May 1918 Explained

The following events occurred in May 1918:

May 1, 1918 (Wednesday)

• The Egyptian Expeditionary Force captured the towns of Sunet Nimrun and Es Salt in Jordan but faced counterattacks from Ottoman and German forces.^[1]
• Battle of Lahti  - The Red Guards fled their garrison at Hennala, ending the battle at Lahti, Finland. Some 30,000 Reds Guards and their supporters surrendered to the White Guards and the support German detachment force.^[2]
• The Royal Air Force established air squadron No. 252.^[3]
• The Kyung Sung Public Agricultural College was founded, the precursor to the University of Seoul.^[4]
• The Independent Voters Association was established as a conservative counterpart to the more socialist-leaning Nonpartisan League in North Dakota.^[5]
• Born: Jack Paar, American TV personality, host of The Tonight Show from 1957 to 1962, in Canton, Ohio (d. 2004)
• Died: Grove Karl Gilbert, American geologist, discoverer of the Meteor Crater in Arizona (b. 1843)

May 2, 1918 (Thursday)

• Vyborg massacre  - News of the murder of hundreds of Red Guard prisoners and civilians by White Guard militia in Vyborg, Finland reached White Guard commander Carl Gustaf Emil Mannerheim, He ordered an immediate investigation.^[6]
• German submarine was sunk by depth charges from three Royal Navy ships with the loss of all 22 crew.^[7]
• Died: Jüri Vilms, Estonian politician, first deputy prime minister of Estonia (executed) (b. 1889)

May 3, 1918 (Friday)

• Vyborg massacre  - Finnish commander Carl Gustaf Emil Mannerheim sent a telegram to the town commandant in Vyborg, Finland with an order to stop the massacre of Red Guard prisoners and ethnic Russians civilians in the town. In all, by the time the violence stopped, 1,200 people had been shot dead, including more than 800 Red Guard prisoners and between 360 and 420 civilians of Russian or affiliated ethnicity.^[8]
• Battle of Ahvenkoski  - With the Kymi Valley now the last stronghold for the Red Guards in Finland, negotiations for surrender began with the Germans.^[9]
• The Soviet Red Army established the 6th Rifle Division in Gdov, Russia.^[10]
• Official war artist William Orpen opened his exhibition War in London and later donated the paintings to the British government. He was knighted in June.^[11]
• New Zealand writer Katherine Mansfield married her long-time partner John Middleton Murry at the Kensington register office in London.^[12]
• The University of the Philippines Cebu was established in Cebu, Philippines^[13] along with a preparatory school for students entering university.^[14]
• Born: Richard Dudman, American journalist, member of the editorial staff for the St. Louis Post-Dispatch for over thirty years, in Centerville, Iowa (d. 2017); Ted Bates, English football player, forward for Southampton from 1937 to 1953 and manager from 1955 to 1973, in Thetford, England (d. 2003); Mona Inglesby, British ballet dancer and choreographer, director of International Ballet, in London (d. 2006)
• Died: Derwas Cumming, Australian football player, forward for the Perth Football Club from 1907 to 1910, 1914 and Melbourne University Football Club from 1911 to 1912, recipient of the Military Cross (died from wounds sustained at the Second Battle of Villers-Bretonneux) (b. 1891); John Chase, American army medical officer, commander of the Colorado National Guard during the Colorado Labor Wars and the Ludlow Massacre (b. 1856)

May 4, 1918 (Saturday)

• The Egyptian Expeditionary Force retreated back to the Jordan Valley after failing to hold the towns of Sunet Nimrun and Es Salt, suffering 1,784 casualties while inflicting over 2,000 on the Ottomans.^[15]
• Soviet Russia established the Belomorsky, North Caucasus, and Volga Military Districts.^{[16] [17] [18]}
• The Senate of Finland was re-established in Vaasa, Finland.
• Baseball Ontario was established as the provincial governing body of the sport in Hamilton, Ontario.^[19]
• Born: Kakuei Tanaka, Japanese state leader, 40th Prime Minister of Japan, in Nishiyama, Niigata, Japan (d. 1993)
• Died: Howard Burnham, American engineer and spy, collected intelligence for France while conducting mining surveying work in the Alps during World War I, brother to Frederick Russell Burnham (b. 1870)

May 5, 1918 (Sunday)

• Battle of Ahvenkoski  - The final force Red Guards of Finland surrendered at Ahvenkoski, Finland, with 800 soldiers laying down their arms to the German detachment force in Finland. The battle became the final military action of the Finnish Civil War.^[20]
• An estimated 15,000 people attended an anti-conscription meeting in County Roscommon, Ireland, where John Dillon, leader of the Irish Parliamentary Party, and Éamon de Valera of Sinn Féin shared the platform in a united cause against conscription.^[21]
• German submarine was rammed and sunk in the Atlantic Ocean, killing all 34 crew.^[22]
• German submarine disappeared after being seen in the Mediterranean Sea east of Gibraltar, with all 33 crew lost.^[23]
• The United States Army established the 1st Pursuit Group to support the American Expeditionary Forces on the Western Front.^[24]
• Mary Pickford starred in M'Liss, a remake of a 1915 film. It was directed by Marshall Neilan and adapted by screenwriter Frances Marion from the short story by Bret Harte.^{[25] [26]}
• The village of Galahad, Alberta was established.^[27]
• Born: Egidio Galea, Maltese clergy, member of the Catholic resistance to Nazi Germany during World War II, in Birgu, Malta (d. 2005)
• Died: Bertha Palmer, American philanthropist, noted contributor to The Women's Building at the Chicago World's Fair, wife to business leader Potter Palmer (b. 1849)

May 6, 1918 (Monday)

• Nicaragua declared war on the Central Powers.^{[28] [29]}
• The Don Cossacks under command of Pyotr Krasnov captured Rostov-on-Don in what was then the Don Soviet Republic, allowing German forces to occupy the city two days later. The area was later incorporated into the Don Republic.^[30]
• The United States Navy established the Coco Solo naval station near Cativá, Panama as part of the defense of the Panama Canal.^[31]
• Born: Eva Kolstad, Norwegian politician and activist, promoter of women's rights in Norway and internationally, 18th Norwegian Association for Women's Rights, member of the United Nations Commission on the Status of Women from 1969 to 1975, in Haldar, Norway (d. 1999); Zayed bin Sultan Al Nahyan, Arabic noble and state leader, first President of the United Arab Emirates, in Abu Dhabi (d. 2004)

