Hotel McAlpin explained

Herald Towers
Former Names:Hotel McAlpin
Location:1282-1300 Broadway
Manhattan, New York
Start Date:1911
Completion Date:1912
Architect:Frank Mills Andrews
Height:308feet
Floors:25
References:[1]

Herald Towers, formerly the Hotel McAlpin, is a residential condominium building on Herald Square, along Broadway between 33rd and 34th Streets, in the Midtown Manhattan neighborhood of New York City. Constructed from 1910 to 1912 by the Greeley Square Hotel Company, it operated as a short-term hotel until 1976. The building was designed by Frank Mills Andrews in the Italian Renaissance style and was the largest hotel in the world at the time of its completion, with 1,500 guestrooms. The hotel was expanded in 1917, when Warren and Wetmore designed an annex with 200 rooms.

The building is high and has 25 above-ground stories and four basement levels. It is divided into three wings facing Broadway and Sixth Avenue and is largely clad in brick, limestone, and terracotta. The hotel building contains 13000ST of structural steel as well as an extensive system of mechanical equipment. Originally, the hotel included a triple-height lobby clad in marble and stone, as well as various public rooms in the Renaissance and Louis XVI styles. In the hotel's basement was the Marine Grill, which could fit 250 people. On the upper stories, two floors were set aside for men and women. The top floor had men's baths and a ballroom. In the late 1970s, the hotel was converted into about 690 apartments.

The Greeley Square Hotel Company operated the hotel for two decades and refurbished it in 1928. The hotel was sold in 1936 and refurbished the following year; the New York Life Insurance Company then resold the McAlpin to Joseph Levy in 1945. The hotel was managed by the Knott hotel chain from 1938 to 1952, when the Tisch Organization took over operation. Levy sold the hotel to Sheraton Hotels in 1954 and it was renamed the Sheraton-McAlpin. Following a renovation in 1959, the hotel became the Sheraton-Atlantic Hotel in 1959. Sol Goldman and Alexander DiLorenzo bought the hotel in 1968, restoring the hotel's original name. Sheraton reacquired the hotel in 1976 and resold it to developer William Zeckendorf Jr., who converted the McAlpin to 700 rental apartments. The building reopened in 1980 as the McAlpin House. The McAlpin was renamed Herald Towers in 1999 and was converted to condominiums in the 2000s.

Site

Herald Towers is on the east side of Herald Square in the Midtown Manhattan neighborhood of New York City. The building has a frontage along Sixth Avenue to the northwest, Broadway to the west, 34th Street to the north, and 33rd Street to the south.[2] Its land lot covers, with a frontage of on 34th Street and a depth of between 33rd and 34th Streets. Because Broadway runs diagonally to the Manhattan street grid, the land lot is pentagonal, with the western facade on Broadway running at an irregular angle. The site initially measured long on 33rd Street and long on 34th Street.[3]

The building shares the city block with the Empire State Building to the east. Other nearby structures include the Marbridge Building to the north, Macy's Herald Square to the northwest, Manhattan Mall to the southwest, and the Martinique New York and Hotel Pierrepont to the south.[4] An entrance to the New York City Subway's 34th Street–Herald Square station and to the PATH system's adjacent 33rd Street station is directly outside the building.[5] [6] When the 34th Street station opened, it had two entrances just outside the Hotel McAlpin.[6]

Architecture

Herald Towers was designed by architect Frank Mills Andrews, who was also president of the Greeley Square Hotel Company, the hotel's developer.[7] [8] It was designed in the Italian Renaissance style.[9] Between 1915 and 1917, the hotel was expanded east to designs by Warren and Wetmore.[10] [11] [12] The hotel's original owners cited the McAlpin as being 26 stories tall, although other sources gave a height of 25 stories.[13] [14] [15] The roof is above the curb. The hotel also had four basement levels, three of which were full stories; these extended below ground.[16]

The building is divided into three wings facing Broadway and Sixth Avenue, with light courts between each wing. The base is clad with Bedford limestone, while the main shaft of the building contains a facade of orange brick.[17] There were originally iron and terracotta balconies in front of many of the windows. The top stories contain a facade of orange brick and terracotta. There are multi-story arched openings on the top several stories, above which are a terracotta cornice and attic. Fiske and Company Inc. manufactured most of the brick, while Michael Cohen and Co. made the limestone.

Mechanical features

The building uses 13000ST of structural steel. The foundations consist of concrete footings, built atop a layer of solid rock. Some of the columns in the superstructure are placed extremely close to the lot line, so girders are used to distribute the weight of the columns across multiple footers. The columns at the building's corners are placed atop cantilevered girders. At the end of each wing is an enclosed emergency stair that runs the full height of the building. Stairways were also placed next to the service elevators along 33rd Street, as well as next to the public elevators at the core of the building. As a fireproofing measure, the hotel's doors and trim were all made of hollow steel, and each floor contained five standpipes.

The first basement level connected to the New York City Subway at 34th Street–Herald Square and to the Hudson & Manhattan Railroad's Uptown Hudson Tubes (now PATH) at 33rd Street. There were also a ratskeller (later the Marine Grill), kitchen, servants' rooms, service entrance, and receiving room on the first basement level. The other basement levels included stewards' departments, mechanical equipment, and an in-house laundry. There was also a wine cellar, as well as humidors for cigars.

The hotel's sub-basement contained power generators with a capacity of, as well as two icemakers that could create up to 10 tons of ice per day. The hotel had 13 elevators, which traveled at and could carry up to 20 people each, as well as three sidewalk lifts. The hotel's mechanical system included of heating ducts, of electric wires, and of tubes. When the hotel was under construction in 1911, one source described its 30feetby120feetft (byft) telephone switchboard equipment as the largest in any hotel. There were three switchboards with 100 trunk lines and 1,800 stations, which could accommodate 500,000 calls per day at the time of the McAlpin's opening. In addition, the hotel contained 16 telautograph machines. Servants communicated using a telephone system with 17 stations.

Public rooms

When the hotel was built, the Real Estate Record and Guide wrote that the design of the base "marks a distinct departure from the established New York type of hostelry", in that the dining rooms and restaurants were placed one story above ground level. This allowed the hotel's proprietors to maximize its retail space by placing shops on three sides of the ground level, while also retaining sufficient space on the ground story for a large lobby.

Ground level

The ground story was largely devoted to retail. The main entrance was from 34th Street; there was a women's reception room to the left (east) of the main entrance. The main lobby, a three-story space, was clad in marble and Caen stone and was designed in the Italian Renaissance style.[18] It measured 64by wide and tall. The space could be accessed from Broadway, 33rd Street, and 34th Street. The reception desk was made of marble,[19] and near the reception desk was a maids' signal board, which showed whether a certain room was being cleaned. The western side of the lobby contained a bronze railing, behind which were the cashier, room clerk, key clerk, information desk, and other departments. The lobby also had leather seats, marble pedestals, vases, and other decorations. The lobby's ceiling contained three red-and-gold chandeliers. The lobby was surrounded by sixteen marble columns, twelve of which were light-golden veined Famosa and four of which were light Bongard.[20] The columns formed an arcade of arches, the tops of which contained lunettes with eight murals by T. Gilbert White.

West of the central lobby, facing Broadway, was a men's restaurant designed in a 15th-century Italian Gothic style. The men's restaurant had a low vaulted ceiling and was sparsely decorated. The walls were wainscoted with square and rhombus-shaped wooden panels. The cornice contained a gilded frieze made of carved wood; the frieze contained the coats of arms of various 15th-century Italian families. The columns in the men's restaurant contained niches with carved wooden figures, which represented 15th- and 16th-century Italian decorations.

Upper stories

A gallery surrounded the lobby at mezzanine level, which was above ground. The mezzanine level contained a "tapestry gallery" decorated with tapestries by Albert Herter. The tapestries, which were colored blue and ocher, varied in size from 7by to 33by. They were disassembled in the 1930s and reinstalled at the Armenian Sisters Academy in Radnor, Pennsylvania, during the 1970s.[21] Corridors surrounded the lobby on both the first story and the mezzanine level. The ceilings of each corridor contained gold decorations with red and blue accents.

The dining room, banquet room, women's restaurant, reception room, writing room, and library were on the mezzanine level. The dining room measured 63by across and high and was designed in the French Renaissance style. The dining room included gilded decorations, mirrored panels, and damask tapestries on its walls; cream-and-gold decorations on the ceiling; and crystal chandeliers. On Broadway was a banquet hall with a vaulted ceiling, measuring 80by across. The banquet hall was decorated in green and gold, and it contained murals on its ceiling. The south side of the hotel contained a women's tea room and restaurant, measuring 65by, and a women's reception room, measuring 30by. These two rooms were colored gray and blue. The women's restaurant, an irregularly shaped space at the southeast corner of the mezzanine, was decorated with blue tapestries and carved capitals. There was also a library measuring 30by on the east side of the mezzanine. These rooms were designed in the Renaissance style, except the women's rooms, which were in the Louis XVI style.

