]
• April 29  - Frank Jack Fletcher, American admiral (d. 1973)

May

• May 2  - Hedda Hopper, American columnist (d. 1966)
• May 5  - Agustín Barrios, Paraguayan guitarist, composer (d. 1944)
• May 7  - George "Gabby" Hayes, American actor (d. 1969)
• May 8  - Thomas B. Costain, Canadian author and journalist (d. 1965)^[19]
• May 9  - Eduard C. Lindeman, American social worker, author (d. 1953)
• May 14  - Otto Klemperer, German conductor (d. 1973)
• May 15
  • Robert James Hudson, Governor of Southern Rhodesia (d. 1963)
  • Naokuni Nomura, Japanese admiral and Minister of the Navy (d. 1973)
• May 20  - Faisal I of Iraq (d. 1933)
• May 21  - Sophie, Princess of Albania, consort of William of Wied, Prince of Albania (d. 1936)
• May 22  - Toyoda Soemu, Japanese admiral (d. 1957)
• May 24  - Susan Sutherland Isaacs, English educational psychologist, psychoanalyst (d. 1948)
• May 27  - Richmond K. Turner, American admiral (d. 1961)
• May 30  - Arthur E. Andersen, American accountant (d. 1947)

June

• June 2  - Hans Gerhard Creutzfeldt, German neuropathologist (d. 1964)
• June 4  - Arturo Rawson, President of Argentina (d. 1952)
• June 5  - Georges Mandel, French politician, World War II hero (d. 1944)
• June 9
  • John Edensor Littlewood, British mathematician (d. 1977)
  • Felicjan Sławoj Składkowski, Prime Minister of Poland (d. 1962)
  • Harry Gribbon, American comedy actor (d. 1961)
• June 21  - Harry A. Marmer, Ukrainian-born American mathematician, oceanographer (d. 1953)
• June 22  - Milan Vidmar, Slovenian electrical engineer, chess player (d. 1962)
• June 27  - Guilhermina Suggia, Portuguese cellist (d. 1950)^[20]
• June 29  - Izidor Kürschner, Hungarian football player and coach (d. 1941)^[21]

July

• July 2  - Nikolai Krylenko, Russian Bolshevik and Soviet politician (d. 1938)
• July 4  - Louis B. Mayer, American film producer (d. 1957)
• July 6  - Ernst Busch, German field marshal (d. 1945)
• July 8  - Paul Leni, German film director (The Cat and the Canary) (d. 1929)
• July 9  - Luo Meizhen, Chinese supercentenarian (d. 2013)
• July 14  - King Sisavang Vong of Laos (d. 1959)
• July 15
  • Abd al-Rahman al-Mahdi, 1st prime minister of Sudan (d. 1959)
• July 16  - Hakuun Yasutani, Japanese Sōtō rōshi (d. 1973)
• July 19
  • Dumitru Coroamă, Romanian soldier and fascist activist (d. 1956)
  • Aristides de Sousa Mendes, Portuguese diplomat, humanitarian (d. 1954)
• July 20  - Michitarō Komatsubara, Japanese general (d. 1940)
• July 28  - Monte Attell, American boxer (d. 1960)
• July 29  - Theda Bara, American silent film actress (d. 1955)

August

• August 1  - George de Hevesy, Hungarian chemist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1966)

September

• September 6  - Otto Kruger, American actor (d. 1974)
• September 7  - Jovita Idar, Mexican-American journalist and political activist (d. 1946)
• September 11  - D. H. Lawrence, English novelist (d. 1930)^[22]
• September 20  - Enrico Mizzi, 6th Prime Minister of Malta (d. 1950)
• September 21  - Thomas de Hartmann, Russian composer (d. 1956)
• September 22
  • Ben Chifley, 16th Prime Minister of Australia (d. 1951)
  • Erich von Stroheim, Austrian-born motion picture actor, director (d. 1957)
• September 25  - Mineichi Koga, Japanese admiral (d. 1944)
• September 27  - Harry Blackstone Sr., American magician and illusionist (d. 1965)

