May 1931 Explained

The following events occurred in May 1931:

Friday, May 1, 1931

• The Empire State Building, the tallest building in the world, opened in New York City. At 11:30 a.m., President Hoover pressed a button in the White House that turned on the lights of all 102 stories.^[1]
• The comedy film The Millionaire starring George Arliss was released.^[2]
• Born: Maya Belenkaya, Soviet figure skater, in Leningrad

Saturday, May 2, 1931

• A mock air raid was conducted over Toulon, France. Although the military maneuvers were called off after two hours due to bad weather, it sufficiently demonstrated to military experts that the important naval base would have been reduced to ruins by a fleet of 150 bombers had the attack been real.^[3]
• Died: George Fisher Baker, 91, American banker and philanthropist

Sunday, May 3, 1931

• In elections in Schaumburg-Lippe, the Social Democrats remained the largest party with 44.6% of the vote, but the Nazi Party came in second with 26.9%.^{[4] [5]}
• Club Français defeated SO Montpellier 3–0 in the Coupe de France Final.
• Born:
  • Edith Bruck, Hungarian-Italian writer, Holocaust survivor, in Budapest.
  • Aldo Rossi, Italian architect and designer, in Milan (d. 2007)

Monday, May 4, 1931

• Mustafa Kemal was re-elected President of Turkey by the National Assembly.^[6]
• The United States Treasury estimated its budget deficit for 1930–31 at about $903 million.^[7]
• The Jewish Party, a splinter faction of the Union of Romanian Jews, was founded in Romania.
• Born: Richard Williams, jazz trumpeter, in Galveston, Texas (d. 1985)

Tuesday, May 5, 1931

• The Battle of Evarts took place in the U.S. in Harlan County, Kentucky, as two county sheriff's office deputies, one miner and another man were killed in a gun battle between striking miners and strikebreakers. The battle was one of a series of violent coal mining-related incidents in the region known as the Harlan County War.^{[8] [9] [10]}

Wednesday, May 6, 1931

• The Paris Colonial Exposition opened in France.
• The Soviet Union and Lithuania renewed their non-aggression pact that had been signed in 1926.^[11]
• Born: Willie Mays, American baseball player and inductee into the Baseball Hall of Fame; in Westfield, Alabama (d. 2024)

Thursday, May 7, 1931

• A force of 325 National Guardsmen were dispatched to Harlan County, Kentucky, by that U.S. state's Governor, under orders to "protect those who behave themselves and take charge of those who do not."^[12]
• Born:
  • Teresa Brewer, American pop music singer; in Toledo, Ohio (d. 2007)
  • Siddika Kabir, Bangladeshi nutritionist, cookbook author and cooking show television host; in Dhaka, Bengal province, British India (d. 2012)

Friday, May 8, 1931

• In the Weimar Republic of Germany, prosecution of Adolf Hitler by Hans Litten for complicity in manslaughter committed by members of the Sturmabteilung at the Tanzpalast Eden ("Eden Dance Palace") in Berlin in 1930 was dismissed.^[13]
• The Spanish provisional government decreed that religious instruction was no longer compulsory in schools.^[14]

Saturday, May 9, 1931

• The thoroughbred racehorse Mate won the Preakness Stakes.^[15]
• A huge building exposition, at 32 acres in size one of the largest ever held, opened in Berlin.^[16]

• Died: Albert A. Michelson, 78, American physicist and 1907 Nobel laureate

Sunday, May 10, 1931

• Rioting broke out between monarchists and republicans in Madrid.^[17]
• Hermann Göring met with Benito Mussolini in Rome.^[18]
• Born: Ichirō Nagai, Japanese anime voice actor, in Ikeda, Osaka (d. 2014)

Monday, May 11, 1931

• The Creditanstalt Bank in Vienna failed,^[19] leading to a national currency crisis as investors began pulling their funds from Austrian banks and moving them to other countries.^{[20] [21]}
• Four Roman Catholic convents were burned during the night by anticlerical rioters in Madrid.^[22]
• The Fritz Lang-directed film M premiered in Berlin.^[23]