The second floor included a men's lounge and private dining rooms. The men's lounge measured 65by. During the mid-1910s expansion, a children's play area was added to the sixth floor. The hotel had a medical clinic on its 23rd story.[22] The top floor had men's baths and a ballroom. The baths included a Victorian-style Turkish bath, a Russian bath, an outdoor lounge, and a swimming pool made of enameled brick. Fifty additional dressing rooms were added next to the Turkish bath in the 1910s.[23] The ballroom, designed in a Renaissance style, measured 46by across and high. By 1970, the upper stories contained an off-Broadway theater, the McAlpin Roof Theater.

Marine Grill

In the hotel's basement was the Marine Grill, which could fit 250 people.[24] The Marine Grill, also known as the ratskeller,[25] was designed in the Spanish Renaissance style with arched niches and ceiling vaults. According to a promotional booklet for the hotel, the space was decorated with "beautifully colored, glazed terra-cotta tiles, [which have] made it really unique and one of New York's most talked about novelties." The Marine Grill was illuminated by recessed lighting on the ceiling and lamps on the tables.

The space had numerous terracotta murals designed by Frederick Dana Marsh.[26] Each mural measured 8feet tall by 11feet wide and was shaped like a lunette. Of the 16 original murals, 12 depicted two sets of six related scenes, while the other four depicted separate motifs.[27] The Marine Grill was relatively obscure due to its location in the basement.[28] According to The New York Times, the space "was generally unknown to architectural aficionados and not listed in encyclopedic works like the WPA Guide to New York City or the AIA Guide to New York City".

The original Marine Grill had been closed by 1951. The restaurant was renovated in 1957 and was rebranded the Gate of Cleve, after a restaurant in Amsterdam called Die Port van Cleve. The Gate of Cleve was not successful, and a German restaurant, an Indian restaurant, and a Japanese restaurant all occupied the space in subsequent years. In the early 1970s, it operated as an event space. During the 1980s, the Grenadier Realty Corporation had unsuccessfully attempted to lease the space. The New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission declined to preserve the restaurant as a landmark, and the restaurant was demolished in 1989 to make way for a Gap clothing store.[29] Susan Tunick, president of the non-profit group Friends of Terra Cotta, saw dumpsters outside the hotel filled with fragments from the murals.[30] In 2001, six of the murals were reassembled under the oversight of the MTA Arts for Transit program at the William Street entrance of the New York City Subway's Fulton Street station.[31] [32]

Guestrooms and apartments

Original hotel rooms

When the hotel opened, it had 1,500 guestrooms[33] and 1,100 bathrooms. At the time of its completion, this made the McAlpin the largest hotel in New York City. The hotel rooms started at the third story and ended just below the roof. All rooms faced outward toward the street or a light court. The larger rooms faced the street, while smaller rooms faced light courts. Some of the bathrooms were placed between two guestrooms so every guestroom had a bathroom. Each story also had a floor clerk and a kitchen. At its peak, the McAlpin contained 1,700 guestrooms, as some of the smaller units were split up.[34]

The third floor contained sample hotel rooms. In addition, there were two gender-specific floors: one each for men and women. The Greeley Square Hotel Company designated one story as a women-only floor at the suggestion of philanthropist Anne Morgan.[35] The sixth floor was designated as a women-only floor and contained a library, lounge, and reception room. It was staffed entirely by women and had its own elevator and checkout area, as well as a library of fiction books. Men could not access the women's-only floor unless they were accompanying a woman.[36] The 19th floor was converted to a women's floor in 1938. The 22nd floor was designated as the men's floor and had a stairway leading directly up to the baths on the 24th floor. The men's floor was designed like a private club. The United Service Club for Army and Navy Officers was on the same story. In addition, there was a men's lounge immediately above the 22nd floor, with a library, smoking room, bar, stock ticker, stenographer, and seating areas.

On the floor below the ballroom were rooms for 500 servants. The servants' rooms were arranged based on their tenure, according to the New-York Tribune, "so that the high salaried domestics would not be obliged to associate with the inferior fellow workers between the hours of duty". The 16th floor, dubbed the "sleepy 16th", was designed for night workers, so it was kept quiet during the day.[37]

Modern apartments

In the late 1970s, the hotel was converted into about 690 apartments, including 30 model apartments designed by Macy's. These were composed of 333 studio apartments, which covered on average, and 357 one-bedroom apartments with one to two bathrooms, which ranged from 670to.[38] The McAlpin's apartments included soundproof windows, large closets, and parquet floors,[39] as well as concrete floors. Some of the original decorations were preserved when the McAlpin was renovated.[40] The building was converted to 692 condominiums in 2007, including 330 studio apartments and 280 one-bedroom apartments. The studios ranged from 450to; the one-bedroom units averaged ; and the two-bedroom units averaged .

When the McAlpin became an apartment building in the 1970s, the roof was converted into a fitness center that included a sauna, swimming pool, squash courts, and game rooms. By the 2000s, Herald Towers' rooftop contained a New York Sports Club and a rooftop terrace.

History

Prior to the Hotel McAlpin's construction, the site had contained low-rise residences, as well as the eight-story Alpine Building at Broadway and 33rd Street.[41] The Alpine had housed "legislators, actors, and business executives".[42] David Hunter McAlpin had owned the site, and the trustees of his estate took over the site following his death in 1901.[43]

Construction

The Greeley Square Hotel Company was incorporated in June 1910 to lease the site from the McAlpin family.[44] [45] The directors included Frank Mills Andrews, Charles P. Taft, T. Coleman du Pont, Lucius M. Boomer, and William W. McAlpin (D. H. McAlpin's son). The company planned to develop a hotel on the east side of Broadway between 33rd and 34th Streets. Workers started demolishing the existing buildings in September 1910. Nearly all existing tenants left the site, except the Mutual Bank at the base of the Alpine Building, which had two years remaining on its lease. In April 1911, the Greeley Square Hotel Company formally leased the site from the McAlpin family for 21 years, paying between $4 million and $5 million.[46] Under the terms of the lease, the McAlpin estate was to lend $2 million to the Greeley Square Hotel Company for the construction of a 20-story hotel costing $3.04 million.

The Greeley Square Hotel Company had awarded a contract for the site's demolition by the end of 1910. Andrews, who was president of the Greeley Square Hotel Company, submitted plans for the hotel to the New York City Bureau of Buildings in January 1911. However, the bureau refused to approve the plans for two months, saying that the plans failed to comply with various building codes.[47] [48] The city's commissioner of buildings said that, under the building code, only about 51 percent of the lot area may be covered above the first story.[49] By mid-1911, the Greeley Square Hotel Company was planning to build a 28-story hotel for $5.05 million, and it was permitted to borrow up to $4 million. It took five months to excavate 175000ST of rock from the site; the excavation was completed in August 1911.[50] The Thompson–Starrett Company was then hired as the hotel's general contractor. During the hotel's construction, a worker dropped a piece of terracotta onto a passing streetcar,[51] killing a passenger.[52] Andrews went to Europe in August 1912 to acquire furniture for the new hotel.[53]

The hotel officially opened on December 29, 1912, at a total cost of $13.5 million. It was the largest hotel in the world at the time; The New York Times commented that the 25-story McAlpin "seems isolated from other buildings". On opening day, 600 guests ate dinner from custom-made silver plates.[54] The hotel could accommodate 2,500 guests and employed either 1,500 or 2,000 servants. It was built at a cost of $13.5 million ($ today). Room rates ranged from $1.50 to $5.00 per night. A promotional booklet for the hotel advertised the hotel's proximity to various modes of transit, including the original Pennsylvania Station, as well as elevated, streetcar, and subway lines. Lucius M. Boomer, who also operated the adjacent Waldorf-Astoria and the Hotel Claridge, was the McAlpin's first manager.[55] Boomer was associated with Du Pont's group, which controlled all of these hotels.[56]

Operation as hotel

Early years

The McAlpin family acquired two lots on 46 and 48 West 34th Street, measuring 50by, in December 1914.[57] The Greeley Square Hotel Company planned to build an annex on the site, but the company was forced to postpone these plans during World War I. By early 1915, the hotel company decided to build the annex, as the hotel's business had increased sufficiently. In February 1915, the Greeley Square Hotel Company filed plans with the New York City Bureau of Buildings for a 23-story annex on the site, to be designed by Warren and Wetmore. The new addition was expected to provide an additional 200 rooms, four elevators, an enlarged ballroom, and a children's play area on the sixth floor. The company began razing the existing buildings the same month, although the structures were not completely demolished until the end of 1916.[58] The annex was built during 1917;[59] the same year, Boomer opened a store for employees, selling merchandise at reduced prices.[60]

When Boomer went to Europe in 1918, Benjamin B. McAlpin began managing the Hotel McAlpin's finances.[61] In 1922, the McAlpin became one of the first hotels to link ship-to-shore radios into their phone system.[62] In February 1925, an antenna for radio station WMCA was installed atop the building, reaching above ground.[63] [64] The same year, the McAlpin replaced 50 beds on the 22nd floor with oversized beds for tall guests;[65] [66] it also signed a contract with the Curtiss Flying Service in 1926, allowing guests to book flights quickly.[67] The McAlpin family sold the site to the Greeley Square Hotel Company in September 1926[68] [69] for $7.2 million.[70]

