Mazowiecka street in Bydgoszcz explained

Mazowiecka street
Map Size:	250 px
Map Alt:	Mazowiecka street highlighted on a map
Former Names:	Heynestraße / Heinestraße / Heinegostraße / Memel straße
Part Of:	Śródmieście district
Owner:	City of Bydgoszcz
Length M:	500
Location:	Bydgoszcz, Poland
Coordinates:	53.1328°N 18.0022°W
Construction Start Date:	Late 1870s^[1]
Completion Date:	1910^[2]
Junction:	Pomorska Street, Sienkiewicza Street, Wileńska street, Sowińskiego street

Mazowiecka street is a path in the city of Bydgoszcz, Poland. Its buildings still display a mix of eclectic architectural facades as well as highlight the important urban industrialisation in the history of the city.

History and location

A map of Bromberg dated 1876^[3] depicts the pathway, without any naming nor plots. Two years later, the city address book makes the first reference to 8 buildings on Heinestraße.^[1] The development of the street has been gradual and eventually achieved in 1910.^[2]

The street bore the following names through its existence:^[4]

• 19th century - 1920, Heinestraße or Heynestraße. Friedrich Hermann Heyne (1813-1856) was the Bürgermeister of Bromberg from 1845 to 1856,^[5] at a time of dynamic economic development, in particular with the opening of the city to the network of the Prussian Eastern Railway.
• German occupation (1939 - 1945), Memel straße,^[6] in reference to the Memel Territory (German: Memelland), the northernmost part of the German province of East Prussia.
• 1920 - 1939 and since 1945, Ulica Mazowiecka .

The current appellation refers to the historical region of Mazovia, in mid-north-eastern Poland. It spans the North European Plain, roughly between Łódź and Białystok.

The street follows a approximately east-west path, from Pomorska Street to Aleksandra Fredry street; on the way, it intersects Sienkiewicza, Wileńska and Sowińskiego streets.

Main areas and edifices

Tenement at 51 Pomorska Street, corner with Mazowiecka street

1890–1891

Eclecticism, Neoclassical architecture

Initial address was Heinestraße 45, like the tenement at Nr.49, this building was initially the property of the municipality, as Bromberg city apartments (German: Wohnungsverein gehörig).^[7] until 1910.^[2] This system prevailed, even after Bydgoszcz re-integrated the Polish territory.

The facade of the building, recently renovated, displays nice neoclassical features, mirroring the abutting tenement at Nr.49, with a bit more motifs: pilasters, tympanum on Mazowiecka street and a corner facade with balustrade, topped by round ornaments.

Tenement at 53 Pomorska Street, corner with Mazowiecka street

1893–1894

Historicism

Initial address was Heinestraße 2. The Bräuer family lived there from the erection of the tenement in the 1880s^[8] until World War I.

The building, though badly damaged by time and lack of maintenance, keeps some elements of its glorious past:

• Pediments of different shapes at each windows;
• Row of corbels beneath the roof;
• Balustrade at some openings;
• cartouches on the corner with motifs;
• Gates crowned with a bearded figure.

Tenement at 1/3

1890-1891^[9]

Eclecticism

Both buildings have been erected almost at the same period (1890-1892) and have always been owned by one landlord at the time. They had been built for the city (then German) housing cooperative, the Wohnungsverein in bromberg gehörig.^[10] In 1920, they were managed by the Polish equivalent structure, the Towarzystwo mieszkaniowe.^[11] Some other tenements managed by the city could also be found at 1 Kołłątaja Street or 13/15/17 Zygmunt Krasiński Street.

Both frontages display similar eclectic architectural details, with a slight avant-corps dividing them.

Tenement at 4

1912^[9]

Late Art Nouveau

Robert Reeck, the first landlord,^[12] was living at 21 Wörth strasse (present day Racławicka street).^[12]

Renovated in 2014,^[13] the facade presents characteristics of the first decade of the 20th century with early forms of Modern architecture and Art Nouveau elements: tall bay windows, long vertical lines and a variety of window shapes.