May 7, 1918 (Tuesday)

• Romania signed a treaty with the Central Powers to end its involvement with World War I but it was never ratified as Romanian monarch King Ferdinand refused to sign it. It was nullified when an armistice was signed with Germany on November 11.^[32]

May 8, 1918 (Wednesday)

• The first Muslim-Christian Association met in Jaffa, Palestine.^[33]
• German submarine was depth charged and sunk in the Mediterranean Sea north west of Malta by a Royal Navy ship with all 41 crew killed.^[34]
• Born: Ptolemy Reid, Guyanese state leader, second Prime Minister of Guyana, in Dartmouth, British Guiana (d. 2003)

May 9, 1918 (Thursday)

• The Royal Navy failed in their second attempt to seal off the German U-boat base at Ostend, Germany despite using the destroyer HMS Vindictive as a blockship.^[35]
• Liberal Party leader H. H. Asquith took up allegations of the British War Cabinet misleading Parliament about troop strengths on the Western Front from a letter published in the press on May 7 by Major-General Frederick Maurice of the British Army. The fierce debate in the House of Commons led to Prime Minister David Lloyd George refuting the claims and treating the issue as a vote of confidence, allowing him to win the debate and tip perception against Asquith as not being an effective wartime leader. The resulting vote was in favor of government support 295 votes to 108, although about half of the Members of Parliament were absent as they were serving in the war.^{[36] [37]}
• Field Marshal John French was appointed Lord Lieutenant of Ireland and Supreme Commander of the British Army in Ireland.^[38]
• Germany conducted the first heavier-than-air raid on England since March, sending four Riesenfluzeuge bombers to Dover. High winds over the North Sea forced the squadron to turn back only to find their bases shrouded in fog. Only one landed safely, with the other three being destroyed in crashes.^[39]
• German submarine was rammed and sunk in the English Channel off the coast of France by British steamer Queen Alexandra.^[40]
• French ace René Fonck shot down six German aircraft in a day.^[41]
• Edgar Sisson, an American field operative for the Committee on Public Information posted in Petrograd, began to introduce the first in a series of 68 Russian documents together titled The German-Bolshevik Conspiracy that alleged Russian revolutionary leaders Vladimir Lenin and Leon Trotsky had worked with Germany to bring about Russia's withdraw from World War I.^[42] The documents were later proven to be forgeries.^[43]
• The Royal Air Force established air squadron No. 158.^[44]
• Born: Mike Wallace, American journalist, original and long-running member of the CBS news program 60 Minutes, in Brookline, Massachusetts (d. 2012); Orville Freeman, American politician, 29th Governor of Minnesota, 16th United States Secretary of Agriculture, in Minneapolis (d. 2003); Kyffin Williams, Welsh painter, best known for his landscape work of Wales, in Llangefni, Wales (d. 2006)
• Died: Richard Hutton Davies, English-New Zealand army officer, commander of the 6th Infantry Brigade and 20th Light Division during World War I, recipient of the Order of the Bath (b. 1861)

May 10, 1918 (Friday)

• Battle of Kaniów  - Around 8,000 troops with the Polish II Corps in Russia under command of Józef Haller were surprised and encircled by a larger Imperial German Army of 12,000 soldiers near Kaniów, Ukraine.^[45]
• German Zeppelin L 62 exploded and broke in half before crashing in flames over the North Sea with the loss of all hands. The German Naval Airship Service blamed her loss on an accident, while the Royal Air Force claimed one of its flying boats shot her down.^[46]
• German submarine was torpedoed and sunk in the North Sea by Royal Navy submarine with the loss of 15 of her 16 crew.^[47]
• The Inverted Jenny postage stamp, which features an upside-down image of a Curtiss Jenny airplane, was issued by the United States Postal Service by accident. While probably the most famous errors in American philately, only one pane in 100 was ever found showing the error, making it also one of the most prized with an estimated value of US $977,500.^[48]
• Born: Peter Porekuu Dery, Ghanaian clergy, Archbishop of Tamale from 1974 to 1994, in Wa, Ghana (d. 2008); R. N. Kao, Indian intelligence officer, first chief of the Research and Analysis Wing for the Government of India, in Benares, British India (d. 2002)
• Born: T. Berry Brazelton, American pediatrician, developer of the Neonatal Behavioral Assessment Scale, in Waco, Texas (d. 2018); George Welch, American air force officer and test pilot, recipient of the Distinguished Service Cross and Distinguished Flying Cross, Medal of Honor nominee for action during the attack on Pearl Harbor, in Wilmington, Delaware (d. 1954, killed in a plane crash)
• Died: Alexander Oswald Brodie, American army officer and politician, 15th Governor of the Arizona Territory, member of the Rough Riders during the Spanish–American War (b. 1849)

May 11, 1918 (Saturday)

• The Mountainous Republic of the Northern Caucasus was officially established.
• Battle of Kaniów  - After a full day of stiff resistance from the Polish II Corps in Russia, the German command offered a ceasefire. Germany suffered an estimated 1,500 dead while Polish forces sustained around 1,000 casualties, of those only two dozen died. Another 3,250 Polish troops were taken prisoner although many thousands, including commanding officer Józef Haller, managed to escape.^[49]
• Italian troopship was sunk by German submarine, killing 880 passengers and crew.^[50]
• French Navy troopship Sant Anna was sunk in the Mediterranean Sea by German submarine, killing 605 passengers and crew.^[51]
• German submarine was torpedoed and sunk in the Atlantic Ocean by Royal Navy submarine with the loss of all 77 crew.^[52]
• Racing horse Exterminator with jockey Willie Knapp won the 44th running of the Kentucky Derby with a time of 2:10.08.^[53]
• British artist Paul Nash opened his exhibition The Void of War at the Leicester Galleries in London.^[54]
• The sports Club Universitario de Buenos Aires was established in Buenos Aires. It is most noted for its rugby union team but also offered a wide range of sports disciplines including basketball, boxing, association football, gymnastics, golf, field hockey, martial arts, swimming, tennis, volleyball and many others.^[55]
• Born: Richard Feynman, American physicist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physics for his research into quantum mechanics, in New York City (d. 1988); Sheila Burnford, Scottish-Canadian children's writer, author of The Incredible Journey (d. 1984)
• Died: George Elmslie, Australian politician, 25th Premier of Victoria (b. 1861)