Frank A. Duggan took over as the hotel's manager in 1928.[71] A major refurbishment costing $2.1 million was announced that May.[72] The owners refreshed the rooms, installed modern bathrooms, and updated the elevators; in addition, numerous groups of three rooms were combined into two rooms. The project was completed that December.[73] By 1930, there were rumors that the hotel would be replaced with a skyscraper, but Duggan denied these rumors.[74] At the end of 1931, John J. Woelfe replaced Duggan as the hotel's manager.[75] [76] The Greeley Square Hotel Company transferred the hotel in 1934 to the 34th Street Hotel Corporation, subject to a $7.4 million mortgage from the New York Life Insurance Company. This only involved a nominal change in ownership.[77] At the time, the hotel was valued at $5.5 million.[78]

New York Life ownership

By January 1936, the McAlpin's operators were considering spending $2 million to renovate the hotel, expanding the ballroom and relocating some rooms.[79] In addition, the operators planned to expand the cafe and restore its horseshoe-shaped bar, which had been a popular feature of the cafe before it was removed during Prohibition.[80] In November 1936, to satisfy a $3.14 million lien, the Title Guarantee and Trust Company moved to foreclose on the hotel.[81] [82] At the time, the McAlpin had 1,444 rooms. At an auction the same month, the Title Guarantee and Trust Company paid $135,000 for the property.[83] [84] The hotel was renovated in 1937.[85] Myers, Minott & Co. Inc. and W. & J. Sloane were hired to renovate different sections of the hotel. Myers, Minott & Co. Inc. redecorated approximately 300 rooms in two color schemes, while W. & J. Sloane redecorated the remaining rooms in four color schemes.[86] As part of the project, the 19th floor was converted into a women-only floor, with a dedicated lounge and library.[87] The New York Life Insurance Company hired the Knott hotel chain to manage it in May 1938.

New York Life was in the process of selling the hotel by May 1945; the McAlpin was valued at $7.8 million at the time.[88] Shortly afterward, the media reported that Joseph Levy, president of Crawford Clothes, had agreed to buy the hotel. Levy, who operated a small store at the hotel's base on 33rd Street, planned to expand his store after the end of World War II.[89] [90] Levy's company Jamlee Hotels took title to the hotel in June 1945;[91] the company paid $5.25 million, including $1.2 million in cash and $4.05 million toward the mortgage.[92] The hotel remained an upscale hostelry during this time.[93]

Jamlee reportedly invested an additional $1,760,000 in renovations.[94] Levy hired the firm of Ely Jacques Kahn and Robert Allan Jacobs to redesign the Crawford store, combining seven stores into a single, large space. These modifications include installing a new storefront with display windows, recessed behind the hotel's facade to create an arcade along the sidewalk, as well as a main entrance with curved glass doors at the corner of 34th Street and Broadway. The store, marketed as the "Store of Tomorrow", predated the construction of strip malls with outdoor arcades.[95] Knott Hotels subsidiary Hotel McAlpin Inc. leased the hotel from Levy in January 1949.[96] [97] The Tisch Organization took over the hotel's operation at the beginning of 1952, with plans to spend $1,225,000 on renovations.[98] [99] Tisch hired Norman D. Waters Associates as the hotel's advertising agent,[100] [101] and it appointed Alexander C. Allen as the hotel's manager in 1953.[102]

Sheraton ownership

Sheraton Hotels and Resorts offered to buy the hotel in September 1954 for $3 million.[103] Following several weeks of negotiations, Jamlee sold the hotel to Sheraton for $9 million that October.[104] [105] Under the terms of Tisch's lease, which ran through 1958, Sheraton had to give nine months' notice before breaking the lease. Although Sheraton was scheduled to take over the hotel in May 1955, Tisch refused to hand over the lease for several months.[106] Sheraton finally gained full control of the hotel in September 1955, and the McAlpin was renamed the Sheraton-McAlpin. At the time, Sheraton president Ernest Henderson announced plans to renovate the hotel for $2 million.[107] Sheraton completely renovated the hotel five years later and renamed it the Sheraton-Atlantic Hotel in October 1959.[108] Sheraton sold the underlying land to United States Steel and the Carnegie Pension Fund in 1961, but it retained ownership of the hotel building.[109] In anticipation of the opening of the nearby Madison Square Garden arena, Sheraton made further upgrades to the Sheraton-Atlantic during the mid-1960s. For example, the chain hired a special-events director, added double beds to many guestrooms, and replaced the elevators.[110]

Sheraton sold the hotel to the investing partnership of Sol Goldman and Alexander DiLorenzo in June 1968 for $7.5 million; the partnership also agreed to lease the land for 94 years. Goldman and DiLorenzo took over the hotel the next month and restored the original name.[111] [112] In early 1970, the owners opened a 299-seat off-Broadway theater, the McAlpin Rooftop Theater, on the 24th floor.[113] The basement restaurant contained the hotel's only kitchen, so Goldman and DiLorenzo decided to convert the mezzanine-level lounge into a dining room called the McAlpin Grill. Subsequently, the basement restaurant became the Alpine Cellar, used by large groups and special events. The owners hosted shows in the Alpine Cellar,[114] [115] and the hotel was charging $14 to $26 per night by 1970. Goldman and DiLorenzo had planned to replace the McAlpin, and numerous adjacent structures that they also owned, with a 50-story building.[116] Goldman began experiencing financial issues after DiLorenzo died in 1975,[117] and Sheraton reacquired the hotel in January 1976 after Goldman defaulted on his mortgage.[118]

Apartment conversion

Zeckendorf ownership

Developer William Zeckendorf Jr. began negotiating to buy the hotel in April 1976.[119] Zeckendorf and his partners, Justin Colin and the Starrett Corporation, bought the hotel for $2.5 million that July. The new owners immediately closed the hotel; they planned to spend $9 million converting the building to rental apartments over the following 18 months.[120] [121] Zeckendorf said at the time: "This is the proper time for a new era of hotel construction here."[122] Zeckendorf and his partners formed McAlpin Apartments Inc. to oversee the apartment conversion. This was one of several residential projects in which Zeckendorf was involved during the late 1970s,[123] [124] and it was the first of more than 20 residential developments that Zeckendorf oversaw during the next decade.[125] The owners started a 120-day sale of furnishings and decorations that November, including televisions, linens, office equipment, and chandeliers. At that point, approximately 30 tenants remained, many of them elderly residents of rent-controlled apartments. The remaining tenants alleged that the owners were trying to evict them by discontinuing room service and shutting off the heat and hot water.[126]

The project was stalled until mid-1977, when Zeckendorf announced that he and his partners would convert the building to rental apartments later the same year.[127] The owners requested permission from the New York City Board of Standards and Appeals to convert the stories above the third floor to apartments.[128] The owners unsuccessfully attempted to find private financing for nine months. By 1978, the McAlpin's owners had received a 40-year mortgage commitment from the United States Department of Housing and Urban Development. At the time, the conversion was the largest such project in New York City's history, with an expected cost of $25 million. The lower floors were converted to retail.[129] J. J. Sopher & Co. began leasing apartments at the McAlpin in August 1979,[130] and the building reopened in July 1980 as the McAlpin House.

As part of the city's J-51 program, the building received a 15-year tax abatement in 1980. To qualify for the abatement, the owners placed the apartments under rent regulation, which limited how much rent the owners could charge. Existing tenants could retain their rent-regulated apartments until they moved out, but anyone who moved into the building after the tax abatement expired on June 30, 1995, paid market rates.[131] A renovation of the facade started in 1989[132] and continued over the next two years.[133] In addition, the Marine Grill was demolished the same year to make way for a Gap store. A Gitano store opened within the hotel's former mezzanine in 1990.[134] Ian Schrager took over the McAlpin in early 1998.[135] [136] Schrager had planned to reopen the McAlpin as a 700-room hotel with "stylized American versions of European/Asian residential-style apartments".

JEMB and Property Markets Group ownership

JEMB Realty, controlled by Morris Bailey and Joseph Jerome,[137] bought the McAlpin in August 1999 for $150 million and renamed it Herald Towers. The rebranding coincided with the revitalization of the neighborhood around Herald Square.[138] The McAlpin had 290 rent-regulated apartments and 403 market-rate apartments at the time. JEMB planned to spend $10 million on renovating common rooms; refurbishing vacant studio apartments and one-bedroom units; and converting 70 units into furnished apartments for corporations. JEMB Realty attempted to sell Herald Towers in 2003 to Property Markets Group, but the two companies became involved in a legal dispute. As part of a settlement, Property Markets Group agreed to convert the apartments to condominiums, and JEMB agreed to sell the building after the Attorney General of New York approved a condominium offering plan.

Georgia Malone & Company negotiated to sell Herald Towers for $270 million in 2005.[139] Property Markets Group took over the upper stories, while JEMB retained control of the storefronts at the building's base. Property Markets Group had sold 125 condos by early 2006, when more than 70 buyers reneged from their contracts following a revision to the offering plan. Amid continuing disputes over the Herald Towers condominium conversion, the New York Supreme Court reviewed the case in June 2006. The lawsuit was ultimately settled out of court.[140] Around the same time, the attorney general's office began investigating allegations that some of the apartments were illegally being rented out as hotel rooms.[141] The condominium conversion was completed in July 2007, and 124 condominiums had been sold by that November.