Tenement at 5

1895^[9]

Eclecticism

Then located at 43 Heyne strasse, Emil Leufen, a plasterer was its initial owner. A year later, he sold it to Johann Buckolt, a musician, and moved to the neighboring tenement at 41/42 (today's 7/9).^[14]

The passage to the courtyard has been used by Bydgoszcz-born artist Joanna Rajkowska^[15] to create the public project “Thermometers and glasses” (Polish: Termometry i Szklanki) in 2012. Joanna Rajkowska covered the walls and ceiling with a mosaic of mirrors (700 kg of them).^[16] The Mirror gate (Brama z luster) has been restored in 2021.^[17]

Tenements at 7/9

1894^[9]

Eclecticism

Emil Leufen, a plasterer, then owner in 1893 of the abutting building at 5, had these buildings erected a year later.^[14] He had been eventually lived there from 1896 onwards.

The large facade on the street displays eclectic and neo-baroque architectural details:

• on the ground floor, corinthian style columns and pilasters;
• the upper openings present a mix of columns and adorned pediments;
• the top of the frontage is decorated, among others, with mascarons.

Tenements at 8/10

1878^[9]

Eclecticism

These buildings are among the oldest in the street, dating back to the late 1870s.^[1] Their first landlord was Anton Czarnecki, who inhabited the house at 8 (then 4/4a Heinestraße).^[18]

Both facades lost their architectural details with time. The house at 8 was renovated in 2020.^[19]

Tenement at 11

1895^[9]

Eclecticism

The first landlord was Albert Bettyna, a locksmith. Hasan Konopacki (1879–1953) lived there from 1946 to 1953. He was a Lipka Tatar, politician, journalist and military officer, closely connected with the Belarusian national movement. A commemorative plaque has been unveiled on the ground floor of the building.^[20]

The facade renovated in 2022^[20] displays eclectic characters: avant-corps, pilasters, stuccoes and top corbel table are worth noticing.

1890^[9]

Eclecticism

Carl Heller, a butcher, was the registered landlord of this tenement at its construction.^[21]

The house, renovated in the 2010s, exhibits a balcony on the corner narrow facade. There are also stucooed corbels on the window lintel and the corbel table running beneath the roof.

Tenement at 14

1896-1897^[9]

Eclecticism

Identified at its inception at 8 Heyne strasse, this large building was initially owned by Emil Röhl . He lived there till the outbreak of WWI.^[12]

The most impressive features of the tenement are the two grand balconies on the first and second level. Located above the main entrance, their balustrades are replicated on both sides under each window sills. In addition, window lintels are adorned with festoons, figureheads and mascaron.

Tenement at 15

1891-1892^[9]

Eclecticism

The construction entrepreneur Wilhelm Herzberg built the building on behalf of Johann Bordanowicz, a butcher living at then 25 Mittel straße^[7] (present day 45 Sienkiewicza Street).

The recent renovation (2022)^[22] recalls that at the time of construction, it was one of the most impressive tenement houses on the street,^[22] especially with its large double entrance door which round transom light decorated with figures of flying angels.

Building at 17, corner with 38 Sienkiewicza Street

1890s^[9]

Eclecticism

Marian Rudnicki, a merchant, commissioned this tenement. Its plot received three different house numberings: "25 Mittelstraße" in the 1890s, "45 Mittelstraße" (1915) and "38 Sienkiewicza street" in the present.

The corner building, in need of restoration, still possesses entrance door decoration, with pilasters flanking the side and a triangular pediment filled with plastered floral motifs and a smiling figure head. This ensemble is replicated on the door opening on Mazowiecka street.

Tenement at 18

1895-1896^[9]

Eclecticism

The first owner of the house at then 10 Heynestraße was Vincent Kolesinski.

Although the facade decoration is now gone, one can still appreciate the four balconies, fenced with floral-shaped wrought iron.