May 12, 1918 (Sunday)

• German submarine was depth charged and sunk in the English Channel by Royal Navy submarine with the loss of 34 of her crew.^[56]
• German submarine was rammed and sunk in the Atlantic Ocean by British ocean liner with the loss of nine of her 40 crew. Survivors were rescued by U.S. Navy destroyer .^{[57] [58]}
• The football Sport Club Gaúcho was established in Passo Fundo, Brazil.^[59]
• Born: Julius Rosenberg, American spy, convicted along with Ethel for sharing state secrets with the Soviet Union, in New York City (d. 1953, executed); Mary Kay Ash, American business executive, founder of Mary Kay Cosmetics, in Hot Wells, Texas (d. 2001)
• Died: Rose Selfridge, American-British socialite, wife to Harry Gordon Selfridge, the owner of the Selfridges department store chain (b. 1860)

May 13, 1918 (Monday)

• The United States Postal Service issued the first airmail stamps to the public, bearing a picture of a Curtis "Jenny" airplane.^[60]
• German submarine sank at Kiel, Germany with the loss of seven of her crew. The vessel was later raised.^[61]
• The French Army established the 501st Combat Tank Regiment.^[62]
• Children's author L. Frank Baum published the 12th Oz book, The Tin Woodman of Oz, which helped reverse a trend in declining book sales of the series.^[63]
• Filmmaker William Desmond Taylor released Huck and Tom as a sequel to Tom Sawyer, with Jack Pickford and Robert Gordon reprising their roles of the Mark Twain characters.^{[64] [65]}
• Fatty Arbuckle starred in the comedy short Moonshine, which he also directed. Portions of the film still survive.^[66]
• Born: Balasaraswati, Indian dancer and choreographer, known for her promotion of Bharatanatyam traditional dance, recipient of the Padma Bhushan and Padma Vibhushan civilian awards in India, in Madras, British India (d. 1984)

May 14, 1918 (Tuesday)

• Royal Navy destroyer was torpedoed and sunk in the Adriatic Sea by Austro-Hungarian submarine, killing two of the 72 crew.^{[67] [68]}
• South African mayor Harry Hands instituted the "Three Minute Pause", which was initiated by the daily firing of the Noon Gun on Signal Hill in Cape Town, South Africa. The ceremony inspired the introduction of the two-minute silence in November 1919.^[69]
• Iowa Governor William L. Harding issued a hard-line anti-German proclamation (later known as the Babel Proclamation) that stated "only English was legal in public or private schools, in public conversations, on trains, over the telephone, at all meetings, and in all religious services."^[70]
• Born: James Hardy, American surgeon, performed the first lung transplant, in Newala, Alabama (d. 2003)
• Died: James Gordon Bennett Jr., American newspaper mogul, publisher of the New York Herald (b. 1841)

May 15, 1918 (Wednesday)

• The White Guards captured Russian-held Fort Ino at Neva Bay, Finland, formally ending all fighting in the Finnish Civil War.^[71]
• The United States Postal Service started the world's third regular airmail service between New York City, Philadelphia and Washington, D.C. Postmaster General Albert S. Burleson assigned Assistant Post Master General Otto Praeger additional duties as the first chief of the United States airmail service, telling Praeger, "The airmail once started must not stop, but must be constantly improved and expanded until it would become, like the steamship and the railroad, a permanent transportation feature of the postal service."^{[72] [73]}
• The Royal Air Force established air squadron No. 145.^[74]
• The Packard-Le Père aircraft was first flown.^[75]
• Construction began on the Brooklyn Army Terminal in New York City and would open in September 1919, ten months after World War I ended.^[76]
• Osaka Nomura Bank, as predecessor of Resona Holdings, a major financial group in Japan, was founded.^[77]
• The football club Violette was established in Port-au-Prince, Haiti.^[78]
• Born: Eddy Arnold, American country music singer, second best-selling country music artist of all time with over 85 million records, in Henderson, Tennessee (d. 2008); Joseph Wiseman, Canadian actor, best known for Dr. No in the first James Bond film, in Montreal (d. 2009); Arthur Jackson, American sharpshooter, bronze medalist at the 1952 Summer Olympics, in New York City (d. 2015)

May 16, 1918 (Thursday)

• United States Congress approved the Sedition Act, which extended the Espionage Act to cover a broader range of offenses including public speech or expression that cast the U.S. Government or its war effort in a negative light or interfered with its sale of war bonds.^{[79] [80]}
• White Guard commander Carl Gustaf Emil Mannerheim held a victory parade in Helsinki to formally celebrate the end of the Finnish Civil War.^[81]
• The Imperial German Navy recommissioned the light cruiser Stuttgart as a seaplane tender, the only German seagoing aviation ship capable of working with the fleet commissioned during both world wars.^[82]
• The United States Army established the Third Corps to support Allied forces on the Western Front.^[83]
• The Ukrainian Socialist-Revolutionary Party split into two factions during its fourth congress.^[84]
• Ukrinform was established as the national news agency for the Ukraine, with nationalist leader Dmytro Dontsov as its first director.^{[85] [86]}
• Hazel Turner, a black farmer, was lynched by a white mob in Lowndes County, Georgia on suspicion for the shooting death of local farmer Hampton Smith, based on the assumption it was because of a public dispute between the two men. Turner's death was one of 13 black men killed by a vigilante mob on behalf of the Smith family.^[87]
• The Shenandoah National Forest was established in the Appalachian Mountains of the United States. It was renamed George Washington National Forest in 1932, with the Jefferson National Forest added to the preserve in 1936.^[88]
• Born: Wilf Mannion, English football player, inside forward for Middlesbrough from 1936 to 1954, and the England national football team from 1946 to 1951, in South Bank, North Yorkshire, England (d. 2000)
• Died: Eusapia Palladino, Italian spiritualist, best known for her séance demonstrations (b. 1854)