After the daughter of U.S. diplomat Eric G. John fell to her death at Herald Towers in 2010, residents expressed concerns that the building was attracting raucous parties and that the building's managers were not preventing such parties.[142] The Gap store at the building's base operated until 2018.[143] Some tenants had fallen behind on rent payments by 2021, prompting JEMB to sue these tenants. This prompted several tenants to file lawsuits in the New York Supreme Court.[144] Additionally, in the early 2020s, amid efforts to legalize full-scale gambling in New York, Morris Bailey considered erecting a casino on the site of Herald Towers.[145] [146]

Notable events

In its early years, the McAlpin hosted numerous events. Former U.S. president William Howard Taft attended a party at the McAlpin in 1913 to mark the hotel's first anniversary.[147] At a 1914 banquet in the hotel, members of the New York Democratic Party formed an organization to fight the Tammany Hall political machine.[148] In October 1917[149] and again in December 1918, the McAlpin hosted conferences for the League of Small and Subject Nationalities, a New York City-based self-determinist organization led by Frederic C. Howe.[150] When Luisa Tetrazzini sang from her hotel room in December 1920, the United States Army Signal Corps broadcast her performance to warships.[151] [152] This made Tetrazzini the first woman to sing to military personnel via radio broadcast.[153] The New York Republican State Committee opened a headquarters at the McAlpin in 1926,[154] and the Society of American Magicians also hosted its annual dinners at the McAlpin in the 1920s and 1930s.[155]

In a 1945 ceremony at the hotel, Mordecai Kaplan was excommunicated by the Union of Orthodox Rabbis of the United States and Canada.[156] Jackie Robinson was living on the 11th floor in 1947 when the Brooklyn Dodgers called to tell him that he would be the first African American player in Major League Baseball.[157] The building's facade contains a plaque with the text "In this building on April 10, 1947, Jackie Robinson received his historic call from the Brooklyn Dodgers and changed America."[158]

The hotel continued to host major events in later years. The hotel hosted the U.S. National High School Chess Championship every year from 1969 to 1975, except for 1973.[159] Additionally, the First National Jewish Women's Conference took place at the hotel in 1973, after the Reform Jewish denomination began to ordain female rabbis.[160] During the 1976 Democratic Party presidential primaries, U.S. senator Fred R. Harris of Oklahoma launched his presidential campaign at the hotel,[161] and California governor Jerry Brown had his headquarters on the McAlpin's 15th floor.[162]