October

• October 3  - Sophie Treadwell, American playwright, journalist (d. 1970)
• October 7  - Niels Bohr, Danish physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1962)
• October 11  - François Mauriac, French writer, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1970)^[23]
• October 19  - Charles E. Merrill, American banker, co-founder of Merrill Lynch (d. 1956)
• October 24  - Rachel Katznelson-Shazar, Zionist political figure, wife of third President of Israel (d. 1975)
• October 28  - Per Albin Hansson, 2-time prime minister of Sweden (d. 1946)
• October 30  - Ezra Pound, American poet (d. 1972)^[24]

November

• November 1  - Anton Flettner, German aviation engineer, inventor (d. 1961)
• November 2  - Harlow Shapley, American astronomer (d. 1972)
• November 5  - Will Durant, American philosopher, writer (d. 1981)
• November 8  - Tomoyuki Yamashita, Japanese general (d. 1946)
• November 9 (October 28 (O.S.))  - Velimir Khlebnikov, Russian poet (d. 1922)
• November 11  - George S. Patton, American general (d. 1945)
• November 15  - Frederick Handley-Page, British aviation pioneer, aircraft company founder (d. 1962)
• November 26  - Heinrich Brüning, Chancellor of Germany 1930-1932 (d. 1970)
• November 30
  • Albert Kesselring, German field marshal (d. 1960)
  • Ma Zhanshan, Chinese general (d. 1950)

December

• December 2  - George Minot, American physician, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (d. 1950)
• December 13  - Mario Talavera, Mexican songwriter (d. 1960)
• December 19
  • John Lavarack, Australian general, Governor of Queensland (1946-1957) (d. 1957)
  • King Oliver, American jazz musician (d. 1938)

Date unknown

• Geza von Hoffmann, Austrian-Hungarian eugenicist and writer (d. 1921)^[25]
• Alessandro Tonini, Italian aeronautical engineer and aircraft designer and manufacturer (d. 1932)

Deaths

January - June

• January 11  - Mariano Ospina Rodríguez, President of Colombia (b. 1805)
• January 13  - Schuyler Colfax, 17th Vice President of the United States (b. 1823)
• January 26  - Charles "Chinese" Gordon, British general (killed in battle) (b. 1833)
• February 1  - Sidney Gilchrist Thomas, British inventor (b. 1850)
• February 7  - Iwasaki Yataro, Japanese industrialist, Founder of Mitsubishi (b. 1835)
• February 8  - Nikolai Severtzov, Russian explorer, naturalist (b. 1827)
• February 19  - José María Pinedo, Argentinian naval commander (b. 1795)
• March 12  - Próspero Fernández Oreamuno, President of Costa Rica (b. 1834)
• March 13  - Giorgio Mitrovich, Maltese politician (b. 1795)^[26]
• March 22  - Sir Harry Smith Parkes, British diplomat (b. 1828)
• April 2  - Justo Rufino Barrios, Central American leader (b. 1835)
• April 6  - Eduard Vogel von Falckenstein, Prussian general (b. 1797)
• April 25  - Queen Emma of Hawaii (b. 1836)
• May 2  - Terézia Zakoucs, Hungarian Slovene author (b. 1817)
• May 4  - Irvin McDowell, American general (b. 1818)
• May 17  - Jonathan Young, United States Navy commodore (b. 1826)
• May 19  - Robert Emmet Odlum, American swimming instructor (died as result of becoming the first person to jump from the Brooklyn Bridge) (b. 1851)
• May 20  - Frederick Theodore Frelinghuysen, 29th United States Secretary of State (b. 1817)
• May 22  - Victor Hugo, French author (b. 1802)^[27]
• June 11  - Amédée Courbet, French admiral (b. 1827)
• June 17  - Edwin Freiherr von Manteuffel, German field marshal (b. 1809)
• June 22  - Muhammad Ahmad, Sudanese Mahdi (b. 1844)