Building at 19, corner with 41 Sienkiewicza Street

1885^[9]

Eclecticism

Hugo Hecht, a merchant, commissioned this house. He was an important investor in the city: at the end of the 19th century, in addition to this tenement, he owned three other buildings in Gdańska Street, at 88/90, 92/94 and 96. Hecht was living at "30 Wilhelmstraße" (nonexistent today, in Jagiellońska street).^[23]

The renovation carried out in 2020 reinforced the design of its facade. The stories are separated by cornices, the roof is supported by consoles and pediments are incorporated above the windows. Massive balconies are decorated with balustrades and the side garage entrance displays a large wrought iron fence.^[24]

House at 20

1885^[9]

Eclecticism

The initial homeowner was Alexander Olszynski, a carpenter.^[25]

As one of the first house built in the street, it kept few architectural details, apart from the triangular pediment adorned with motifs above the entrance.

ßrenzel's House at 21

1883^[9]

Eclecticism

The first landlord in the mid-1880s was Albert ßrenzel, working as a metal turner.^[23] He lived there until the mid-1910s.^[12] The following owner was Emil Stadie: he had launched in 1892 a bicycle, then motorcycle workshop located at nearby 20a Mittel-strasse (present day 39 Sienkiewicza Street).^[26] Both locations were linked by a series of backyards.^[27]

House at 23

1885^[9]

Eclecticism

Otto Manthey, an administrative assistant at the post office was the landlord.^[25]

Recently refurbished (2024),^[28] the building architecture mirrors the one at No20, built the same year (1885).

Tenement at 14 Wileńska street

Registered on Kuyavian-Pomeranian Heritage list Nr.725837, Reg.A/1528 (6 May 2009)^[29]

1894^[9]

Eclecticism

Otto Jr. Kochanowski, the son of the coppersmith at N.12, was the first landlord. Otto Jr. was a building materials merchant.^[30] in 1896, he moved to a house at then 25 Mittelstasse (modern-day Sienkiewicza Street).^[31]

The city heritage building boasts two decorated facades and a large corner bay window stretching on two levels.

Tenement at 11 Wileńska street

1895^[9]

Eclecticism

Johann Bordanowicz, a butcher who already owned the building at 3 Wileńska street, was the first landlord of this tenement.^[30] At the time, it was located at the junction of Boiestraße and Heyne straße.

Restored in 2017,^[32] the massive tenement displays two decorated facades on each street. The corner frontage features two heavy balconies.

Cohnfeld's house at 25

Early 1900s^[9]

Albin Cohnfeld was a wealthy Jewish merchant of Bromberg, member (and vice-president) of the "Jewish Management Board and the Council of Representatives" of the city, from 1903 to 1920.^[33] At the end of the 1880s, Cohnfeld received a concession from the city to build barracks in todays' Pomorska street, which was completed in 1890:^[34] nowadays, the plot is called Londynek.

Albin Cohnfeld was living in a lavish tenement in Bahnhofstrasse (today's 77 Dworcowa street) designed by architect Karl Bergner. At the turn of the 20th century, he purchased plots in the street^[35] at 25 and 28.

At 25, he had this one level house constructed, which he sold in 1905.^[36]

Tenement at 27

1908-1909^[9]

Early Modern architecture

The commissioner of the building was a merchant, Wilhelm Habermann, running a company of wood transportation (German: holzspedition), Habermann & Moritz).^[2] Living in Albert strasse (present day Garbary Street), he started renting the flats to more than 20 tenants,^[2] but sold the tenement a year later in 1911.^[37]

The large facade displays early forms of modern architecture, with tall and long vertical windows, under a wall gable still shaped with Art Nouveau design.

Faculty of Animal Breeding and Biology at 28

• In 1890, the plot was acquired by Albin Cohnfeld (see details at paragraph Cohnfeld's house at 25): the municipal authorities commissioned him to build there barracks, as he did in Pomorska street.^[28]
• Former Company Galwana

The "Galwana" Joint Stock Company was established in February 1920 and began its operations in 1922.^[38] The founders of the company were the brothers Baranowski: Bolesław was the administrative director and Kazimierz the technical director.^[38] Krzysztof lived in an apartment next to the factory while his brother Bolesław had a flat at 5 Cieszkowskiego street.^[39] The factory used the ancient Prussian barracks, making most of the space provided by the multi-story brick building, with side wings.^[39] It was located at then 16/24 Heyne strasse, employed 200 people, of which 50 were artists trained at the National School of Arts and Crafts.^[39] Galwana went bankrupt in 1925,^[40] the premises were then owned by Bank M. Stadthagen Tow. Akc. w Bydgoszczy, one of the main share holder of the capital till the upset of WWII.^[41]

• Since 1971, the area is housing the faculty of the Bydgoszcz University of Science and Technology. There former plant edifice has been refurbished and hosts today one of the building of the Faculty of Animal Breeding and Biology of Bydgoszcz.