May 17, 1918 (Friday)

• German submarine was shelled and sunk in the Mediterranean Sea by a French Navy patrol ship with the loss of 20 of her 25 crew.^[89]
• The fraternity Pi Kappa Lambda was established at Northwestern University in Evanston, Illinois and became known as a music education fraternity.^[90]
• Japanese industrial paint manufacturer Kansai Paint was established in Amagasaki, Japan.^[91]
• The sports Club Atlético Banco de la Provincia de Buenos Aires was established in Vicente López, Argentina. It now has sections in field hockey, basketball, association football, gymnastics, golf, swimming, tennis, and martial arts.^[92]
• Born: Birgit Nilsson, Swedish opera singer, best known for performances in Wagner operas for various companies including the Royal Swedish Opera, in Västra Karup, Sweden (d. 2005); Robert Shields, American minister and teacher who became known for writing a diary of 37.5 million words, possibly the longest ever written (d. 2007)
• Died: William Drew Robeson, American religious leader, minister of the black branch of the First Presbyterian Church of Princeton, father of singer and actor Paul Robeson (b. 1844)

May 18, 1918 (Saturday)

• French Navy destroyer collided with British cargo ship and sank in the Mediterranean Sea off Algeria.^[93]
• Royal Navy cargo ship SS Chesterfield, was torpedoed and sunk in the Mediterranean Sea by German submarine with the loss of four of her crew.^[94]
• The British Indian Army established the 11th Gurkha Rifles for the Mesopotamian campaign.^[95]
• The football league Federação Gaúcha de Futebol was established to manage all football tournaments in Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.^[96]
• The football club Ølstykke was established in Ølstykke, Denmark.^[97]
• Born: Tom Bolack, American politician, 20th Governor of New Mexico, in Cowley County, Kansas (d. 1998)
• Died: Toivo Kuula, Finnish composer, known for works including Stabat mater and Ostrobothnian Suites (b. 1883)

May 19, 1918 (Sunday)

• French flying ace Raoul Lufbery was killed when he fell from his plane during a dogfight with a German aircraft. He had 17 confirmed victories at the time of his death.^[98]
• Mary Turner, wife to Hazel Turner who was also pregnant, was lynched and burned to death by a white mob in Lowndes County, Georgia after speaking out against her husband's lynching three days earlier.^{[99] [100]} Despite a state investigation that identified 15 suspects involved in the lynching, no charges were laid.^[101]
• U.S. Army Major Harold M. Clark Jr. and Sergeant Robert P. Gay make the first inter-island flight in Hawaii, flying from Fort Kamehameha on Oahu to Maui. They continued on to the island of Hawaii the same day, where they crashed on the slopes of Mauna Kea. Uninjured, they wandered on foot for a week before finding help.^[102]
• The film drama Old Wives for New, directed by Cecil B. DeMille, was released to controversy with its depiction of star Elliott Dexter actively seeking an adulterous affair. Despite the illicit material, the film became the fifth-highest grossing of the year. Copies of the film survive at the George Eastman Museum in Rochester, New York.^[103]
• Born: Abraham Pais, Dutch-American physicist, known for collaborations with Niels Bohr and Albert Einstein, in Amsterdam (d. 2000); Edward Blyden, Sierra Leone diplomat, ambassador to the United Nations, grandson of Edward Wilmot Blyden, in Freetown, Sierra Leone (d. 2010)
• Died: Ferdinand Hodler, Swiss painter, member of the Symbolism movement with works including Night (b. 1853); George Bent, Native American soldier, member of the Cheyenne nation who fought with the Confederates during the American Civil War, known for his collaborations with anthropologist George Bird Grinnell (b. 1843)

May 20, 1918 (Monday)

• Germany launched the largest, and last, heavier-than-air raid against the United Kingdom of World War I, with 38 Gotha and three Riesenfkugzeug bombers participating. The bombers dropped 2,724 pounds (1,236 kg) of bombs according to British estimates or 1,500 kilograms (3,307 pounds) according to the Germans, killing 49 people, injuring 177, and inflicting £117,317 in damage. British fighters and antiaircraft guns shot down six Gothas, and a seventh was forced to land in England. Germany had made a total 27 heavier-than-air raids, dropping 111,935 kg (246,774 lbs) of bombs that killed total 835 people, injured 1,972, and inflicted £1,418,272 of damages in exchange for the loss of 62 bombers either shot down or crashed while returning to base.^[104]
• The small town of Codell, Kansas was hit for the third year in a row on the same date by a tornado, killing 10 people and damaging the town's school, Methodist church, hotel and several residencies. The third tornado proved to be the most damaging to the town's economy and it did not fully recover after the disaster.^[105]
• A special anti-conscription convention was held in Dublin, where leaders condemned the arrest and deportation of Sinn Féin leaders Éamon de Valera and Arthur Griffith for their alleged involvement in the "German Plot".^[106]
• The United States Army Aviation Section separated from Signal Corps and was divided into the Division of Military Aeronautics and the Bureau of Aircraft Production.^[107]
• Born: Edward B. Lewis, American geneticist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for the development of evolutionary developmental biology, in Wilkes-Barre, Pennsylvania (d. 2004); David Ormsby-Gore, British diplomat, 36th Ambassador of the United Kingdom to the United States, in London (d. 1985); Piru Singh, Indian army officer, member of the Rajputana Rifles during the Indo-Pakistani War, recipient of the Param Vir Chakra, in Beri, British India (d. 1948, killed in action)

May 21, 1918 (Tuesday)