Tuesday, May 12, 1931

• The Civil Guard was called into Madrid to stop the burning of convents.^[24]

Wednesday, May 13, 1931

• Paul Doumer was elected President of France by the French National Assembly.^[25]
• The International Olympic Committee voted to award the 1936 Summer Olympics to Berlin.
• Born:
  • Jim Jones, American cult leader who guided the mass suicide and murder of hundreds of his followers and their families in Guyana in 1978; in Randolph County, Indiana (d. 1978)
  • Jiří Petr, agroscientist and university professor, in Hradec Králové, Czechoslovakia (d. 2014)

Thursday, May 14, 1931

• The Bank of England's lending rate was cut to 2.5%, its lowest rate in 22 years.

• In Bologna, the conductor Arturo Toscanini was assaulted by a Fascist youth for refusing to play Giovinezza at the beginning of a concert devoted to the 75th birthday of Giuseppe Martucci. Toscanini escaped into a car and returned to his hotel; the concert was postponed.^[26]
• Born: Alvin Lucier, American composer, in Nashua, New Hampshire (d. 2021)
• Died: David Belasco, 77, American Broadway impresario, theater owner and playwright

Friday, May 15, 1931

• Pope Pius XI issued the encyclical Quadragesimo anno.
• The Mahatma Gandhi announced he would attend the second Round Table Conference on Indian independence in London.^[27]
• Born:
  • Joseph A. Califano Jr., U.S. Secretary of Health, Education and Welfare from 1977 to 1979; in Brooklyn
  • Ken Venturi, American professional golfer, 1964 U.S. Open winner; in San Francisco (d. 2013)

Saturday, May 16, 1931

• Twenty Grand won the Kentucky Derby.^[28]
• Albert Einstein delivered a lecture at Rhodes House in Oxford, at which the blackboard was saved.^[29]
• Born:
  • Jack Dodson, U.S. television actor known for The Andy Griffith Show and Mayberry R.F.D.; in Pittsburgh (d. 1994)

Sunday, May 17, 1931

• The Nazi Party won Landtag elections in Oldenburg with 37.2% of the vote. It was the first time the Nazis became the largest party in a Landtag.^[30]
• Born: Marshall Applewhite, American cult leader who led the 1997 mass suicide of his followers; in Spur, Texas (d. 1997)
• Died: Timothy Cole, 78, American wood engraver

Monday, May 18, 1931

• The United States Supreme Court decided Stromberg v. California, overturning a California court decision convicting a 19-year-old communist of breaking a state law against displaying a red flag.^[31]
• The U.S. Supreme Court decided Burnet v. Logan.
• Born:
  • Don Martin, American cartoonist for MAD magazine; in Paterson, New Jersey (d. 2000)
  • Robert Morse, American stage, film and TV actor, Tony Award and Emmy Award winner; in Newton, Massachusetts (d. 2022)

Tuesday, May 19, 1931

• The German cruiser was launched from Kiel. It accidentally slid into the water ahead of schedule before President Hindenburg had a chance to smash a bottle of champagne against its prow.^[32]
• Joseph Stalin announced the second five-year plan for the Soviet economy.
• Born: Éric Tappy, Swiss operatic tenor, in Lausanne (d. 2024)
• Died: Ralph Barton, 39, American caricaturist, committed suicide

Wednesday, May 20, 1931

• A report by International Labour Office Director General Albert Thomas was publicized, estimating that 20 million people were out of work around the world, double the numbers of one year ago.^[33]
• Fascist authorities confiscated the passport of Arturo Toscanini and essentially placed him under house arrest.^[34]
• Born: Ken Boyer, U.S. baseball player, 1964 National League MVP; in Liberty, Missouri (d. 1982)

Thursday, May 21, 1931

• Peder Kolstad became Prime Minister of Norway.
• The horror-fantasy radio series The Witch's Tale first aired on New York's WOR.^[35]
• Died: Charlie Poole, 39, American country musician, died of a heart attack