Factory premises at 29

1901

Industrial architecture

• The plot of land had been acquired at the beginning of the 20th century by Hermann Wenzel, a merchant living at 72 Danzigerstrasse (today's 137 Gdańska Street.^[42]
• Carl Wenzel, Hermann's relative, set up the Carl Wenzel Kommanditgesellschaft. The company had the production site in Mazowiecka and a selling point in Długa Street (64 Friedrichstrasse).^[12]

• Józef Fagiewicz, after selling his drugstore and retail warehouse in Świecie, purchased in 1919, Carl Wenzel's company.^[43] It was one of the largest drugstore wholesalers (Polish: Hurtownia drogeryjna) in Pomerania at the time.^[44] A few years later, he established also AVENA, an oatmeal factory.^[44]

• In 1929, Wacław Millner moved here his rapidly growing firm, Fabryka wyrobów Metalowo-Masowych (Metal and Mass Products Factory).^[45] Created three years earlier, the then small workshop was located at 59 Gdańska Street;^[46] it developed by producing furniture fittings and moved to 17 Nowa street in the Szwederowo district and later to 134 Gdańska Street. In Mazowiecka street, the company initially employed 100 people and began to manufacture bicycles from 1937 onwards. The employment increased to 600 people till the start of WWII. After the conflict, the firm was nationalized.^[26] At his heyday, Wacław Millner had even his personal villa built by the famous Bydgoszcz architect Jan Kossowski at 11 Markwarta Street.

• In 1969, Jan Gogolewski set up there the firm JAGO Confectionery Factory (Polish: Fabryka Wyrobów Cukierniczych JAGO Jan Gogolewski).^[47] It later now moved its seat to 2 Objazdowa street in Bydgoszcz.

Plant premises at 31/33

1906-1907^[9]

Industrial architecture

The parcel was purchased in 1907 by Gustav Granobs, living at 20 Kronerstrasse (Józefa Sowińskiego street).^[48] Granobs had a large factory built there to accommodate his booming firm Gustav Granobs - Fabryka Filników i Narzędzi created in 1910.^[49] The company will eventually grow into today's firm Befana.

Tenement at 10 Józefa Sowińskiego street

1890-1891^[9]

Eclecticism

Located then at 17 Kronerstrasse, the building was first owned by Ernst Meißner, a railway administrative assistant.^[10] He kept it till the start of WWI.^[12]

The corner building, in need of restoration, has lost all of its architectural decoration.

See also

• Bydgoszcz
• Bydgoszcz Architects (1850–1970s)
• Joanna Rajkowska
• Hasan Konopacki
• Bydgoszcz Tool Factory "BEFANA"

Bibliography

• Book: Umiński, Janusz . 1996 . Bydgoszcz. Przewodnik . Bydgoszcz. Guide . Bydgoszcz . Regionalny Oddział PTTK "Szlak Brdy". pl.
• Former Galwana company - Sójkowska . Danuta . 1996 . Materiały do dziejow kultury i sztuki bydgoszczy i regionu T7. Towarzystwo Akcyjne "Galwana" w Bydgoszczy . Biblioteka Uniwersytetu Kazimierza Wielkiego W Bydgoszczy . Joint Stock Company "Galwana" in Bydgoszcz . Bydgoszcz . Wojewódzki Ośrodek Kultury w Bydgoszczy . pl . 114–133.