• Battle of Sardarabad  - An Ottoman army of 13,000 soldiers invaded Armenia by taking Sardarabad and advancing on the city of Yerevan.^[108]
• U.S. Navy patrol ship damaged German submarine SM UC-56 when it attempted to attack a British merchant ship it was escorting in the Atlantic Ocean off the coast of Spain.^[109]
• A fire destroyed an airplane manufacturing plant owned by Fowler Airplane Corporation in San Francisco, destroying 15 aircraft models and costing somewhere between $250,000 and $1 million in damages.^{[110] [111]}
• Born: Lloyd Hartman Elliott, American academic, president of George Washington University from 1965 to 1988, in Clay County, West Virginia (d. 2013); Robin McNair, British air force officer, commander of the No. 247, No. 74 Squadrons and No. 124 Wing during World War II, recipient of the Distinguished Flying Cross, in Rio de Janeiro (d. 1996); Karl Schwanzer, Austrian architect, designer of the 21er Haus and BMW Headquarters buildings, in Vienna (d. 1975)

May 22, 1918 (Wednesday)

• Battle of Sardarabad  - The Armenian Army Corps of 9,000 men managed to force the Ottomans back to regroup at the Araks River.^[112]
• Battle of Abaran  - An Armenian force of 1,000 riflemen halted the Ottoman advance towards Hamamlu at the Bash Abaran in Armenia.^[113]
• Axeman of New Orleans  - Joseph Maggio, an Italian grocer in New Orleans, and his wife Catherine were murdered in their own home while sleeping. The killer cut both of their throats with a razor and bludgeoned them with an axe. Joseph survived long enough to be found by his brothers to report the attack. It set off a string of similar murders that terrorized the city until 1919 when the murder spree stopped. None of the serial murders have been solved.^[114]
• The Handley Page aircraft was first flown.^[115]
• Born: Lude Check, Canadian ice hockey player, left winger for the Detroit Red Wings and Chicago Blackhawks from 1943 to 1951, in Brandon, Manitoba (d. 2009); John C. Haas, American business executive, chairman of Rohm and Haas from 1974 to 1978, in Haverford, Pennsylvania (d. 2011)

May 23, 1918 (Thursday)

• Costa Rica declared war on Germany.^{[116] [117]}
• Royal Navy troopship was torpedoed and sunk in the English Channel by German submarine with the loss of 56 lives.^[118]
• German submarine was torpedoed and sunk in the Strait of Otranto by Royal Navy submarine with all hands lost.^[119]
• British passenger ship Innisfallen was torpedoed and sunk in the Irish Sea by German submarine with the loss of 10 lives.^[120]
• The U.S. government approved the temporary assignment of U.S. air service cadets undergoing training to the Royal Italian Army's Military Aviation Corps so they could complete their tactical training with assignments to Italian bomber squadrons during combat operations, and with the right to transfer them to American units at any time.^[121]
• The Ukrainian Navy established its own infantry.^[122]
• Born: Frank Mancuso, American major league baseball player and politician, catcher for the St. Louis Browns and Washington Senators from 1944 to 1947, member of Houston City Council from 1963 to 1994, in Houston (d. 2007); Walter Jackson Bate, American literary critic, recipient of the Pulitzer Prize for the biographies of John Keats in 1964 and Samuel Johnson in 1978, in Mankato, Minnesota (d. 1999); Denis Compton, English cricketer, batsman and bowler for Middlesex from 1936 to 1958, the Marylebone Cricket Club from 1936 to 1964 and the England cricket team from 1937 to 1957, in Hendon, England (d. 1997)
• Died: Mariano Ponce, Filipino politician, one of the founders of the news organization La Solidaridad (b. 1863); Gerard Noel, British naval officer, leading naval commander in the Second Anglo-Ashanti War, recipient of the Order of the Bath and Order of St Michael and St George (b. 1845)

May 24, 1918 (Friday)

• Battle of Sardarabad  - The Armenian Army Corps failed in their attempts to dislodge the Ottomans from their defensive positions around Araks River.^[123]
• Canadian women obtained the right to vote in federal elections. However, women identified as Status Indian were not given voting rights until 1960.^[124]
• U.S. President Woodrow Wilson issued an executive order to establish the United States Army Air Service to replace the Aviation Section of the U.S. Signal Corps. The Bureau of Aircraft Production and the Division of Military Aeronautics was also established to develop military aircraft the new air force.^{[125] [126]}
• The Red Air Fleet was established, the predecessor of the Soviet Air Forces.^[127]
• József Kiss, Austria-Hungary's fifth-highest-scoring ace, was shot down and killed in combat. He had scored 19 victories.^[128]
• The Confederación Sudamericana de Atletismo was established as the governing body for athletics in South America.
• Composer Béla Bartók premiered his opera Bluebeard's Castle at the Royal Hungarian Opera House in Budapest.^[129]
• The football club Piteå was established in Piteå, Sweden. Its women's division plays in Damallsvenskan, the highest women's association football league in Sweden, while the men's plays in Division 2.^[130]
• Born: Peter J. Brennan, American public servant, 13th United States Secretary of Labor, in New York City (d. 1996); Jack Wrather, American business executive and television producer, known for classic 1950s television shows including The Lone Ranger, Sergeant Preston of the Yukon, and Lassie, in Amarillo, Texas (d. 1984); Coleman Young, American politician, 66th Mayor of Detroit, first African-American mayor of Detroit, in Tuscaloosa, Alabama (d. 1997)

May 25, 1918 (Saturday)

• Battle of Karakilisa  - An Ottoman force of 10,000 soldiers marched on Karakilisa, Armenia where it met an Armenian force of 6,000 militia.^[131]
• Battle of Abaran  - After three days of fierce fighting, the Armenians counterattacked Ottoman forces at the Bash Abaran in Armenia.^[132]
• The Ministry of Foreign Affairs was established for the Democratic Republic of Georgia.^[133]
• The Czechoslovak Communist Party was established in Moscow as a sort of government in exile until the Czechoslovak region gained independence from the Central Powers.^{[134] [135]}
• James Joyce's Exiles: a play in three acts was published in London.^[136]
• Born: Fredrik Kayser, Norwegian army officer, member of the Norwegian Independent Company 1 during World War II, recipient of the St. Olav's Medal with Oak Branch, Military Medal and Legion of Honour (d. 2009)
• Died: William Pitt, Australian architect, designer of major landmarks in Melbourne including the Queens Bridge (b. 1855)