July - December

• July 21  - Karolina Sobańska, Polish noble, agent (b. 1795)
• July 23  - Ulysses S. Grant, 63, American Civil War general, 18th President of the United States (b. 1822)
• August  - Aga Khan II, Iranian religious leader (b. 1830)
• August 6  - Emil Zsigmondy, Austrian mountaineer (b. 1861)
• August 10  - James W. Marshall, American contractor, builder of Sutter's Mill (b. 1810)
• August 29  - Moriz Ludassy, Hungarian journalist (b. 1825)
• September 2  - Giuseppe Bonavia, Maltese architect (b. 1821)
• September 5  - Zuo Zongtang, Chinese general and politician (b. 1812)
• September 6  - Narcís Monturiol, Catalan intellectual, artist and engineer, inventor of the first combustion engine-driven submarine, which was propelled by an early form of air-independent propulsion (b. 1819)
  • • September 15 Jumbo, African elephant, star attraction in P. T. Barnum's circus (train accident) (b. 1861)
  • Carl Spitzweg, German romanticist painter (b. 1808)
• October 1  - Anthony Ashley-Cooper, 7th Earl of Shaftesbury, British politician and philanthropist (b.1801)
• October 3  - Mazhar Nanautawi, Indian freedom struggle activist and founding figure of Mazahir Uloom (b. 1821)
• October 5  - Thomas C. Durant, American railroad financier (b. 1820)
• October 29
  • George B. McClellan, American Civil War general, politician (b. 1826)
  • Juan Bautista Topete, Spanish admiral and politician (b. 1821)
• November 16  - Louis Riel, Canadian-American leader (executed) (b. 1844)
• November 8  - John McCullough, Irish-American actor (b. 1832)
• November 24  - Nicolás Avellaneda, Argentine president (b. 1837)
• November 25
  • King Alfonso XII of Spain (b. 1857)
  • Thomas Hendricks, 21st Vice President of the United States (b. 1819)
• November 26  - Thomas Andrews, Irish chemist (b. 1813)
• December 8  - William Henry Vanderbilt, American entrepreneur (b. 1821)
• December 13  - Benjamin Gratz Brown, American politician (b. 1826)
• December 15  - Ferdinand II of Portugal, consort of Queen Maria II (b. 1816)

Date unknown

• Eugenia Kisimova, Bulgarian feminist, philanthropist and women's rights activist (b. 1831)

In fiction

• September 2 - September 7  - The film Back to the Future Part III takes place during this time. Dr. Emmett Brown is initially murdered by Buford "Mad Dog" Tannen in Hill Valley, California (1885); however, Marty McFly later prevents this murder.
• The stage "Bury My Shell at Wounded Knee", in the 1992 video game , is set in this year.
• The Nickelodeon TV movie, Lost in the West, takes place in this year.
• The plot of An American Tail is set in this period.
• Stephen Gordon, protagonist of The Well of Loneliness, is born on 24th December 1885.

Further reading

• Appletons' Annual Cyclopedia and Register of Important Events of the Year 1885 . Appletons' Annual Cyclopedia and Register of Important Events of the Year . 25 . 1887 . 42 v . . New York . 2027/hvd.hb0r95 .