See also

References

Sources

External links

Notes and References

  1. Web site: Emporis. Herald Towers Apartments. https://web.archive.org/web/20210122091653/https://www.emporis.com/buildings/115228/herald-towers-apartments-new-york-city-ny-usa. dead. January 22, 2021.
  2. Web site: 50 West 34th Street, 10001 . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20221125190103/https://zola.planning.nyc.gov/l/lot/1/835/7501 . November 25, 2022 . March 20, 2020 . .
  3. News: December 30, 1910 . To be Largest in World . 20 . The Brooklyn Daily Eagle . newspapers.com . November 26, 2022 . November 26, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20221126004821/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/113637907/to-be-largest-in-world/ . live .
  4. 260.
  5. Web site: MTA Neighborhood Maps: Pennsylvania Station / Times Square. mta.info. Metropolitan Transportation Authority. December 11, 2015. 2015. September 14, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200914173833/http://web.mta.info/maps/neighborhoods/mn/M08_PennStation_2015.pdf. live.
  6. . Herald Square's New Express Station . 8 . 83 . 10 Apr 1914 . MS12 . Women's Wear Daily.
  7. News: September 3, 1948 . F. M. Andrews Dies, a Noted Architect; Designer of the Hotel McAlpin and Other Large Structures . en-US . The New York Times . November 24, 2022 . 0362-4331 . November 24, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20221124234830/https://www.nytimes.com/1948/09/03/archives/fm-andrews-diesih-notedkrihitet-designer-of-the-hotel-mcaipin-and.html . live .
  8. News: September 3, 1948 . F. M. Andrews, Hotel McAlpin Architect, Dies: Designed Frankfort, Ky., and Helena, Mont., Capitols, Cash Register Factory . 18 . New York Herald Tribune . 1941-0646 . .
  9. May 1, 1911 . Hotel McAlpin . 52 . 5 . 48 . . The National Builder.
  10. April 1, 1915 . Annex to Hotel McAlpin . 38 . . Building Age.
  11. News: February 9, 1915 . Work Soon to Start on M'Alpin Addition; Plans Filed for Twenty-three-Story Building Adjoining the Big Hotel . en-US . The New York Times . November 27, 2022 . 0362-4331 . November 27, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20221127002453/https://www.nytimes.com/1915/02/09/archives/work-soon-to-start-on-malpin-addition-plans-filed-for.html . live .
  12. February 13, 1915 . Plans for McAlpin Addition . The Real Estate Record: Real estate record and builders' guide . 95 . 269 . . 2448.
  13. News: Mangaliman . Jessie . August 8, 1989 . Remembering Them in Herald Square . 25 . Newsday . newspapers.com . November 25, 2022 . November 25, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20221125204817/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/113625081/remembering-them-in-herald/ . live .
  14. News: December 30, 1912 . Flock to Inspect the Biggest Hotel; The McAlpin Thronged with Visitors When Its Doors Are Opened for Business. . en-US . The New York Times . November 25, 2022 . 0362-4331 . November 25, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20221125224229/https://www.nytimes.com/1912/12/30/archives/flock-to-inspect-the-biggest-hotel-the-mcalpin-thronged-with.html . live .
  15. News: November 29, 1912 . New Twenty-five Story Hotel: Crowning Achievement of Frank M. Andrews . 27 . New-York Tribune . .
  16. News: December 30, 1912 . World's Largest Hotel is Opened: $13,500,000 Spent Upon the McAlpin's Many and Unique Conveniences . 3 . Detroit Free Press . .
  17. March 1, 1913 . Materials in the Hotel McAlpin . The Real Estate Record: Real estate record and builders' guide . 91 . 494 . . 2346.
  18. February 1, 1911 . New York's Latest Hotel Building . 111 . . Building Age.
  19. February 1, 1913 . Marbles in the Hotel McAlpin . 34 . 2 . 89 . . Stone.
  20. April 19, 1913 . Architects have enquired the name of the beautiful marbles of which the sixteen columns in the lobby of the Hotel McAlpin were cut... . The Real Estate Record: Real estate record and builders' guide . 91 . 839 . . 2353.
  21. News: Ferretti . Fred . May 9, 1976 . 1912 Tapestries Depicting Life in New York Restored . en-US . The New York Times . November 25, 2022 . 0362-4331 . November 25, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20221125020411/https://www.nytimes.com/1976/05/09/archives/1912-tapestries-depicting-life-in-new-york-restored-21-tapestries.html . live .
  22. May 1, 1911 . Modern Hospital in Largest Hotel in the World . 58 . 2 . 97 . . Atlanta Journal - Record of Medicine.
  23. News: February 9, 1915 . To Enlarge the M'Alpin . 3 . New-York Tribune . newspapers.com . November 27, 2022 . November 27, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20221127002453/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/113688835/to-enlarge-the-malpin/ . live .
  24. News: November 29, 1957 . Food: Two Restaurants; Cafe Chauveron Is in De Luxe Style --Dutch Food Feature of Gate of Cleve Moderately Expensive . en-US . The New York Times . November 24, 2022 . 0362-4331 . November 24, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20221124221559/https://www.nytimes.com/1957/11/29/archives/food-two-restaurants-cafe-chauveron-is-in-de-luxe-style-dutch-food.html . live .
  25. News: Oser . Alan S. . 16 May 1971 . Hotels Streamlining as Occupancy Falls: Hotels Are Streamlining . R1 . The New York Times . 0362-4331 . .
  26. News: Gray . Christopher . July 23, 1989 . Streetscapes: The McAlpin Marine Grill; The Fate of a Polychrome Grotto Hangs in Balance . en-US . The New York Times . November 24, 2022 . 0362-4331 . November 24, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20221124023858/https://www.nytimes.com/1989/07/23/realestate/streetscapes-mcalpin-marine-grill-fate-polychrome-grotto-hangs-balance.html . live .
  27. News: Slesin . Suzanne . June 28, 1990 . Current; Ghosts Of Bygone Glory . en-US . The New York Times . live . April 30, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220430171608/https://www.nytimes.com/1990/06/28/garden/current-ghosts-of-bygone-glory.html . April 30, 2022 . 0362-4331.
  28. News: Lyons . Richard D. . January 21, 1990 . Posting: From the McAlpin; Nautical Tiles, Anyone? . en-US . The New York Times . November 24, 2022 . 0362-4331 . November 24, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20221124221602/https://www.nytimes.com/1990/01/21/realestate/posting-from-the-mcalpin-nautical-tiles-anyone.html . live .
  29. News: Gray . Christopher . April 4, 1993 . Streetscapes: The Della Robbia Bar; Does a Far-From-Pristine Remnant Rate Protection? . en-US . The New York Times . November 24, 2022 . 0362-4331 . April 23, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220423175252/https://www.nytimes.com/1993/04/04/realestate/streetscapes-della-robbia-bar-does-far-pristine-remnant-rate-protection.html . live .
  30. News: Dunlap . David W. . April 29, 2001 . Postings: Rescued McAlpin Hotel Murals From 1912 Find a Home in the Subway; For Terra Cotta, Terra Firma . en-US . The New York Times . live . April 30, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220430171609/https://www.nytimes.com/2001/04/29/realestate/postings-rescued-mcalpin-hotel-murals-1912-find-home-subway-for-terra-cotta.html . April 30, 2022 . 0362-4331.
  31. Book: Bloodworth, Sandra . New York's Underground Art Museum: MTA Arts and Design . Monacelli Press . 2014 . 978-1-58093-403-9 . 216 . April 30, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220430171608/https://books.google.com/books?id=97dvDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA216 . April 30, 2022 . live.
  32. Web site: Frederick Dana Marsh-Marine Grill Murals . March 13, 2021 . MTA Arts and Design . New York City Transit . January 26, 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210126003201/http://web.mta.info/mta/aft/permanentart/permart.html?agency=n&line=2&station=31&artist=1&img=6&xdev=3480 . live .
  33. News: Dunlap . David W. . March 2, 1997 . The Anatomy of a 'People Building' . en-US . The New York Times . November 25, 2022 . 0362-4331 . July 14, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220714133610/https://www.nytimes.com/1997/03/02/realestate/the-anatomy-of-a-people-building.html . live .
  34. News: Horsley . Carter B. . February 4, 1979 . Spruced‐Up Herald Square to Assert Itself . en-US . The New York Times . November 25, 2022 . 0362-4331 . November 25, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20221125204817/https://www.nytimes.com/1979/02/04/archives/sprucedup-herald-square-to-assert-itself-a-sprucedup-herald-square.html . live .
  35. News: June 7, 1912 . Floor for Women in Hotel M'Alpin; Miss Anne Morgan's Idea for Separate Quarters Adopted by Owners. . en-US . The New York Times . November 25, 2022 . 0362-4331 . November 25, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20221125224231/https://www.nytimes.com/1912/06/07/archives/floor-for-women-in-hotel-malpin-miss-anne-morgans-idea-for-separate.html . live .
  36. Alt . Harold L. . May 19, 1913 . Description of the Gas Kitchens in the Hotel McAlpin . 98 . 20 . 321 . . American Gas Light Journal.
  37. News: July 13, 1914 . Where are you going to spend your summer? . The Independent . August 21, 2012.
  38. News: Oser . Alan S. . February 10, 1978 . About Real Estate McAlpin Conversion to Be City's Largest . en-US . The New York Times . November 25, 2022 . 0362-4331 . November 25, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20221125001915/https://www.nytimes.com/1978/02/10/archives/about-real-estate-mcalpin-conversion-to-be-citys-largest.html . live .
  39. Web site: Cutler . Steve . November 28, 2007 . More than Macy's for Herald Square shoppers - The Real Deal . November 25, 2022 . The Real Deal New York . en-US . November 25, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20221125214649/https://therealdeal.com/issues_articles/more-than-macy-s-for-herald-square-shoppers/ . live .
  40. News: June 14, 1980 . McAlpin makes a comeback . 287 . New York Daily News . newspapers.com . November 25, 2022 . November 25, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20221125214648/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/113626492/mcalpin-makes-a-comeback/ . live .
  41. News: September 27, 1910 . In the Real Estate Field; Tenants Leaving the Alpine, which is to make way for New Broadway Hotel -- Investor Buys Seventh Ave. Plot -- $50,000 Offered for Broad Street Property. . en-US . The New York Times . November 26, 2022 . 0362-4331 . November 26, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20221126013815/https://www.nytimes.com/1910/09/27/archives/in-the-real-estate-field-tenants-leaving-the-alpine-which-is-to.html . live .
  42. News: May 10, 1945 . Hotel McAlpin Being Sold by New York Life: Price Reported To Be Under $7,800,000, Valuation Placed by Tax Bureau . 28A . New York Herald Tribune . 1941-0646 . .