May 26, 1918 (Sunday)

• The Transcaucasian Democratic Federative Republic was abolished, allowing Georgia to declare its independence.
• German submarine was depth charged and sunk in Lyme Bay by a Royal Navy ship, killing all 35 crew.^[137]
• The British built Kyarra was torpedoed and sunk one mile off Anvil Point, near Swanage, England by a UB-57 German submarine, killing 6 crew.^[138]

May 27, 1918 (Monday)

• German spring offensive  - German forces launched the third stage of their offensive against the Allies on the Western Front with Operation Blücher-Yorck, beginning with the attack on Aisne River in France. Taking advantage of thinly spread out defenses, the Germans advanced through a 40 km (25 mi) gap in the Allied line, punched through eight Allied divisions between Reims and Soissons, and gained another 15 km to the Vesle River by nightfall.^[139]
• Battle of Sardarabad  - An Armenian force attacked the Ottoman Army from the rear while the main group pounded its front defenses, inflicting 3,500 casualties and forcing the Ottoman command to order a retreat.^[140]
• The Azerbaijani National Council was established as the governing body of Azerbaijan Democratic Republic.^[141]
• Born:
  • Yasuhiro Nakasone, Japanese state leader, 45th Prime Minister of Japan, in Takasaki, Japan (d. 2019)
  • Frank Balistrieri, American gangster, boss of the Milwaukee crime family from 1961 to 1983, in Milwaukee (d. 1993)
• Died: Frederick Trump, German-American business leader, founder of The Trump Organization, grandfather to Donald Trump (b. 1869)
  • Robert A. Little, Australian air force officer, commander of the No. 208 and No. 203 Squadrons, recipient of the Distinguished Service Order, Distinguished Service Cross and Croix de guerre (killed in action) (b. 1895)

May 28, 1918 (Tuesday)

• Armenia and Azerbaijan both declared independence.^{[142] [143] [144]}
• Germany and Georgia signed a treaty at the Black Sea port of Poti, which was to guarantee Germany would protect Georgia's sovereignty from the growing Soviet Russia.^[145]
• Battle of Karakilisa  - Ottoman forces failed to break out of Karakilisa, Armenia and subsequently retreated.^[146]
• Battle of Cantigny  - The first military engagement for Americans occurred when the 1st Infantry Division attacked and captured the German-held village of Cantigny, France. American casualties were 1,603 while the Germans had 1,400 casualties and 250 captured.^{[147] [148]}
• The Ministry of Foreign Affairs for the government of Azerbaijan was established.^[149]
• The city of Manteca, California was established.^[150]
• The sports club Ottestad was established in Ottestad, Norway. It now offers association football, handball, cross-country skiing and cycling.^[151]
• The film romantic comedy Bound in Morocco, starring Douglas Fairbanks and directed by Allan Dawn, was released through Famous Players–Lasky, becoming one of the top 10 grossing films of the year and the second hit for Fairbanks.^{[152] [153]}
• Born: Johnny Wayne, Canadian comedian, member of the popular comedic duo Wayne and Shuster, in Toronto (d. 1990); John Birch, American army officer and missionary, recipient of the U.S. Army Distinguished Service Medal and two-time recipient of the Legion of Merit, namesake for the John Birch Society, in Landour, British India (d. 1945, killed in action); John McKeithen, American politician, 49th Governor of Louisiana, in Grayson, Louisiana (d. 1999)

May 29, 1918 (Wednesday)

• Battle of Abaran  - After two days of counterattacks, the Armenians inflicted enough heavy casualties on the Ottoman Army to force them back towards Hamamlu, Armenia.^[154]
• Battle of Skra-di-Legen  - Greek forces supported by the French bombarded fortified Bulgarian positions at Skra, Greece.^[155]
• Born: Bert Corona, Mexican-American labor activist, leading member of the Congress of Industrial Organizations and the Chicano Movement in the 1960s (d. 2001)

May 30, 1918 (Thursday)

• The Kuban Soviet Republic and Black Sea Soviet Republic merged into one Soviet republic.^[156]
• Third Battle of the Aisne  - German forces advanced on Paris, capturing 50,000 Allied soldiers and over 800 guns.^[157]
• Battle of Skra-di-Legen  - Greek forces captured the Bulgarian fort at Skra, Greece, taking 2,045 prisoners and inflicting 600 casualties. Allied casualties were 441 killed, 2,227 wounded and 164 missing.^[158]
• Birmingham College in Birmingham and Southern University in Greensboro, Alabama merged to become Birmingham–Southern College.^[159]
• The American Expeditionary Forces set up a second set of military hospitals in Châtel-Guyon, France, with Hospital No. 20 serving up to 2,000 wounded American soldiers.^[160]
• The movie house Rialto Theater opened to the public in Omaha, Nebraska.^[161]
• Born: Martin Lundström, Swedish Olympic cross-country skier, two-time gold medalist at the 1948 Winter Olympics and bronze medalist at the 1952 Winter Olympics, in Tvärliden, Sweden (d. 2016)
• Died: Georgi Plekhanov, Russian philosopher, one of the first philosophers to adopt Marxism (b. 1856)

May 31, 1918 (Friday)

• U.S. Navy troopship was torpedoed and sunk in the Atlantic Ocean by German submarine with the loss of 26 of the 715 people on board. Survivors were rescued by fellow U.S. Navy ships and .^[162]
• Royal Navy destroyer rammed and sunk German submarine in the North Sea but foundered herself and had to be abandoned.^[163]
• Czech nationalist leader Tomáš Masaryk led the signing of an agreement between Czech and Slovak expats in Pittsburgh to unite as one nation.^[164]
• Lieutenant General John Monash took command of the Australian Corps, the largest corps on the Western Front.
• American pilot Douglas Campbell scored his fifth victory, becoming the first ace from an American-trained unit.^[165]
• The football club Hebar Pazardzhik was established in Pazardzhik, Bulgaria.^[166]
• Born: Vilho Ylönen, Finnish shooter, silver medalist at the 1952 Summer Olympics and bronze medalist at the 1956 Summer Olympics, in Hankasalmi, Finland (d. 2000)