Friday, May 22, 1931

• The Spanish provisional government granted equal freedom to all religions.^[36]

Saturday, May 23, 1931

• Commemorating the fortieth anniversary of the encyclical Rerum novarum, Pope Pius XI published a lengthy message in L'Osservatore Romano calling the modern business world cruel and corrupting of the working class.^[37]
• The University of Oxford awarded Albert Einstein an honorary doctorate.^[38]
• The Whipsnade Zoo opened in Bedfordshire, England.
• Born:
  • Barbara Barrie, U.S. TV and film actress; in Chicago
  • Patience Cleveland, U.S. actress; in New York City (d. 2004)
• Died: Aldred Scott Warthin, 64, American pathologist

Sunday, May 24, 1931

• In São Paulo, composer Heitor Villa-Lobos presented the first of his Civic Exhortations, performed by 12,000 voices.
• The Alfa Romeo works team pairing of Giuseppe Campari and Tazio Nuvolari won the Italian Grand Prix.
• The Baltimore and Ohio Railroad (B&O) introduced the first completely air-conditioned passenger train, the Columbian, running between Washington and New York.^[39]
• Born:
  • Clint Ballard Jr., U.S. songwriter, in El Paso, Texas (d. 2008)
  • Ricky Romero, U.S. professional wrestler, in San Bernardino, California (d. 2006)

Monday, May 25, 1931

• The Royal British Legion voted to refer to November 11 as "Remembrance Day" rather than "Armistice Day".^[40]
• Born: Georgy Grechko, Soviet cosmonaut, in Leningrad (d. 2017)

Tuesday, May 26, 1931

• Serge Koussevitzky sent a telegram to the management of La Scala in Milan, explaining he would postpone his scheduled June performance there until the Italian government apologized to Arturo Toscanini over the events at Bologna.^{[41] [42]}

Wednesday, May 27, 1931

• In Augsburg, Germany, Professor Auguste Piccard and physicist Paul Kipfer took off in an airtight ball attached to a hydrogen balloon in an attempt to be the first persons to reach the Earth's stratosphere. They attained an altitude of 15,606 m (51,200 ft) and then landed in the Austrian Alps after more than eighteen hours in the air.^{[43] [44] [45]}
• Between 2,000 and 3,000 Japanese railway workers went on strike in protest against proposed salary reductions.^[46]

Thursday, May 28, 1931

• Three people were killed in fighting between Communists and Nazis in Hagen.^[47]
• Born:
  • Carroll Baker, U.S. actress, in Johnstown, Pennsylvania
  • Eric Von Schmidt, folk and blues musician, in Bridgeport, Connecticut (d. 2007)
  • Peter Westergaard, composer and music theorist, in Champaign, Illinois (d. 2019)
  • Gordon Willis, cinematographer, in Astoria, New York (d. 2014)

Friday, May 29, 1931

• Texas Guinan and her ensemble of entertainers were refused entry into France for failing to get a work permit before departing New York. "Hell! What have I done to be treated like this?" Guinan fumed. "I entertained at the front during the war on a permit signed by President Wilson. Why ain't I good enough to come here and sing now?"^[48]
• Died: Michele Schirru, 31, Italian-born American anarchist, was executed by a firing squad after being convicted of plotting to assassinate Benito Mussolini. ^[49]

Saturday, May 30, 1931

• The Fascist government of Italy suspended the Azione Cattolica.
• Louis Schneider won the Indianapolis 500.
• William "Red" Hill went over Niagara Falls in a barrel for the third time. After going over, the barrel was stuck in a whirlpool for almost three hours until it floated free and Hill could be rescued by his son, William Jr.^[50]
• Born: John O'Brien, Irish Catholic priest, in Kilrush (d. 2008)

Sunday, May 31, 1931

• A crowd of 150,000 members of the German monarchist organization Der Stahlhelm hailed former Crown Prince Wilhelm during their twelfth annual convention in Breslau.^[51]
• Born:
  • John Robert Schrieffer, U.S. physicist and Nobel laureate; in Oak Park, Illinois (d. 2019)
  • Shirley Verrett, American mezzo-soprano opera singer; in New Orleans (d. 2010)

