Nicholas U. Mayall Telescope Explained

Discovered:Methane ice on Pluto
First Light:February 27, 1973[1]

The Nicholas U. Mayall Telescope, also known as the Mayall 4-meter Telescope, is a four-meter (158 inches) reflector telescope located at the Kitt Peak National Observatory in Arizona and named after Nicholas U. Mayall. It saw first light on February 27, 1973, and was the second-largest telescope in the world at that time. Initial observers included David Crawford, Nicholas Mayall, and Arthur Hoag. It was dedicated on June 20, 1973 after Mayall's retirement as director. The mirror has an f/2.7 hyperboloidal shape. It is made from a two-foot (61adj=onNaNadj=on) thick fused quartz disk that is supported in an advanced-design mirror cell. The prime focus has a field of view six times larger than that of the Hale reflector. It is host to the Dark Energy Spectroscopic Instrument. The identical Víctor M. Blanco Telescope was later built at Cerro Tololo Inter-American Observatory, in Chile.[2]

Planning & construction

In 1961, after work had moved forward on other telescopes, Mayall proposed an even larger 150-inch mirror telescope for Kitt Peak.[3] Site construction began in 1968 and by 1971 the mirror was delivered to the site.[4] The mirror was made by Owens-Illinois and made of fused quartz, valued for its low coefficient of thermal expansion. The blank was ground at the Kitt Peak optical lab.[3]

The telescope primary mirror is designed to function as the first element in a Ritchey–Chrétien optical design.[5] The telescope was originally designed with three focal point options: the prime focus, a wide-field R/C focus, and a coudé focus.[6]

The telescope was dedicated in the summer of 1973, at which time it was the second largest telescope by aperture in the world. The telescope was named after Mayall who was the director of Kitt Peak National Observatory for over a decade.

Instruments

Examples of instruments over its lifetime include various spectrographs, Cryogenic Camera, the Phoenix spectrometer, and the DLIRIM.

The KNPO Mosaic camera was installed in 1998, and was designed for the prime focus.[7] This camera had eight 2048 × 4096 CCD sensors. This led to another camera Mosaic II for the CTIO 4-m telescope in the southern hemisphere.

Mosaic3Mosaic3 was an imaging camera for the Mayall telescope.[8] This prime focus camera was used for a 3-band survey in support of the upcoming DESI instrument.
Fourier Transform SpectrographOne instrument used with telescope was the Fourier Transform Spectrograph.[9] The FTS was used between 1975 and 1995, creating an archive of recorded spectra.[10] It was noted for collecting infrared spectrum before the advent of infrared imaging arrays.

Over the time of its operation 10,000 spectra were taken of 800 different astronomical targets, and these were made available in the SpArc data archive in the early 21st century.

DESI

An instrument designed to help understand dark energy, installation of the Dark Energy Spectroscopic Instrument (DESI) was completed in late 2019.[11] Very little is known about dark energy, the supposed pressure responsible for the accelerating expansion rate of the universe.

DESI has five thousand fiber optic sensors, each one being robotically targetable at the focal plane.[12] Planned to examine the nature of millions of galaxies and quasars, the instrument has been a decade in construction and features contributions from hundreds of researchers.

The telescope control software was also upgraded in the 2010s to prepare for DESI.[13]

DESI achieved first light in 2019 and was commissioned in March of 2020.[14] Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, full operations have been delayed until mid-2021.

Discoveries & observations

In 1976 the Mayall Telescope was used to discover methane ice on planet Pluto.[15]

The FTS on Mayall was also used to study methane in the outer solar system in the 1980s.[16] The study included observation of monodeutered methane on Titan, a moon of Saturn noted for its thick atmosphere.The Mayall was also one of several large telescopes that was part of a study of the Andromeda galaxy.[17] The observations helped understand the history of that galaxy, which in turn helps understand Earth's galaxy, the Milky Way.

Contemporaries on commissioning

The Mayall was the second-largest telescope when inaugurated, between the Hale (5 m) and Shane (3 m).

Largest telescopes 1973:

Name /
Observatory		ImageApertureAltitudeFirst
Light		Special advocate
1Hale Telescope
Palomar Obs.		200 inch
508 cm		1713 m
(5620 ft)		1949George Ellery Hale
2Mayall Telescope
Kitt Peak National Obs.		158 inch
401 cm 		2120 m
(6955 ft) 		-->1973Nicholas Mayall
3Shane Telescope
Lick Observatory		120 inch
305 cm		1283 m
(4209 ft)		1959Nicholas Mayall
C. Donald Shane
4Harlan J. Smith Telescope
McDonald Observatory		107 in
270 cm		2070 m
(6791 ft)		1968Harlan J. Smith

Here is the dedication of the telescope with its namesake at the eyepiece:

Observation examples

See also

External links

Notes and References

  1. Web site: The Mayall 4-Meter Telescope . 2019-11-10 . 2020-01-07 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200107074242/https://www.noao.edu/outreach/kptour/mayall.html . live .
  2. Telescope . AccessScience@McGraw-Hill . Robert D. Chapman . William M. Sinton . 10.1036/1097-8542.681600.
  3. Book: Leverington, David. Observatories and Telescopes of Modern Times. 2017. Cambridge University Press. 9780521899932. 2021-10-15. 2021-10-15. https://web.archive.org/web/20211015122343/https://books.google.com/books?id=o0xsDQAAQBAJ&q=Nicholas+U.+Mayall+Telescope+original+foci&pg=PA24. live.
  4. Web site: Mayall 4-Meter Telescope: History. www.noao.edu. 2019-11-07. 2016-03-11. https://web.archive.org/web/20160311222518/http://www.noao.edu/outreach/kptour/mayall_hist.html. live.
  5. Hoag . A. A. . Instrumentation for the KPNO and CTIO 4 meter reflectors. ESO/CERN Conference on Auxiliary Instrumentation for Large Telescopes . 1972 . 39 . 1972ailt.conf...39H.
  6. Web site: Mayall 4-Meter Telescope: Instruments. www.noao.edu. 2019-11-09. 2016-03-11. https://web.archive.org/web/20160311152004/http://www.noao.edu/outreach/kptour/mayall_inst.html. live.
  7. Dey. Arjun. Valdes. Francisco. 2014-03-01. The Delivered Image Quality with the MOSAIC Cameras at the Kitt Peak 4 m Mayall and Cerro Tololo 4 m Blanco Telescopes. Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific. 126. 937. 296. 10.1086/675808. 2014PASP..126..296D. 1538-3873. free.
  8. Dey. Arjun. Rabinowitz. David. Karcher. Armin. Bebek. Chris. Baltay. Charles. Sprayberry. David. Valdes. Frank. Stupak. Bob. Donaldson. John. Emmet. Will. Hurteau. Tom. Christopher J. Evans. Luc. Simard. Hideki. Takami. August 2016. Mosaic3: a red-sensitive upgrade for the prime focus camera at the Mayall 4m telescope. Ground-based and Airborne Instrumentation for Astronomy VI. 9908. 99082C. 10.1117/12.2231488. 2016SPIE.9908E..2CD. 125204403.
  9. Web site: Mayall 4-Meter Telescope: Instruments. www.noao.edu. 2019-11-07. 2016-03-11. https://web.archive.org/web/20160311152004/http://www.noao.edu/outreach/kptour/mayall_inst.html. live.
  10. Pilachowski. C. A.. Hinkle. K. H.. Young. M. D.. Dennis. H. B.. Gopu. A.. Henschel. R.. Hayashi. S.. January 2017. An Archive of Spectra from the Mayall Fourier Transform Spectrometer at Kitt Peak. Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific. 129. 972. 024006. 10.1088/1538-3873/129/972/024006. 1538-3873. 1610.02535. 2017PASP..129b4006P. 119268330.
  11. Web site: Kitt Peak Instrument To Study Dark Energy Begins Final Tests. 2019-10-31. KJZZ. 2019-11-07. 2019-11-07. https://web.archive.org/web/20191107143234/https://kjzz.org/content/1280751/kitt-peak-instrument-study-dark-energy-begins-final-tests. live.
  12. Web site: DESI opens its 5000 eyes. Roberts. Glenn Jr.. symmetry magazine. 28 October 2019 . 2019-11-07. 2021-01-25. https://web.archive.org/web/20210125022008/https://www.symmetrymagazine.org/article/desi-opens-its-5000-eyes?language=en. live.
  13. 2016SPIE.9913E..1OA. A new telescope control software for the Mayall 4-meter telescope. Software and Cyberinfrastructure for Astronomy IV. 9913. 99131O. Abareshi. Behzad. Marshall. Robert. Gott. Shelby. Sprayberry. David. Cantarutti. Rolando. Joyce. Dick. Williams. Doug. Probst. Ronald. Reetz. Kristin. Paat. Anthony. Butler. Karen. Soto. Christian. Dey. Arjun. Summers. David. Gianluca. Chiozzi. Juan C. Guzman. 2016. 10.1117/12.2233087. 58000493.
  14. Web site: Super New Telescope Opens Its Eyes For The First Time. Lincoln. Don. Forbes. 2019-11-09. 2019-11-09. https://web.archive.org/web/20191109192116/https://www.forbes.com/sites/drdonlincoln/2019/10/28/super-new-telescope-opens-its-eyes-for-the-first-time/. live.
  15. Book: Leverington, David. Babylon to Voyager and Beyond: A History of Planetary Astronomy. 2003-05-29. Cambridge University Press. 9780521808408. 2021-10-15. 2021-10-15. https://web.archive.org/web/20211015122343/https://books.google.com/books?id=6Hpi202ybn8C&q=mayall+telescope&pg=PA487. live.
  16. 1988ApJ...329..951D Page 951. 1988ApJ...329..951D. De Bergh . C. . Lutz . B. L. . Owen . T. . Chauville . J. . The Astrophysical Journal . 1988 . 329 . 951 . 10.1086/166439 .
  17. Web site: Two Ancient Migration Events In The Andromeda Galaxy – SpaceRef. spaceref.com. 3 October 2019 . 2019-11-09. 2021-10-15. https://web.archive.org/web/20211015122343/http://spaceref.com/astronomy/two-ancient-migration-events-in-the-andromeda-galaxy.html. live.

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