Megalocnidae Explained

Megalocnidae is an extinct family (alternatively considered to be a superfamily as Megalocnoidea) of sloths, native to the islands of the Greater Antilles from the Early Oligocene to the Mid-Holocene. They are known from Cuba, Hispaniola and Puerto Rico, but are absent from Jamaica. While they were formerly placed in the Megalonychidae alongside two-toed sloths and ground sloths like Megalonyx, recent mitochondrial DNA and collagen sequencing studies place them as the earliest diverging group basal to all other sloths.[1] [2] or as an outgroup to Megatherioidea.[3] They displayed significant diversity in body size and lifestyle, with Megalocnus being terrestrial and probably weighing several hundred kilograms, while Neocnus was likely arboreal and similar in weight to extant tree sloths, at less than 10 kilograms.

Origin

It is thought that sloths arrived in the Caribbean from South America (where they arose) around the Eocene-Oligocene boundary about 33 million years ago, when there was a significant sea level drop caused by a glaciation episode.[4] This has been associated with the GAARlandia (Greater Aves Antilles Ridge) hypothesis, where the Aves Ridge is suggested to have formed a land bridge during the interval, allowing overland migration into the Greater Antilles. The existence of such a land bridge has been questioned because of the lack of geological evidence for the Aves Ridge having been subaerially exposed[5] as well as the fact that many other South American animals (such as marsupials and ungulates) are absent from the Greater Antilles, making a complete land bridge unlikely.[6] The earliest evidence suggesting the presence of sloths in the Caribbean is a partial femur from the Early Oligocene of Puerto Rico.[7] Other pre-Pleistocene fossil remains include Imagocnus from the Early Miocene of Cuba,[8] and an indeterminate species from the Late Miocene of the Dominican Republic.

Description

Megalocnid sloths were relatively small compared to mainland ground sloths,[9] though they were the largest mammals native to the Caribbean islands with the largest species Megalocnus rodens estimated to weigh around 146kg (322lb) or 270kg (600lb), with the smallest genera Neocnus and Acratocnus estimated to only weigh NaNkg (-2,147,483,648lb).

Ecology

Like other sloths megalocnids were probably folivores, with some authors suggesting that based on the anatomy of their limbs, that Neocnus and Acratocnus were likely climbing animals.

Taxonomy

The taxonomy of Caribbean sloths is in flux, with the number of species present among the Pleistocene-Holocene taxa in question; some species are likely junior synonyms, while the diversity of some genera is probably understated. The mitochondrial DNA study suggests that Acratocnus ye and Parocnus serus are deeply divergent from each other, having split during the Oligocene, suggesting an early radiation within the group. An alternative taxonomy of the group has been proposed including the families Acratocnidae and Parocnidae within a new superfamily, Megalocnoidea.

Based on White and MacPhee (2001):[10] and Vinola-Lopez et al. 2022[11]

For other sloth taxa of the Caribbean, see Pilosans of the Caribbean.

Phylogeny

The following sloth family phylogenetic tree is based on collagen and mitochondrial DNA sequence data (see Fig. 4 of Presslee et al., 2019).

Extinction

Sloths in the Caribbean survived about 5,000 years longer than ground sloths on the mainland. On Cuba the latest date for Megalocnus is calibrated 4700 years Before Present (BP). approximately 2700 BC.[14] while dates for Parocnus browni are around 6250 BP (4250 BC). On Hispaniola the dates for some indeterminate sloth specimens are around 5000 BP (3000 BC); these dates roughly coincide with the first settlement of the Caribbean, which suggests that humans were the cause of the extinction.[15] Remains Caribbean sloths have been found in a number of archaeological sites suggesting that they may have been consumed by the earliest inhabitants of the Caribbean, although evidence of hunting is inconclusive.[16]