Notes and References

1. News: May 1, 1931 . Empire State, World's Highest Building, Opens . . 1 .
2. Web site: Smart Money (1931) Starring Edward G. Robinson and James Cagney . Aliperti . Cliff . August 14, 2012 . Immortal Ephemera . May 22, 2015 .
3. News: Taylor . Edmond . May 3, 1931 . City of Toulon in 'Ruins' After Great 'Air Raid' . Chicago Daily Tribune. 27 .
4. Book: Davidson, Eugene . 1997 . The Making of Adolf Hitler: The Birth and Rise of Nazism . University of Missouri Press . 295 . 978-0-8262-1117-0 .
5. Web site: Tageseinträge für 3. Mai 1931 . chroniknet . May 22, 2015 .
6. Book: Mercer, Derrik . 1989 . Chronicle of the 20th Century . London . Chronicle Communications Ltd. . 403 . 978-0-582-03919-3 .
7. Web site: Tageseinträge für 4. Mai 1931 . chroniknet . May 22, 2015 .
8. Web site: Remembering Bloody Harlan . Parallel Narratives . 13 March 2011 . May 22, 2015.
9. Web site: Special Deputy Sheriff Jim Daniels, Harlan County Sheriff's Office, Kentucky . . 7 May 2022.
10. Web site: Special Deputy Sheriff Arthur Lee, Harlan County Sheriff's Office, Kentucky . The Officer Down Memorial Page, Inc . 7 May 2022.
11. Web site: Tageseinträge für 6. Mai 1931 . chroniknet . May 22, 2015 .
12. News: May 8, 1931 . Flags, Cheers Greet Troops at Mine Town . Chicago Daily Tribune. 10 .
13. Book: Hett, Benjamin Carter. Hans Litten and the Politics of Criminal Law in the Weimar Republic. Dubber, Markus Dirk . Farmer, Lindsay . Modern Histories of Crime and Punishment. Stanford University Press. 2007.
14. News: Allen. Jay. May 9, 1931. Spain Decrees Free Education for Children. Chicago Daily Tribune. 4.
15. News: May 10, 1931 . Mate Wins Preakness; Twenty Grand 2D . Chicago Daily Tribune. Part 2, p. 1 .
16. News: May 10, 1931 . Building Exposition Opened in Germany; U. S. is Represented . Chicago Daily Tribune. 6 .
17. News: Allen . Jay . May 11, 1931 . Madrid Swept by Riots; Use Guns and Clubs . Chicago Daily Tribune. 1 .
18. Web site: L'Allemagne en 1931 . Krononations . May 22, 2015 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20150522161143/http://krononations.weebly.com/allemagne-1931.html . May 22, 2015 .
19. Book: Kindleberger, Charles P. . 1995 . The World Economy and National Finance in Historical Perspective . University of Michigan Press . 193 . 978-0-472-10642-4 .
20. Book: Schubert, Aurel . 1991 . The Credit-Anstalt Crisis of 1931 . Cambridge University Press . 87–88 . 978-0-521-36537-6 .
21. Book: Paxton . Robert . Hessler . Julie . 2012 . Europe in the Twentieth Century, Fifth Edition . Wadsworth, Cengage Learning . 265 . 978-1-133-17112-6 .
22. News: Allen . Jay . May 12, 1931 . Madrid Mobs Fire Churches; Nuns in Flight . Chicago Daily Tribune. 1 .
23. Web site: Tageseinträge für 11. Mai 1931 . chroniknet . May 22, 2015 .
24. Web site: 1931 . Music And History . May 22, 2015 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20120828144201/http://www.musicandhistory.com/music-and-history-by-the-year/192-1931.html . August 28, 2012 .
25. News: May 14, 1931 . French President . . Broken Hill . 1 .