Notes and References

1. Book: Wohnungs-Anzeiger nebst Adress- und Geschäfts-Handbuch für Bromberg und Umgebung : auf das Jahr 1878 . Apartment advertisement along with address and business handbook for Bromberg and the surrounding area: from the year 1878 . de . Mittlersche Buchhandlung (A. Fromm Nachf.) . 1878 . XVIII.
2. Book: Adressbuch nebst allgemeinem Geschäfts-Anzeiger von Bromberg und dessen Vororten für 1910 : auf Grund amtlicher und privater Unterlagen . Address book and general business gazette for Bromberg and its suburbs for 1910: based on official and private documents . de . A. Dittmann . 1910 . 45,112,113,150,304.
3. Plan der Stadt Bromberg . Map of the city of Bydgoszcz . 1876 . 1:5,000 . Paul Berthold Jaekel . Bydgoszcz . de .
4. Book: Czachorowski, Antoni . 1997 . Atlas historyczny miast polskich. Tom II Kujawy. Zeszyt I Bydgoszcz . Toruń . Uniwersytet Mikołaja Kopernika .
5. Web site: Akta miasta Bydgoszczy. Die Wiederbesetzung der durch den Tod des Herrn Heyne unbesetzten Bürgermeisterstelle jetzigen Oberbürgermeisterstelle . . 2021 . namensindex.org . Akta miasta Bydgoszczy . 8 May 2024 .
6. Stadt Plan Bromberg . City Map Bydgoszcz . 1941 . 1:25,000 . Graph. Grossbert. Deutsche Rundschau . Bydgoszcz . de .
7. Book: Adressbuch nebst allgemeinem Geschäfts-Anzeiger von Bromberg und dessen Vororten auf das Jahr 1893 auf Grund amtlicher und privater Unterlagen . Address book and general business gazette for Bromberg and its suburbs for 1893: based on official and private documents . de . Dittmann . 1893 . 23, 26, 32, 49.
8. Book: Adressbuch nebst allgemeinem Geschäfts-Anzeiger von Bromberg und dessen Vororten auf das Jahr 1878 auf Grund amtlicher und privater Unterlagen. Mittler. 1878. 12. Alphabetisches Berzeichnis der einwohner.
9. Book: Jasiakiewicz, Roman . 24 April 2013 . Uchwala NR XLI/875/13. Bydgoszcz . Miasta Bydgoszczy . 7,8,14,40,67–69,86,87,112,46,47,71.
10. Book: Adressbuch nebst allgemeinem Geschäfts-Anzeiger von Bromberg und dessen Vororten auf das Jahr 1892 auf Grund amtlicher und privater Unterlagen . Address book and general business gazette for Bromberg and its suburbs for 1892: based on official and private documents . de . Dittmann . 1892 . 33,139.
11. Book: Adresy Miasta Bydgoszcz na rok 1922 . Bydgoszcz Address book for the year 1922 . pl . Księgarnia Bydgoska Leon Posłuszny . 1922 . 120.
12. Book: Adressbuch nebst allgemeinem Geschäfts-Anzeiger von Bromberg und dessen Vororten für 1915: auf Grund amtlicher und privater Unterlagen . Address book and general business gazette for Bromberg and its suburbs for 1915: based on official and private documents . de . A. Dittmann . 1915 . 92,103,426,534.
13. Web site: MAPA INWESTYCJI . 2024 . bydgoszczwbudowie.pl . Bydgoszcz w Budowie . 13 May 2024 .
14. Book: Adressbuch nebst allgemeinem Geschäfts-Anzeiger von Bromberg und dessen Vororten auf das Jahr 1897: auf Grund amtlicher und privater Unterlagen . Address book and general business gazette for Bromberg and its suburbs for 1897: based on official and private documents . de . A. Dittmann . 1897 . 26.
15. Web site: Brama pełna luster to projekt Joanny Rajkowskiej . Redakcja . 20 September 2012. pomorska.pl . Polska Press Sp. z o.o. . 15 May 2024 .