Notes and References

  1. Delsuc. F.. Kuch. M.. Gibb. G.C.. Karpinski. E.. Hackenberger. D.. Szpak. P.. Martínez. J.G.. Mead. J.I.. McDonald. H.G.. MacPhee. R.D.E.. Billet. G.. June 2019. Ancient Mitogenomes Reveal the Evolutionary History and Biogeography of Sloths. Current Biology. 29. 12. 2031–2042.e6. 10.1016/j.cub.2019.05.043. 31178321. free. 2019CBio...29E2031D. 11336/136908. free.
  2. Presslee. S.. Slater. G.J.. Pujos. F.. Forasiepi. A.M.. Fischer. R.. Molloy. K.. Mackie. M.. Olsen. J.V.. Kramarz. A.. Taglioretti. M.. Scaglia. F.. July 2019. Palaeoproteomics resolves sloth relationships. Nature Ecology & Evolution. 3. 7. 1121–1130. 10.1038/s41559-019-0909-z. 31171860. 2019NatEE...3.1121P. 174813630.
  3. Tejada . Julia V . Antoine . Pierre-Olivier . Münch . Philippe . Billet . Guillaume . Hautier . Lionel . Delsuc . Frédéric . Condamine . Fabien L . 2023-12-02 . Wright . April . Bayesian Total-Evidence Dating Revisits Sloth Phylogeny and Biogeography: A Cautionary Tale on Morphological Clock Analyses . Systematic Biology . 73 . 1 . 125–139 . en . 10.1093/sysbio/syad069 . 1063-5157. free . 38041854 . 11129595 .
  4. Houben. A.J.P.. van Mourik. C.A.. Montanari. A.. Coccioni. R.. Brinkhuis. H.. June 2012. The Eocene–Oligocene transition: Changes in sea level, temperature or both?. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology. 335-336. 75–83. 10.1016/j.palaeo.2011.04.008. 2012PPP...335...75H.
  5. Ali. Jason R.. March 2012. Colonizing the Caribbean: is the GAARlandia land-bridge hypothesis gaining a foothold?: Commentary . Journal of Biogeography. 39. 3. 431–433. 10.1111/j.1365-2699.2011.02674.x. 84576035 .
  6. Ali . Jason R. . Hedges . S. Blair . November 2021 . Hoorn . Carina . Colonizing the Caribbean: New geological data and an updated land-vertebrate colonization record challenge the GAARlandia land-bridge hypothesis . Journal of Biogeography . en . 48 . 11 . 2699–2707 . 10.1111/jbi.14234 . 238647106 . 0305-0270. free . 2021JBiog..48.2699A .
  7. MacPhee, R.D.E.. Iturralde-Vinent, M.A.. 1995. Origin of the Greater Antillean land mammal fauna, 1: New Tertiary fossils from Cuba and Puerto Rico. American Museum Novitates. 3141. 1–31. 2246/3657.
  8. MacPhee, R.D.E.. Iturralde-Vinent, M.A.. Gaffney, E.S.. amp. 2003. Domo de Zaza, an early Miocene vertebrate locality in south-central Cuba, with notes on the tectonic evolution of Puerto Rico and the Mona Passage. American Museum Novitates. 3394. 1–42. 10.1206/0003-0082(2003)394<0001:DDZAEM>2.0.CO;2. 2246/2820. 55615855.
  9. McDonald . H. Gregory . 2023-06-06 . A Tale of Two Continents (and a Few Islands): Ecology and Distribution of Late Pleistocene Sloths . Land . en . 12 . 6 . 1192 . 10.3390/land12061192 . free . 2073-445X.
  10. Book: White . J.L.. MacPhee . R.D.E. . Biogeography of the West Indies: Patterns and Perspectives . Woods . C. A. . Sergile . F. E. . . 2001 . The sloths of the West Indies: a systematic and phylogenetic review . https://books.google.com/books?id=f33LBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA201 . 201–235 . Boca Raton, London, New York, and Washington, D.C. . 10.1201/9781420039481-14 . 978-0-8493-2001-9.
  11. Viñola-Lopez . Lazaro W. . Suárez . Elson E. Core . Vélez-Juarbe . Jorge . Milan . Juan N. Almonte . Bloch . Jonathan I. . May 2022 . The oldest known record of a ground sloth (Mammalia, Xenarthra, Folivora) from Hispaniola: evolutionary and paleobiogeographical implications . Journal of Paleontology . en . 96 . 3 . 684–691 . 10.1017/jpa.2021.109 . 2022JPal...96..684V . 245401150 . 0022-3360. free .
  12. McAfee. R.K.. Beery. S.M.. 2019-06-04. Intraspecific variation of Megalonychid sloths from Hispaniola and the taxonomic implications. Historical Biology. 33. 3. 371–386. 10.1080/08912963.2019.1618294. 195403443.
  13. McAfee. Robert. Beery. Sophia. Rimoli. Renato. Almonte. Juan. Lehman. Phillip. Cooke. Siobhan. 2021-08-31. New species of the ground sloth Parocnus from the late Pleistocene-early Holocene of Hispaniola. Vertebrate Anatomy Morphology Palaeontology. en. 9. 1. 10.18435/vamp29369. 2292-1389. free.
  14. MacPhee. R. D. E.. Iturralde-Vinent. M. A.. Vázquez. Osvaldo Jiménez. January 2007. Prehistoric Sloth Extinctions in Cuba: Implications of a New "Last" Appearance Date. Caribbean Journal of Science. en. 43. 1. 94–98. 10.18475/cjos.v43i1.a9. 56003217. 0008-6452.
  15. Steadman. D. W.. Martin. P. S.. MacPhee. R. D. E.. Jull. A. J. T.. McDonald. H. G.. Woods. C. A.. Iturralde-Vinent. M.. Hodgins. G. W. L.. 2005-08-16. Asynchronous extinction of late Quaternary sloths on continents and islands. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. en. 102. 33. 11763–11768. 10.1073/pnas.0502777102. 0027-8424. 1187974. 16085711. 2005PNAS..10211763S. free .
  16. Orihuela . Johanset . Viñola . Lázaro W. . Jiménez Vázquez . Osvaldo . Mychajliw . Alexis M. . Hernández de Lara . Odlanyer . Lorenzo . Logel . Soto-Centeno . J. Angel . December 2020 . Assessing the role of humans in Greater Antillean land vertebrate extinctions: New insights from Cuba . Quaternary Science Reviews . en . 249 . 106597 . 10.1016/j.quascirev.2020.106597.

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