  43. News: July 22, 1911 . To Mortgage M'Alpin Estate: Money to Be Used in Greeley Square Hotel Enterprise . 13 . New-York Tribune . .
  44. News: June 15, 1910 . Greeley Square Hotel Co. Incorporated . 7 . Wall Street Journal . 0099-9660 . .
  45. News: June 15, 1910 . In the Real Estate Field; Hayward Estate Sells Valuable Site on West 25th Street -- The Charles Truax Residence Sold -- Greeley Square Hotel Co. Incorporated -- Bronx and Suburban Deals. . en-US . The New York Times . November 25, 2022 . 0362-4331 . November 25, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20221125224232/https://www.nytimes.com/1910/06/15/archives/in-the-real-estatefield-hayward-estate-sells-valuable-site-on-west.html . live .
  46. News: April 28, 1911 . $4,000,000 McAlpin Lease Recorded . 20 . The New York Times . newspapers.com . November 26, 2022 . 0362-4331 . November 26, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20221126004820/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/113637138/4000000-mcalpin-lease-recorded/ . live .
  47. News: March 12, 1911 . New Greeley Square Hotel . 13 . The Sun . newspapers.com . November 26, 2022 . November 26, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20221126004824/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/113637005/new-greeley-square-hotel/ . live .
  48. News: March 12, 1911 . Greeley Square Hotel Wins . 8 . New-York Tribune . .
  49. October 12, 1912 . Board of Examiners . The Real Estate Record: Real estate record and builders' guide . 90 . 678 . . 2326.
  50. News: August 20, 1911 . An Engineering Feat: Rock Excavation for New McAlpin Hotel is Completed . B3 . New-York Tribune . .
  51. News: May 18, 1912 . Falling Block Shot Into Broadway Car; From Hotel McAlpin Upper Story It Crashed Through Trolley Roof, Hitting Woman. . en-US . The New York Times . November 26, 2022 . 0362-4331 . November 26, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20221126004817/https://www.nytimes.com/1912/05/18/archives/falling-block-shot-into-broadway-car-from-hotel-mcalpin-upper-story.html . live .
  52. News: May 19, 1912 . Terra Cotta Victim Dies: Sister of Woman Injured at Hotel McAlpin Confirms Identification . 6 . New-York Tribune . .
  53. News: August 13, 1912 . Furnishing the McAlpin . 18 . The New York Times . newspapers.com . November 26, 2022 . 0362-4331 . November 26, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20221126004818/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/113638212/furnishing-the-mcalpin/ . live .
  54. News: October 8, 1959 . New York's McAlpin Now Sheraton-Atlantic . 6 . Daily Boston Globe . .
  55. News: June 27, 1947 . Lucius Boomer, 68, Hotel Leader, Dies; Director of Waldorf-Astoria Spent Half Century at Helm of Outstanding Hostelries . en-US . The New York Times . November 27, 2022 . 0362-4331 . November 27, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20221127014320/https://www.nytimes.com/1947/06/27/archives/hotel-leaderdies-director-of-waldorfastoria-spent-half-century-at.html . live .
  56. News: October 3, 1919 . Du Pont Interests Buy the Martinique; Acquire Property at Broadway and 32d Street Held at About $5,000,000 . en-US . The New York Times . November 27, 2022 . 0362-4331 . November 27, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20221127014320/https://www.nytimes.com/1919/10/03/archives/du-pont-interests-buy-the-martinique-acquire-property-at-broadway.html . live .
  57. News: December 10, 1914 . The Real Estate Field; Deal in Old Silk Centre; Thirty-fourth Street Purchase Adjoining Hotel McAlpin Under Assessed Value $75,000 Residence Sale in Brooklyn ;- Railroad Lease in Woolworth Building. . en-US . The New York Times . November 27, 2022 . 0362-4331 . November 27, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20221127002454/https://www.nytimes.com/1914/12/10/archives/the-real-estate-field-deal-in-old-silk-centre-thirtyfourth-street.html . live .
  58. News: November 5, 1916 . 34th Street Improvement; Ruined Buildings Removed for Addition to Hotel McAlpin. . en-US . The New York Times . November 27, 2022 . 0362-4331 . November 27, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20221127014303/https://www.nytimes.com/1916/11/05/archives/34th-street-improvement-ruined-buildings-removed-for-addition-to.html . live .
  59. News: Hotel McAlpin Addition . The New York Times . March 18, 1917 . September 1, 2008 . June 19, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220619235841/https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1917/03/18/113302651.pdf . live .
  60. News: March 25, 1917 . Starts Cost-price Store; McAlpin Hotel Director Offers Its Benefits to Employes. . en-US . The New York Times . November 27, 2022 . 0362-4331 . November 27, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20221127014301/https://www.nytimes.com/1917/03/25/archives/starts-costprice-store-mcalpin-hotel-director-offers-its-benefits.html . live .
  61. News: November 17, 1918 . Col. McAlpin to Manage Hotels. . en-US . The New York Times . November 27, 2022 . 0362-4331 . November 27, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20221127014320/https://www.nytimes.com/1918/11/17/archives/col-mcalpin-to-manage-hotels.html . live .
  62. Book: Jaker, Bill . The Airwaves of New York . McFarland & Company . 1998 . 0-7864-0343-8 . 119 . June 22, 2009.
  63. News: February 20, 1925 . Gala Program for Opening of Hotel McAlpin Station: Output of 500 Watts to Be Used by New Radio caster, Testing as "2XH, 1280 Broadway." Transmitting Apparatus Studio Details . 10 . The Christian Science Monitor . .
  64. February 28, 1925 . Hotel McAlpin Opens Broadcasting Studio . The Billboard . 36 . 9 . 7 . .
  65. News: July 3, 1925 . New York Hotel to Have Beds for Tall Persons: Special Accommodations on 22d Floor for 50 Giants Will Be Ready by End of Next Week . A7 . Boston Daily Globe . .
  66. News: July 3, 1925 . To Do Some Tall Altering; McAlpin Will Remodel 50 Rooms to Take Care of Long Guests. . en-US . The New York Times . November 27, 2022 . 0362-4331 . November 27, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20221127184538/https://www.nytimes.com/1925/07/03/archives/to-do-some-tall-altering-mcalpin-will-remodel-50-rooms-to-take-care.html . live .
  67. News: July 15, 1926 . Hotel Adds Planes to Service; First 'Air' Filling Station Opens . en-US . The New York Times . November 27, 2022 . 0362-4331 . November 27, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20221127184535/https://www.nytimes.com/1926/07/15/archives/hotel-adds-planes-to-service-first-air-filling-station-opens.html . live .
  68. News: September 19, 1926 . M'Alpin Site Sold to Hotel Company . W24 . The New York Times . 0362-4331 . .
  69. News: September 19, 1926 . Hotel M'Alpin Site Bought By Builders: Company Operating Hostelry on Broadway Becomes Owner of Land on Which Building Stands Residential Sales Feature Late Trades Buyers for Apartments and Dwellings on the East and West Sides . C1 . New York Herald Tribune . 1941-0646 . .
  70. News: October 5, 1926 . Hotel McAlpin Site Was Sold For $7,200,000, Deeds Show . 48 . The New York Times . 0362-4331 . .
  71. News: April 3, 1928 . F.A. Duggan New Head of McAlpin. . en-US . The New York Times . November 24, 2022 . 0362-4331 . November 24, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20221124212732/https://www.nytimes.com/1928/04/03/archives/fa-duggan-new-head-of-mcalpin.html . live .
  72. News: May 22, 1928 . McAlpin to be Altered; Modern Hotel Improvements Will Cost $2,000,000. . en-US . The New York Times . November 24, 2022 . 0362-4331 . November 24, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20221124212733/https://www.nytimes.com/1928/05/22/archives/mcalpin-to-be-altered-modern-hotel-improvements-will-cost-2000000.html . live .
  73. News: December 21, 1928 . Hotel McAlpin Changes Completed. . en-US . The New York Times . November 27, 2022 . 0362-4331 . November 27, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20221127184542/https://www.nytimes.com/1928/12/21/archives/hotel-mcalpin-changes-completed.html . live .
  74. News: November 21, 1930 . Skyscraper Will Not Replace Hotel McAlpin, Says Duggan . 38 . New York Herald Tribune . 1941-0646 . .
  75. News: December 15, 1931 . Woelfle to Manage Hotel McAlpin. . en-US . The New York Times . November 24, 2022 . 0362-4331 . November 24, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20221124212731/https://www.nytimes.com/1931/12/15/archives/woelfle-to-manage-hotel-mcalpin.html . live .
  76. December 18, 1931 . Hotel And Restaurant News: Woelfle To Manage Hotel McAlpin . Women's Wear Daily . 43 . 121 . 11 . .
  77. News: February 21, 1934 . New Syndicate Takes Title to Hotel McAlpin: Midtown Properly Involved in Technical Transfer; 58th St. Corner in Deal . 34 . New York Herald Tribune . 1941-0646 . .
  78. News: February 11, 1934 . High Realty Value on Broadway Plot . RE2 . The New York Times . 0362-4331 . .
  79. January 28, 1936 . Report Hotel McAlpin Plans Big Renovation . Women's Wear Daily . 52 . 19 . 5 . .
  80. News: August 5, 1936 . Horseshoe Bar Planned For Hotel McAlpin Cafe . en-US . The New York Times . November 27, 2022 . 0362-4331 . November 27, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20221127184540/https://www.nytimes.com/1936/08/05/archives/horseshoe-bar-ptanned-for-hotel-mcalpln-cafe.html . live .
  81. News: November 22, 1936 . Auction McAlpin Hotel: Well-known Hostelry to: Be Sold in Foreclosure Proceedings. . RE3 . The New York Times . 0362-4331 . .
  82. News: November 5, 1936 . Hotel McAlpin Scheduled For Auction Nov. 23 . 46 . New York Herald Tribune . 1941-0646 . .
  83. News: November 24, 1936 . Plaintiff Buys Hotel McAlpin In Foreclosure: Title Firm Pays $135,000 Upset Price Over Liens; Three Theaters Also Sold . 45 . New York Herald Tribune . 1941-0646 . .
  84. News: November 24, 1936 . 3 Theatres Sold by Order of Court; Masque, Majestic and Royale-Golden Are Auctioned for Upset Price of $700,000 . en-US . The New York Times . November 24, 2022 . 0362-4331 . November 19, 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20211119191830/https://www.nytimes.com/1936/11/24/archives/3-theatres-sold-by-order-of-court-masque-majestic-and-royalegolden.html . live .
  85. News: April 29, 1938 . Knotts to Manage the Hotel M'Alpin; Chain to Operate the 25-Story Building Starting May 1 . en-US . The New York Times . November 24, 2022 . 0362-4331 . November 24, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20221124221603/https://www.nytimes.com/1938/04/29/archives/knotts-to-manage-the-hotel-malpin-chain-to-operate-the-25story.html . live .
  86. News: June 20, 1937 . Hotel M'Alpin Being Renovated; All Rooms Being Redecorated in 25-Story Broadway Hostelry . en-US . The New York Times . November 24, 2022 . 0362-4331 . November 24, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20221124221556/https://www.nytimes.com/1937/06/20/archives/hotel-malpin-being-renovated-all-rooms-being-redecorated-in-25story.html . live .