16. Web site: Mirror gate . . 2018 . visitbydgoszcz.pl . Bydgoskie Centrum Informacji . 15 May 2024 .
17. Web site: Bydgoska brama z luster będzie błyszczeć jak nowa. Rewitalizacja dzieła Joanny Rajkowskiej . bor . 1 October 2021 . bydgoszcz.wyborcza.pl . Wyborcza Sp. z.o.o.. 15 May 2024 .
18. Book: Wohnungs-Anzeiger nebst Adress- und Geschäfts-Handbuch für Bromberg und Umgebung : auf das Jahr 1880 . Apartment advertisement along with address and business handbook for Bromberg and the surrounding area: from the year 1880 . de . Mittlersche Buchhandlung (A. Fromm Nachf.) . 1880 . 27,XXI.
19. Web site: Mapa Inwestycji . 2024 . bydgoszczwbudowie.pl . Bydgoszcz w Budowie . 19 May 2024.
20. Web site: Kamienica z ul. Mazowieckiej odzyskała blask . UAF . 8 November 2022 . bydgoszcz.pl . Miasto Bydgoszcz . 18 May 2024 .
21. Book: Adressbuch nebst allgemeinem Geschäfts-Anzeiger von Bromberg und dessen Vororten auf das Jahr 1890: auf Grund amtlicher und privater Unterlagen . 1890 . Bromberg . Dittmann. 42,65,72,106,123,168,209,229.
22. Web site: Elegancka elewacja na 130. urodziny . UAF . 12 January 2022 . bydgoszcz.pl . Miasto Bydgoszcz . 18 May 2024 .
23. Book: Adressbuch nebst allgemeinem Geschäfts-Anzeiger von Bromberg und dessen Vororten auf das Jahr 1885: nach amtlichen Quellen . 1885 . Bromberg . Mittlersche Buchhandlung (A. Fromm Nachf.). V,XXVI,26,47,106,124.
24. Web site: Narożna kamienica w piaskowym kolorze . UAF. 16 June 2020. bydgoszcz.pl . Miasto Bydgoszcz . 26 March 2021.
25. Book: Adressbuch nebst allgemeinem Geschäfts-Anzeiger von Bromberg und dessen Vororten auf das Jahr 1887: nach amtlichen Quellen . 1887 . Bromberg . Mittlersche Buchhandlung (A. Fromm Nachf.) . XXIII,108, 125.
26. Web site: Wytwórnia Motorów Jezdnych z Bydgoszczy Emila Stadie . DAWID . 2023 . auto-nostalgia.pl . auto-nostalgia . 20 May 2024.
27. Book: BYDGOSZCZ PRZEMYSŁOWA DAWNIEJ I DZIŚ. Przemysł bydgoski jako produkt kulturalny i turystyczny . Bartłomiej . Bromberk . Adam . Kosecki . Sławomir . Łaniecki . 2011 . Bydgoszcz . Wydawnictwa Uczelniane Uniwersytetu Technologiczno-Przyrodniczego . 166.
28. Web site: Kolejna kamienica przy ul. Mazowieckiej w remoncie . UAF. 21 February 2024 . bydgoszcz.pl . Miasto Bydgoszcz. 20 May 2024.
29. Załącznik do uchwały Nr XXXIV/601/13 Sejmiku Województwa Kujawsko-Pomorskiego z dnia 20 maja 2013 r.
30. Book: Adressbuch nebst allgemeinem Geschäfts-Anzeiger von Bromberg und dessen Vororten auf das Jahr 1895: nach amtlichen Quellen . 1895 . Bromberg . A. Dittmann . 19,52,84,151,205.
31. Book: Adressbuch nebst allgemeinem Geschäfts-Anzeiger von Bromberg und dessen Vororten auf das Jahr 1896: auf Grund amtlicher und privater Unterlagen . Address book and general business gazette for Bromberg and its suburbs for 1896: based on official and private documents . de . A. Dittmann . 1896 . 14,15,31,87,104,146,184.
32. Web site: [Remonty kamienic] kwiecień 2017 ]. 2017 . bydgoszczwbudowie.pl . Bydgoszcz w Budowie . 29 April 2024.
33. Book: Biegański, Zdzisław . Kronika Bydgoska. Materiały do historii mniejszości Żydowskiej w Bydgoszczy w zbiorach archiwum w Moskwie. Bydgoszcz Chronicle. Materials on the history of the Jewish minority in Bydgoszcz in the collections of the archive in Moscow . pl . Towarzystwo Miłosnikow Miasta Bydgoszczy - Bydgoskie Towarzystwo Naukowe . 1896 . 161.