Notes and References

1. Book: Falls, Cyril . Military Operations Egypt & Palestine from June 1917 to the End of the War . Official History of the Great War Based on Official Documents by Direction of the Historical Section of the Committee of Imperial Defence . A. F. Beck . 1930 . 2 Part 1 . HM Stationery Office . London. 644354483. 379–380.
2. Book: Takala, Hannu. 1998. Taistelu Lahdesta 1918. Lahti. Lahti City Museum. 61–88. 951-84948-2-7.
3. Web site: History of 252 Squadron. Royal Air Force. 13 December 2017.
4. Web site: History - About UOS. University of Seoul. 2 December 2017.
5. Book: The Future of American Politics. Anchor Press. Lubell, Samuel. 1956. 145–147. 2nd. 6193934M.
6. Book: Westerlund. Lars. Venäläissurmat Suomessa 1914–22: Osa 2.2. Sotatapahtumat 1918–22. Me odotimme teitä vapauttajina ja te toitte kuolemaa – Viipurin valloituksen yhteydessä teloitetut venäläiset. 2004. Prime Minister's Office of Finland. 952-5354-45-8. 155.
7. Book: Gröner. Erich. Jung. Dieter. Maass. Martin. Thomas. Keith. Magowan. Rachel. 1991. U-boats and Mine Warfare Vessels. 2. German Warships 1815–1945. London. Conway Maritime Press. 0-85177-593-4. 23–25.
8. Westerlund 2004, p. 155
9. Book: Vainio, Seppo. 2010. Poliittiset väkivaltaisuudet Itä-Uudellamaalla 1917–18. Vantaa. Seppo Vainio. 69. 978-952-92766-5-3.
10. Book: ru:Вооруженные силы СССР после Второй Мировой войны: от Красной Армии к Советской. Feskov. V.I.. Golikov. V.I.. Kalashnikov. K.A.. Slugin. S.A.. Tomsk University Press. 2013. 9785895035306. 1 Land Forces. Tomsk. ru. The Armed Forces of the USSR after World War II: From the Red Army to the Soviet. 565.
11. Book: HCG . Matthew . Brian . Harrison . Oxford University Press . 2004 . Oxford Dictionary of National Biography . 41 (Norbary-Osborn) . 0-19-861391-1.
12. Katherine Mansfield, 1888–1923. Joanna Woods. Victoria University of Wellington. New Zealand Notes and Queries 2007, Special Issue – Essays in New Zealand Literary Biography – Series One: 'Women Prose Writers to World War I'. 2007. 7 . 1 . 10.26686/knznq.v7i1.776 . 13 October 2008. free.
13. Web site: About UP Cebu. UPCebu. University of the Philippines Cebu. 3 December 2017.
14. Web site: UP High School – Cebu. UPCebu. University of the Philippines Cebu. 3 December 2017.
15. Falls 1930 Vol. 2, pp. 385–386
16. Soviet Military Encyclopedia, vol. 6, pp. 524–525
17. Russian Ministry of Defence,History of the North Caucasus Military District, www.mil.ru, accessed August 17, 2007
18. Feskov 2013, p. 429
19. Web site: Constitution & By-Laws of Baseball Ontario. 2010-06-18. Baseball Ontario.
20. Vainio 2010, p. 69
21. Web site: The mystery of the Sinn Féin film . Independent News & Media . 15 October 2004.
22. Web site: UB 119 . Uboat.net . 16 November 2012.
23. Web site: UB 70. Uboat.net . 11 November 2012.
24. Series "C", Vol. 9, History of the 1st Pursuit Group. Gorrell's History of the American Expeditionary Forces Air Service, 1917-1919, National Archives, Washington, D.C. via Web site: Fold3 - Historical military records . 2013-03-06 . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20161226013201/https://www.fold3.com/ . 26 December 2016 . dmy .
25. https://web.archive.org/web/20110520115400/http://movies.nytimes.com/movie/120026/M-Liss/overview The New York Times Review
26. http://www.silentera.com/PSFL/data/M/Mliss1918.html Progressive Silent Film List: M'Liss
27. Web site: Location and History Profile: Village of Galahad . . December 25, 2015 . January 1, 2016.
28. Web site: World War: Declarations of War from Around the World. Library of Congress.
29. Web site: Who Declared War and When. Firstworldwar.com.
30. Book: Smele, Jonathan D. . Historical Dictionary of the Russian Civil Wars, 1916-1926 . 2015 . Rowman & Littlefield . 9781442252813 . London . 337 .
31. Book: Van Wyen, Adrian O. . Naval Aviation in World War I . Chief of Naval Operations . 1969 . Washington, D.C. . 64 .
32. Kitchen, Martin "Hindenburg, Ludendorff and Rumania" pp. 214-222 from The Slavonic and East European Review, Volume 54, Issue # 2, April 1976, p. 223
33. [Ilan Pappe|Pappe, Ilan]
34. Book: Gröner. Erich. Jung. Dieter. Maass. Martin. Thomas. Keith. Magowan. Rachel. 1991. U-boats and Mine Warfare Vessels. 2. German Warships 1815–1945. London. Conway Maritime Press. 0-85177-593-4. 6.
35. Book: Geoffrey Bennett. Naval Battles of the First World War. 1968. Penguin. 0-14-139087-5. 276–278.
36. Gooch, John. "The Maurice Debate 1918," Journal of Contemporary History (1968) 3#4 pp. 211–228 in JSTOR
37. Cook, Chris. A Short History of the Liberal Party: 1900–1992; Macmillan, 1993 p.73
38. Web site: French, Sir John Denton Pinkstone, (1852–1925), 1st Earl of Ypres, Field Marshal. Liddell Hart Centre for Military Archives. 2012-08-24.
39. Fredette, Raymond H., The Sky on Fire: The First Battle of Britain 1917–1918, New York: Harvest, 1976,, p. 196