  87. News: December 25, 1938 . Hotel Has Floor for Women . en-US . The New York Times . November 24, 2022 . 0362-4331 . November 24, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20221124221602/https://www.nytimes.com/1938/12/25/archives/hotel-has-floor-for-women.html . live .
  88. News: May 10, 1945 . Deal Reported Pending For the McAlpin Hotel . en-US . The New York Times . November 24, 2022 . 0362-4331 . November 24, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20221124223624/https://www.nytimes.com/1945/05/10/archives/deal-reported-pending-for-the-mcalpin-hotel.html . live .
  89. News: May 25, 1945 . McAlpin Hotel Bought By Crawford Clothes . en-US . The New York Times . November 24, 2022 . 0362-4331 . November 24, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20221124223625/https://www.nytimes.com/1945/05/25/archives/mcalpin-hotel-bought-by-crawford-clothes.html . live .
  90. May 25, 1945 . General News: Hear Crawford's Buys McAlpin Hotel . Women's Wear Daily . 70 . 103 . 5 . .
  91. News: June 29, 1945 . Gets Title to Hotel McAlpin . en-US . The New York Times . November 24, 2022 . 0362-4331 . November 24, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20221124223626/https://www.nytimes.com/1945/06/29/archives/gets-title-to-hotel-mcalpin.html . live .
  92. News: May 25, 1945 . Levy Reported McAlpin Buyer For $5,250,000: Head of Crawford Clothes Chain Paying $1,200,000 Cash, Realty Men Hear . 28 . New York Herald Tribune . 1941-0646 . .
  93. News: Singleton . Donald . November 13, 1976 . Bargain-Hunters Pick Bones of the McAlpin . 168 . New York Daily News . newspapers.com . November 25, 2022 . November 25, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20221125204817/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/113624792/bargain-hunters-pick-bones-of-the/ . live .
  94. News: October 15, 1954 . $9,000,000 Is Paid for the M'Alpin; 1,500-Room Hotel at 34th Street and Broadway Added to the Sheraton Chain . en-US . The New York Times . November 24, 2022 . 0362-4331 . November 24, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20221124234831/https://www.nytimes.com/1954/10/15/archives/9000000-is-paid-for-the-malpin-1500room-hotel-at-34th-street-and.html . live .
  95. Book: Ely Jacques Kahn, Architect: Beaux-arts to Modernism in New York . Stern . Jewel . Stuart . John A. . Norton . 2006 . 978-0-393-73114-9 . registration . 207.
  96. News: January 4, 1949 . Knott Group Leases the M'Alpin Hotel . en-US . The New York Times . November 24, 2022 . 0362-4331 . November 24, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20221124234830/https://www.nytimes.com/1949/01/04/archives/knott-group-leases-the-malpin-hotel.html . live .
  97. News: January 4, 1949 . Knott Chain, Operators, Lease the Hotel McAlpin . 41 . New York Herald Tribune . 1941-0646 . .
  98. December 27, 1951 . Tisch Organization Leases McAlpin Hotel . Women's Wear Daily . 83 . 125 . 31 . .
  99. News: December 27, 1951 . M'Alpin to Be Renovated; Tisch Chain to Spend $1,225,000 on 1,500-Room Midtown Hotel . en-US . The New York Times . November 24, 2022 . 0362-4331 . November 24, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20221124234832/https://www.nytimes.com/1951/12/27/archives/malpin-to-be-renovated-tisch-chain-to-spend-1225000-on-1500room.html . live .
  100. February 18, 1952 . McAlpin Hotel Appoints Waters . Women's Wear Daily . 84 . 34 . 4 . .
  101. News: February 1, 1952 . News in the Advertising Field: Hotel McAlpin Agency Named . 28 . New York Herald Tribune . 1941-0646 . .
  102. News: January 9, 1953 . New Manager Is Named For McAlpin Hotel Here . en-US . The New York Times . November 24, 2022 . 0362-4331 . November 24, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20221124234831/https://www.nytimes.com/1953/01/09/archives/new-manager-is-named-for-mcalpin-hotel-here.html . live .
  103. News: September 27, 1954 . Sheraton Corp. Admits It Is Negotiating for The McAlpin, New York: Hotel Chain Reportedly Also Has Made $6 Million Offer for the Palace in San Francisco . 20 . Wall Street Journal . 0099-9660 . .
  104. News: October 15, 1954 . Sheraton Buys McAlpin Hotel . 14 . The Christian Science Monitor . .
  105. News: October 15, 1954 . Sheraton Corp. Buys New York's McAlpin Hotel for $9 Million: Sheraton Will Not Take Over Management Until Next May; Hotel Has 1,500 Rooms . 4 . Wall Street Journal . 0099-9660 . .
  106. News: September 8, 1955 . Sheraton Takes Full Control Of McAlpin Hotel, New York . 14 . Wall Street Journal . 0099-9660 . .
  107. News: September 8, 1955 . McAlpin Hotel Passes to Sheraton Chain . 3A . New York Herald Tribune . 1941-0646 . .
  108. News: October 8, 1959 . Redone McAlpin Hotel Now Sheraton-Atlantic . en-US . The New York Times . November 24, 2022 . 0362-4331 . September 22, 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20180922063504/https://www.nytimes.com/1959/10/08/archives/redone-mcalpin-hotel-now-sheratonatlantic.html . live .
  109. News: June 22, 1968 . Sheraton-Atlantic Sold to Investors . en-US . The New York Times . November 25, 2022 . 0362-4331 . November 25, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20221125001913/https://www.nytimes.com/1968/06/22/archives/sheratonatlantic-sold-to-investors.html . live .
  110. News: Hammer. Alexander R.. 1966-10-08. Hotels in City Becoming Big Sports Fans; Madison Square Garden Stirring Bid for Business Hotels Around the New Garden Are Becoming Big Sports Fans. en-US. The New York Times. 2022-11-30. 0362-4331. November 30, 2022. https://web.archive.org/web/20221130000747/https://www.nytimes.com/1966/10/08/archives/hotels-in-city-becoming-big-sports-fans-madison-square-garden.html. live.
  111. News: July 22, 1968 . News of Realty: Aeroflot Office; Soviet Company to Occupy 49th Street Building . en-US . The New York Times . November 25, 2022 . 0362-4331 . November 25, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20221125020439/https://www.nytimes.com/1968/07/22/archives/news-of-realty-aeroflot-office-soviet-company-to-occupy-49th-street.html . live .
  112. News: July 28, 1968 . Original Name Restored to Hotel in New York . 83 . The Courier-Journal . newspapers.com . November 24, 2022 . November 24, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20221124023501/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/113552478/original-name-restored-to-hotel-in-new/ . live .
  113. News: March 1, 1970 . News of the Realty Trade . en-US . The New York Times . November 25, 2022 . 0362-4331 . November 25, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20221125020438/https://www.nytimes.com/1970/03/01/archives/news-of-the-realty-trade-mcalpin-hotel-getting-a-topfloor-theater.html . live .
  114. June 3, 1970 . Vaudeville: N.Y. Hotel McAlpin Ties Dinner & Rooftop Play $11.45, A $2 Discount . Variety . 259 . 3 . 50 . .
  115. News: Hammer . Alexander R. . February 8, 1970 . Bookings Fat, Profits Lean In N.Y. Hotels . en-US . The New York Times . November 25, 2022 . 0362-4331 . November 9, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20221109184342/https://www.nytimes.com/1970/02/08/archives/bookings-fat-profits-lean-in-ny-hotels-profit-of-hotels-lags-in-new.html . live .
  116. News: Horsley . Carter B. . June 3, 1979 . The Goldman‐DiLorenzo Empire And the Toss of a Coin . en-US . The New York Times . November 25, 2022 . 0362-4331 . November 7, 2017 . https://web.archive.org/web/20171107112547/http://www.nytimes.com/1979/06/03/archives/the-goldmandilorenzo-empire-and-the-toss-of-a-coin-the-great.html . live .
  117. News: Reif . Rita . May 23, 1976 . New York's Big Landlord Is Feeling Financial Pinch . en-US . The New York Times . November 25, 2022 . 0362-4331 . November 25, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20221125190103/https://www.nytimes.com/1976/05/23/archives/new-yorks-big-landlord-is-feeling-financial-pinch-legal-problems.html . live .
  118. News: January 8, 1976 . Foreclosure Begun on McAlpin Hotel . en-US . The New York Times . April 28, 2022 . 0362-4331 . April 28, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220428173812/https://www.nytimes.com/1976/01/08/archives/foreclosure-begun-on-mcalpin-hotel.html . live .
  119. News: Tomasson . Robert E. . April 24, 1976 . Zeckendorf Negotiating to Buy the McAlpin . en-US . The New York Times . November 24, 2022 . 0362-4331 . May 13, 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210513044253/https://www.nytimes.com/1976/04/24/archives/zeckendorf-negotiating-to-buy-the-mcalpin.html . live .
  120. News: Tomasson . Robert E. . July 21, 1976 . McAlpin Hotel Is Sold and Is to Be Converted Into 700 Apartments . en-US . The New York Times . November 24, 2022 . 0362-4331 . November 24, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20221124234831/https://www.nytimes.com/1976/07/21/archives/mcalpin-hotel-is-sold-and-is-to-be-converted-into-700-apartments.html . live .
  121. News: King . Martin . November 12, 1976 . Bargain Seekers Can Check Into the Hotel McAlpin . 7 . New York Daily News . newspapers.com . November 24, 2022 . November 25, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20221125001922/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/113588350/bargain-seekers-can-check-into-the/ . live .
  122. News: Horsley . Carter B. . December 4, 1977 . Interest in Hotel Projects Stirs As Luxury Market Booms . en-US . The New York Times . November 25, 2022 . 0362-4331 . August 9, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220809213255/https://www.nytimes.com/1977/12/04/archives/interest-in-hotel-projects-stirs-as-luxury-market-booms-interest-in.html . live .
  123. January 24, 1979 . Personal Appearances: Zeckendorf Jr. In $24-Mil Deal To Buy Statler-Hilton Hotel . Variety . 293 . 12 . 88 . .
  124. News: February 18, 1979 . Realty News . en-US . The New York Times . November 25, 2022 . 0362-4331 . July 23, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220723105649/https://www.nytimes.com/1979/02/18/archives/realty-news-american-express-expands-downtown-barbizon-hotel.html . live .
  125. News: Lyons . Richard D. . July 13, 1986 . The Zeckendorf Flag Flying High Again . en-US . The New York Times . November 25, 2022 . 0362-4331 . November 25, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20221125204817/https://www.nytimes.com/1986/07/13/realestate/the-zeckendorf-flag-flying-high-again.html . live .
  126. News: Campbell . Barbara . November 15, 1976 . Elderly Tenants Are Refusing to Leave Apartments in the McAlpin Hotel . en-US . The New York Times . November 24, 2022 . 0362-4331 . November 24, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20221124234832/https://www.nytimes.com/1976/11/15/archives/elderly-tenants-are-refusing-to-leave-apartments-in-the-mcalpin.html . live .