26. Book: Gilliland, Norman . 2002 . Grace Notes for a Year: Stories of Hope, Humor & Hubris from the World of Classical Music . NEMO Productions . 135 . 978-0-9715093-0-6 . registration .
27. News: Shirer . William . William L. Shirer . May 16, 1931 . Gandhi Agrees to Attend New Parley on India . Chicago Daily Tribune. 7 .
28. News: Woodruff . Harvey . May 17, 1931 . 20-Grand Wins Record Derby . Chicago Daily Tribune. 1 .
29. Web site: Blackboard Used by Albert Einstein, Oxford, May 16, 1931 . Albert . Einstein . Albert Einstein . MHS Collection Database Search . . Oxford . 1931 . 1 November 2015 .
30. Web site: Tageseinträge für 17. Mai 1931 . chroniknet . May 22, 2015 .
31. News: May 19, 1931 . Supreme Court Rules Red Flag is Not Sedition . Chicago Daily Tribune. 8 .
32. News: Schultz . Sigrid . Sigrid Schultz . May 20, 1931 . German Warship Slides into Sea Ahead of Time . Chicago Daily Tribune. 12 .
33. News: May 21, 1931 . World's Jobless Total 20,000,000; Doubles in Year . Chicago Daily Tribune. 4 .
34. News: May 22, 1931 . Hold Toscanini 'Prisoner'; Italy Seizes Passport . Chicago Daily Tribune. 1 .
35. Web site: The Witch's Tale . Radio Nouspace . May 22, 2015 . https://web.archive.org/web/20150522110655/http://radionouspace.net/index.php/the-witchs-tale/ . May 22, 2015 . dead .
36. News: Allen . Jay . May 23, 1931 . Spain Decrees Freedom to All Religious Creeds . Chicago Daily Tribune. 3 .
37. News: Darrah . David . May 24, 1931 . Pope Assails Business World as Hard, Cruel . Chicago Daily Tribune. 1 .
38. Web site: Tageseinträge für 23. Mai 1931 . chroniknet . May 22, 2015 .
39. Book: Stover, John F. . 1987 . History of the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad . Purdue Research Station . 287 . 978-1-55753-066-0 .
40. News: May 26, 1931 . British Vets Vote to Name Nov. 11 Remembrance Day . Chicago Daily Tribune. 1 .
41. Web site: Tageseinträge für 26. Mai 1931 . chroniknet . May 22, 2015 .
42. News: May 27, 1931 . Koussevitsky Supports Toscanini, Says Politics and Art Don't Mix, Assails Fascism . . San Bernardino, California . 4 .
43. News: May 27, 1931 . Pair Takes Off in Balloon on Nine Mile Climb . Chicago Daily Tribune. 1 .
44. Book: Davis . Jeffrey R. . Johnson . Robert . Stepanek . Jan . Fogarty . Jennifer A. . 2008 . Fundamentals of Aerospace Medicine, Fourth Edition . Philadelphia . Lippincott Williams & Wilkins . 17 . 978-0-7817-7466-6 .
45. News: Schultz . Sigrid . Sigrid Schultz . May 29, 1931 . Fly 10 Miles High; Tell Story . Chicago Daily Tribune. 1 .
46. News: May 27, 1931 . Japanese Rail Strike Begins; 210,000 Fight Cut in Wages . Chicago Daily Tribune. 11 .
47. Web site: Tageseinträge für 28. Mai 1931 . chroniknet . May 22, 2015 .
48. News: Swenson . Egbert . May 30, 1931 . Guinan, Held in French 'Ellis Island,' Rages . Chicago Daily Tribune. 2 .
49. News: Darrah . David . May 29, 1931 . Italy Executes American; Shot by Firing Squad . Chicago Daily Tribune. 1 .
50. News: May 31, 1931 . 'Shoots' Niagara's Rapids in Barrel; Rescued by Son, 17 . Chicago Daily Tribune. 1 .
51. News: Schultz . Sigrid . Sigrid Schultz . June 1, 1931 . 'Goosestep' for Heir to Fallen German Throne . Chicago Daily Tribune. 4 .