McIntosh and Fildes' anaerobic jar explained

McIntosh and Fildes' anaerobic jar
Uses:	Production of an anaerobic environment
Inventor:	Paul Fildes and James McIntosh

McIntosh and Fildes' anaerobic jar is an instrument used in the production of an anaerobic environment. This method of anaerobiosis as others is used to culture bacteria which die or fail to grow in presence of oxygen (anaerobes).^{[1] [2]} It was originally introduced by James McIntosh, Paul Fildes and William Bulloch in 1916.^[3] McIntosh and Fildes, after whom the device has been named, published an improved version in 1921.^[4]

Construction

The jar, about 20x is made of metal. Its parts are as follows:

1. The body made up of metal (airtight)
2. The lid, also metal can be placed in an airtight fashion
3. A screw going through a curved metal strip to secure and hold the lid in place
4. A thermometer to measuring the internal temperature
5. A pressure gauge to measuring the internal pressure (or a side tube is attached to a manometer)
6. Another side tube for evacuation and introduction of gases (to a gas cylinder or a vacuum pump)
7. A wire cage hanging from the lid to hold a catalyst that makes hydrogen react to oxygen without the need of any ignition source

Method of use

• First:

1. The culture: The culture media are placed inside the jar, stacked up one on the other, and
2. Indicator system: Pseudomonas aeruginosa, inoculated on to a nutrient agar plate is kept inside the jar along with the other plates. This bacteria need oxygen to grow (aerobic). A growth free culture plate at the end of the process indicates a successful anaerobiosis. However, P. aeruginosa possesses a denitrification pathway. If nitrate is present in the media, P. aeruginosa may still grow under anaerobic conditions.

• Second: ⁶/₇^ths of the air inside is pumped out and replaced with either unmixed Hydrogen or as a 10%CO₂+90%H₂ mixture. The catalyst (Palladium) acts and the oxygen is used up in forming water with the hydrogen. The manometer registers this as a fall in the internal pressure of the jar.
• Third: Hydrogen is pumped in to fill up the jar so that the pressure inside equals atmospheric pressure. The jar is now incubated at desired temperature settings.

Notes and References

1. Textbook of Microbiology by Prof. C P Baveja,
2. Textbook of Microbiology by Ananthanarayan and Panikar,
3. Mcintosh . James . Fildes . Paul . Bulloch . William . 1916 . A new apparatus for the isolation ans cultivation of anaerobic microorganisms. . The Lancet . 187 . 4832 . 768–770 . 10.1016/s0140-6736(01)11835-0 . 0140-6736.
4. McIntosh . John . Fildes . Paul . Paul Fildes . 31 March 1921 . An Improved Form of McIntosh and Fildes' Anaërobic Jar . British Journal of Experimental Pathology . 2 . 3 . 153–154. 2047683 .