  127. News: July 10, 1977. McAlpin Hotel. en-US. The New York Times. April 28, 2022. 0362-4331. April 28, 2022. https://web.archive.org/web/20220428173811/https://www.nytimes.com/1977/07/10/archives/mcalpin-hotel.html. live.
  128. News: June 25, 1978 . City Hall Calendar . 528 . New York Daily News . newspapers.com . November 25, 2022 . November 25, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20221125204817/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/113624992/city-hall-calendar/ . live .
  129. News: Oser . Alan S. . November 22, 1987 . Perspectives: 34th Street Growth; Stores Play a Pivotal Role in Mixed Uses . en-US . The New York Times . November 25, 2022 . 0362-4331 . November 25, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20221125204817/https://www.nytimes.com/1987/11/22/realestate/perspectives-34th-street-growth-stores-play-a-pivotal-role-in-mixed-uses.html . live .
  130. News: August 11, 1979 . Hotel McAlpin will get new lease on life . 178 . New York Daily News . newspapers.com . November 25, 2022 . November 25, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20221125204816/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/113624547/hotel-mcalpin-will-get-new-lease-on-life/ . live .
  131. News: Garbarine . Rachelle . October 15, 1999 . Residential Real Estate; New Owners Refurbish a Herald Square Stalwart . en-US . The New York Times . November 25, 2022 . 0362-4331 . November 25, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20221125001922/https://www.nytimes.com/1999/10/15/nyregion/residential-real-estate-new-owners-refurbish-a-herald-square-stalwart.html . live .
  132. News: Lueck . Thomas J. . September 10, 1989 . Fortune's Smile Glimmers on Herald Sq. . en-US . The New York Times . November 25, 2022 . 0362-4331 . November 25, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20221125204820/https://www.nytimes.com/1989/09/10/realestate/fortune-s-smile-glimmers-on-herald-sq.html . live .
  133. News: November 24, 1991 . Postings: Facelift for the McAlpin; In Pursuit of Original Elegance . en-US . The New York Times . November 25, 2022 . 0362-4331 . November 25, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20221125204816/https://www.nytimes.com/1991/11/24/realestate/postings-facelift-for-the-mcalpin-in-pursuit-of-original-elegance.html . live .
  134. Gordon . Maryellen . August 29, 1990 . Sportswear Report: In The Markets: Retail: Gitano Hits Herald Square With First Manhattan Store . Women's Wear Daily . 160 . 42 . 6 . .
  135. News: Bagli . Charles V. . March 19, 1998 . Hotelier Forms Partnership With an Investment Company . en-US . The New York Times . November 25, 2022 . 0362-4331 . November 25, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20221125214648/https://www.nytimes.com/1998/03/19/nyregion/hotelier-forms-partnership-with-an-investment-company.html . live .
  136. Ian Schrager and NorthStar Capital Announce Consolidation of All Hotel Operations Into Ian Schrager Hotels LLC . . Business Wire . March 18, 1998 . 1.
  137. News: Barbanel . Josh . June 11, 2006 . Condo Sales, With a Catch . en-US . The New York Times . November 25, 2022 . 0362-4331 . November 25, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20221125214649/https://www.nytimes.com/2006/06/11/realestate/11herald.html . live .
  138. Curan . Catherine . May 15, 2000 . 34th comes first for fashion retailers . Crain's New York Business . 16 . 20 . 3 . .
  139. News: Gregor . Alison . March 26, 2006 . Making a Mark With 'Off Market' Deals . en-US . The New York Times . November 25, 2022 . 0362-4331 . November 25, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20221125214648/https://www.nytimes.com/2006/03/26/business/yourmoney/making-a-mark-with-off-market-deals.html . live .
  140. Web site: Blum . Ben . November 5, 2007 . In the Courts - The Real Deal . November 25, 2022 . The Real Deal New York . en-US . November 25, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20221125224231/https://therealdeal.com/issues_articles/in-the-courts-4/ . live .
  141. Satow . Julie . June 12, 2006 . Tourists get taken in fake-hotel scam . Crain's New York Business . 22 . 24 . 1 . .
  142. Web site: August 29, 2010 . Herald Towers tenants not surprised by Nicole John's tragic 22-story fall . November 25, 2022 . New York Daily News . November 25, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20221125224229/https://www.nydailynews.com/new-york/herald-towers-tenants-not-surprised-nicole-john-tragic-22-story-fall-article-1.200711 . live .
  143. Web site: Bockmann . Rich . September 5, 2018 . Gap is adding to a growing stretch of retail vacancies along 34th Street . November 25, 2022 . The Real Deal New York . en-US . November 25, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20221125224232/https://therealdeal.com/2018/09/05/gap-is-adding-to-a-growing-stretch-of-retail-vacancies-along-34th-street/ . live .
  144. Web site: February 12, 2021 . JEMB demanding payment from tenants at luxe Herald Towers . November 25, 2022 . Crain's New York Business . November 25, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20221125224242/https://www.crainsnewyork.com/residential-real-estate/jemb-demanding-payment-tenants-luxe-herald-towers . live .
  145. News: Rubinstein . Dana . McKinley . Jesse . January 21, 2021 . A Casino in Manhattan? Strapped Developers Hope So . en-US . The New York Times . November 24, 2022 . 0362-4331 . November 24, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20221124212730/https://www.nytimes.com/2021/01/21/nyregion/casino-manhattan-nyc.html . live .
  146. Web site: Short . Aaron . August 9, 2022 . Manhattan Casino Push Could Turn Out to be a House of Cards . November 24, 2022 . Commercial Observer . December 5, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20221205125049/https://commercialobserver.com/2022/08/manhattan-casino-push/ . live .
  147. News: December 19, 1913 . The McAlpin Celebrates . 2 . The New York Times . newspapers.com . November 26, 2022 . 0362-4331 . November 26, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20221126213704/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/113671429/the-mcalpin-celebrates/ . live .
  148. News: August 19, 1914 . State Organization. To Fight Murphy; John A. Hennessy Addresses Democratic Leaders from Forty-five Counties . en-US . The New York Times . November 27, 2022 . 0362-4331 . November 27, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20221127002453/https://www.nytimes.com/1914/08/19/archives/state-organization-to-fight-murphy-john-a-hennessy-addresses.html . live .
  149. News: October 30, 1917. Denies Help for Germany; League of Small Nations, Dr. Howe Says, Did Not Censor Speakers.. en-US. The New York Times. November 25, 2022. 0362-4331. November 25, 2022. https://web.archive.org/web/20221125031501/https://www.nytimes.com/1917/10/30/archives/denies-help-for-germany-league-of-small-nations-dr-howe-says-did.html. live.
  150. Book: Charity Organization Society of the City of New York. The Survey: social, charitable, civic : a journal of constructive philanthropy. 39. 1918. 137.
  151. News: December 4, 1920 . Tetrazzini's Voice Heard 400 Miles Away; Radio Telephone Carries Her Songs From This City to Naval Ships at Sea. . en-US . The New York Times . November 24, 2022 . 0362-4331 . November 25, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20221125001922/https://www.nytimes.com/1920/12/04/archives/tetrazzinis-voice-heard-400-miles-away-radio-telephone-carries-her.html . live .
  152. Web site: Hinckley . David . July 25, 2011 . Radio breathed life into heavy-weight championship fight between Dempsey, Carpentier 90 years ago . November 25, 2022 . New York Daily News . November 25, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20221125224231/https://www.nydailynews.com/entertainment/tv-movies/radio-breathed-life-heavy-weight-championship-fight-dempsey-carpentier-90-years-article-1.157903 . live .
  153. News: December 3, 1920 . Tetrazzini by Wireless Telephone Will Sing to Sailors on Navy Warships . en-US . The New York Times . November 24, 2022 . 0362-4331 . November 25, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20221125001913/https://www.nytimes.com/1920/12/03/archives/tetrazzini-by-wireless-telephone-will-sing-to-sailors-on-navy.html . live .
  154. News: August 12, 1926 . Republicans Select Hotel: McAlpin To Be Headquarters for State Convention . 5 . New York Herald Tribune . 1941-0646 . .
  155. News: 1931-12-08. Magicians Show Tricks; American Society Admits Outsiders to Performance for First Time.. en-US. The New York Times. 2023-01-19. 0362-4331. January 19, 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20230119222329/https://www.nytimes.com/1931/12/08/archives/magicians-show-tricks-american-society-admits-outsiders-to.html. live.
  156. June 30, 1997 . Reconstructionism: From "Heresy" to "It's What Most Jews Are" . 22 . 3 . 52 . . Moment.
  157. News: Eig. Jonathan. June 3, 2007. 'Opening Day: The Story of Jackie Robinson's First Season'. en-US. The New York Times. November 25, 2022. 0362-4331. November 25, 2022. https://web.archive.org/web/20221125031501/https://www.nytimes.com/2007/06/03/books/chapters/0603-1st-eig.html. live.
  158. Web site: Caldera . Pete . May 27, 2020 . Visiting New York's baseball history: Jackie Robinson's residence at former McAlpin Hotel . November 25, 2022 . MLB Writer . November 30, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20221130005027/https://www.northjersey.com/story/sports/mlb/yankees/2020/05/27/jackie-robinson-where-living-nyc-when-he-got-call-mlb/5242189002/ . live .
  159. History of the US National High School Chess Championship . 1998 . . 1–3 . November 25, 2022.
  160. News: Josephs . Susan . February 13, 1998 . 'We Are No Longer A Joke': Twenty-five years after the First National Jewish Women's Conference, the pioneers gather to look back, push ahead . 16 . The New York Jewish Week . .
  161. News: Lynn . Frank . February 15, 1975 . Harris, in Quest of Presidency, Arrives Here Carrying Own Bag . en-US . The New York Times . November 25, 2022 . 0362-4331 . November 25, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20221125204818/https://www.nytimes.com/1975/02/15/archives/harris-in-quest-of-presidency-arrives-here-carrying-own-bag.html . live .
  162. News: Kneeland . Douglas E. . July 13, 1976 . Among the Also‐Rans,' Brown Spurns Loser Role . en-US . The New York Times . November 25, 2022 . 0362-4331 . November 25, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20221125204817/https://www.nytimes.com/1976/07/13/archives/among-the-alsorans-brown-spurns-loser-role.html . live .

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