34. Web site: Koszarowiec na bydgoskim Londynku. . 10 March 2024 . facebook.com . Bydgoszcz- Okruchy Przeszłości . 20 May 2024.
35. Web site: 6/189/0/3.3.5/720 Zahlen von 10% durch Albin Cohnfeld von den Parzellen nr 220 i 221 in der Vorstädte Bocianowo . 26 February 2021 . namensindex.org . Polish National Digital Archives . 20 May 2024.
36. Book: Adressbuch nebst allgemeinem Geschäfts-Anzeiger von Bromberg und dessen Vororten für 1905: auf Grund amtlicher und privater Unterlagen . Address book and general business gazette for Bromberg and its suburbs for 1905: based on official and private documents . de . A. Dittmann . 1905 . 50.
37. Book: Adressbuch nebst allgemeinem Geschäfts-Anzeiger von Bromberg und dessen Vororten für 1911: auf Grund amtlicher und privater Unterlagen . Address book and general business gazette for Bromberg and its suburbs for 1911: based on official and private documents . de . A. Dittmann . 1911 . 118.
38. Web site: Towarzystwo Akcyjne "Galwana" w Bydgoszczy . eMTeWu . 28 June 2021 . salon24.pl . Web Content Media sp. z o. o. . 19 May 2024.
39. Web site: Fenomen nowej gospodarki – "Galwana", Towarzystwo Akcyjne w Bydgoszczy . Chalasz . 23 September 2021 . bydgoszcz.naszemiasto.pl . Wielkopolska Historycznie . 19 May 2024.
40. Web site: Towarzystwo Akcyjne "Galwana" w Bydgoszczy . rudi . 13 October 2009 . bydgoszcz.naszemiasto.pl . Polska Press Sp. z o.o. . 19 May 2024.
41. Book: Adresy Miasta Bydgoszcz na rok 1933 . Bydgoszcz Address book for the year 1933 . pl . Władysław Weber . 1933 . 55.
42. Book: Adressbuch nebst allgemeinem Geschäfts-Anzeiger von Bromberg und dessen Vororten für 1901: auf Grund amtlicher und privater Unterlagen . Address book and general business gazette for Bromberg and its suburbs for 1901: based on official and private documents . de . A. Dittmann . 1901 . 35,213.
43. Book: Błażejewski, Stanisław . Kronika Bydgoska. Polskie przedsiębiorstwa i banki w pruskiej Bydgoszczy . Polish enterprises and banks in Prussian Bydgoszcz . pl . Towarzystwo Miłosnikow Miasta Bydgoszczy - Bydgoskie Towarzystwo Naukowe . 1923 . 82.
44. Book: Tygodnik Ilustrowany N.28/1923 . Weekly Illustrated N.28/1923 . pl . Gebethner i Wolff . 1923 . 35,213.
45. Book: Rynek Metalowy i Maszynowy N.16 . Metal and machines market N.16 . pl . Poznań . Prasa Kupiecko-Przemysłowa . 17 April 1937 . 82.
46. Book: Adresy Miasta Bydgoszcz na rok 1926 . Bydgoszcz Address book for the year 1926 . pl . Władysław Weber . 1926 . 230.
47. Web site: O Firmie . 2024 . jago.bydgoszcz.pl . Mediart . 20 May 2024.
48. Book: Adressbuch nebst allgemeinem Geschäfts-Anzeiger von Bromberg und dessen Vororten für 1907: auf Grund amtlicher und privater Unterlagen . Address book and general business gazette for Bromberg and its suburbs for 1907: based on official and private documents . de . A. Dittmann . 1907 . 266.
49. Book: Architektura Bydgoskich Fabryk. Na Winietach Papierów Firmowych . Architecture of Bydgoszcz Factories. On Company Paper Vignettes . pl . Kujawsko-Pomorskie Centrum Kultury w Bydgoszczy . 2021 . 5.