Notes and References

1. Book: Palmer, Alan. Palmer . Veronica. 1992. The Chronology of British History. Century Ltd. London. 310–311. 0-7126-5616-2.
2. Book: Williams, Hywel. Cassell's Chronology of World History. London. Weidenfeld & Nicolson. 2005. 0-304-35730-8. 438–440.
3. http://articles.philly.com/1995-02-24/news/25702996_1_blue-chip-stocks-industrial-shares-index Dow Record Book Adds Another First
4. Hansen (1992), p. 28.
5. Book: The Hutchinson Factfinder. Helicon. 1999. 1-85986-000-1.
6. News: Cremation. The Times. London. 1885-03-27. 10. 31405.
7. Book: Mackenzie, John . . Austral Africa: Losing It or Ruling It; Being Incidents and Experiences in Bechuanaland, Cape Colony, and England . London . April 10, 2018 . 1887 . https://web.archive.org/web/20180412145903/https://www.wdl.org/en/item/2525/ . April 12, 2018 . dead .
8. News: Silverton . 8 February 2022 . . 30 July 1885 . Melbourne, Vic. . 10.
9. Book: Gardiner, Mark. Classic motorcycles. MetroBooks. 1997. 1-56799-460-1. 16.
10. Book: Benz, Carl Friedrich. 1925. Lebensfahrt eines deutschen erfinders; erinnerungen eines achtzigjahrigen. Leipzig. Koehler & Amelang.
11. Web site: Icons of Invention: Rover safety bicycle, 1885. Making the Modern World. Science Museum (London). 2011-06-27. https://web.archive.org/web/20110522112647/http://www.makingthemodernworld.org.uk/icons_of_invention/technology/1880-1939/IC.025/ . May 22, 2011. live.
12. Web site: Home Insurance Building. SkyscraperPage. 2011-06-27. https://web.archive.org/web/20110629092831/http://skyscraperpage.com/cities/?buildingID=10370 . June 29, 2011. live.
13. News: 24,346 Christians Massacred, Altogether, In Cochin-China . The Cornishman . 387 . 17 December 1885 . 8.
14. Book: Martin Bucco. G. K. Hall & Company. Critical Essays on Sinclair Lewis. 1986. G.K. Hall. 978-0-8161-8698-3. 1.
15. Book: Radio Liberty Research Bulletin. 1985. Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty. 8.
16. Book: Richard R. Hobbs. Naval Science. 1997. Naval Institute Press. 978-1-55750-373-2. 160.
17. Book: Smith . Lyn . Heroes of the Holocaust: Ordinary Britons Who Risked Their Lives to Make a Difference . 2012 . Ebury Publishing . 978-0-09-194067-6 . 171 . en.
18. Book: O. Classe. [Anonymus AC02468681]. Encyclopedia of Literary Translation Into English: A-L. 2000. Taylor & Francis. 978-1-884964-36-7. 158.
19. Book: Current Biography: Who's News and Why, 1953. June 1953. Hw Wilson Company. 978-0-8242-0119-7. 124.
20. Obituary, The Musical Times, September 1950, p. 362
21. Web site: Ezen a napon született Kürschner Izidor, a kiváló játékos és világjáró edző, akinek Brazíliában szobrot állítottak. www.mtkbudapest.hu.
22. Book: John Worthen. D. H. Lawrence: The Early Years 1885-1912: The Cambridge Biography of D. H. Lawrence. 31 July 1992. Cambridge University Press. 978-0-521-43772-1. 23.
23. Book: K. R. Srinivasa Iyengar. Francois Mauriac: Novelist & Moralist. 1963. Asia Publishing House. 2.
24. Book: Lawrence S. Rainey. Ezra Pound and the Monument of Culture: Text, History, and the Malatesta Cantos. 15 December 1991. University of Chicago Press. 978-0-226-70316-9. 43.
25. Turda, Marius, and Paul Weindling. "Blood and Homeland": Eugenics and Racial Nationalism in Central and Southeast Europe, 1900-1940. Budapest: Central European UP, 2007. pp. 1 Print.
26. News: Mangion . Fabian . Recalling a brave, sincere patriot forgotten by Malta . . 8 March 2015 . https://web.archive.org/web/20181225125956/https://www.timesofmalta.com/articles/view/20150308/life-features/Recalling-a-brave-sincere-patriot-forgotten-by-Malta.559170 . December 25, 2018 . December 24, 2018 . live . mdy-all .
27. Book: Albert W. Halsall. Victor Hugo and the Romantic Drama. 1 January 1998. University of Toronto Press. 978-0-8020-4322-1. 206.