40. UC 78. UC+78 . 1sub. 23 February 2009.
41. Web site: August 1, 2001. René Fonck - Highest Scoring Allied Ace, 75 kills. acepilots.com. May 8, 2017. Sherman. Stephen.
42. Book: Axelrod, Alan. Selling the Great War: The Making of American Propaganda. registration. NY: Palgrave Macmillan. 2009. 205. 9780230605039.
43. George F.. Kennan. The Sisson Documents. Journal of Modern History. 28. 2. 1956. 130–54. 10.1086/237884. 144508744.
44. Web site: History of 158 Squadron. Royal Air Force. 13 December 2017.
45. Jacek Woyno, MATERIAŁY ARCHIWALNE DO DZIEJÓW POLSKICH FORMACJI WOJSKOWYCH W ROSJI (1914—1920), B I U L E T Y N Nr 25 WOJSKOWEJ SŁUŻBY ARCHIWALNEJ 2002
46. Whitehouse, Arch, The Zeppelin Fighters, New York: Ace Books, 1966, no ISBN, pp. 239-240
47. Book: Messimer, Dwight R. . Verschollen: World War I U-boat losses. Annapolis, Maryland . Naval Institute Press. 2002. 978-1-55750-475-3. 231973419. 135.
48. Web site: The 1918 24¢ Inverted "Jenny" . Sale 946a . . 2007-11-14 . 2014-11-13.
49. Jacek Woyno, MATERIAŁY ARCHIWALNE DO DZIEJÓW POLSKICH FORMACJI WOJSKOWYCH W ROSJI (1914—1920), B I U L E T Y N Nr 25 WOJSKOWEJ SŁUŻBY ARCHIWALNEJ 2002
50. Web site: Verona . Uboat.net . 18 December 2012.
51. Web site: Sant Anna . Uboat.net . 20 December 2012.
52. 154. U 154. 1sub. 22 January 2010.
53. Web site: 1918 Kentucky Derby Results Tables . 2018-04-09 . https://web.archive.org/web/20110814060051/http://d3b4lt1s53xf6k.cloudfront.net/sites/kentuckyderby.com/files/charts/1918.pdf . 2011-08-14 . dead .
54. Book: Gordon . Hughes . Philipp . Bloom . Getty Publishing . 2014 . Nothing but the Clouds Unchanged:Artists in World War 1 . 978-1-60606-431-3.
55. http://www.cuba.org.ar/institucional/index.php History of CUBA on club's website
56. Web site: UB 72 . Uboat.net . 12 November 2012.
57. Book: McCartney, Innes . Jak Mallmann-Showell . Lost Patrols: Submarine Wrecks of the English Channel . Periscope Publishing Ltd. . 2002 . 1-904381-04-9. 36.
58. Book: Kemp, Paul. U-Boats Destroyed (German submarine losses in the World Wars). Arms and Armour Press . 1997 . London . 1-85409-321-5. 49.
59. Book: Escudos dos Times do Mundo Inteiro. Panda Books. Rodolfo Rodrigues. 2009. 77.
60. Anonymous, "Today in History," The Washington Post Express, May 13, 2013, p. 26
61. Web site: UB 114 . Uboat.net . 15 November 2012.
62. Avec les chars d'assaut Marcel Fourier. Hachette, 1919 (Témoins), pp. 308-310)
63. Katharine M. Rogers, L. Frank Baum: Creator of Oz, New York, St. Martin's Press, 2002; pp. 230-1.
64. http://www.silentera.com/PSFL/data/H/HuckAndTom1918.html Progressive Silent Film List: Huck and Tom
65. http://www.afi.com/members/catalog/DetailView.aspx?s=&Movie=2327 The AFI Catalog of Feature Films: Huck and Tom
66. Web site: Progressive Silent Film List: Moonshine . February 26, 2008. silentera.com.
67. Book: Gibson, R. H. . Maurice Prendergast . The German Submarine War, 1914–1918 . Annapolis, Maryland . Naval Institute Press . 2003 . 1931 . 978-1-59114-314-7 . 52924732. 271 .
68. Web site: Royal Naval Casualties May 1918 at Naval-History.net. 2008-09-28.
69. Royal Canadian Legion Branch # 138. "2-Minute Wave of Silence" Revives a Time-honoured Tradition. Accessed on 5 June 2014.
70. Derr, Nancy. "The Babel Proclamation," The Palimpsest 60, No. 4 (July/August 1979): pp. 100-101
71. Keränen et al. 1992, pp. 123–137
72. Jensen, Richard, "The Suicide Club," Aviation History, May 2017, p. 62.
73. Encyclopedia: Who's who in American Aeronautics. 1922 . 2017-04-02 .
74. Web site: History of 145 Squadron. Royal Air Force. 13 December 2017. https://web.archive.org/web/20170703184657/https://www.raf.mod.uk/history/145squadron.cfm. 3 July 2017. dead.
75. Angelucci, Enzo, The American Fighter: The Definitive Guide to American Fighter Aircraft From 1917 to the Present, New York: Orion Books, 1987, p. 195
76. News: Uncle Sam Pay Roll $200,000 A Week at Bay Ridge War Base. August 25, 1918. Brooklyn Daily Eagle. August 20, 2018. 15. Brooklyn Public Library; newspapers.com.
77. [:ja:大阪野村銀行#沿革]
78. http://www.haiti-reference.com/loisirs/football/equipes.php Haiti Reference: Le Football Haitien: Équipes et Clubs
79. Kennedy, David M., Over Here: The First World War and American Society (NY: Oxford University Press, 2004), p. 80
80. Stone, Geoffrey R., Perilous Times: Free Speech in Wartime from the Sedition Act of 1798 to the War on Terrorism (NY: W. W. Norton & Company, 2004), p. 541
81. Keränen et al. 1992, pp. 123–137
82. Layman, R.D., Before the Aircraft Carrier: The Development of Aviation Vessels 1849-1922, Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press, 1989,, p. 27
83. Book: Wilson, John B. . Armies, Corps, Divisions, and Separate Brigades . 1999 . . 978-0160499920. III Corps . 53. http://www.history.army.mil/BOOKS/Lineage/ACDSB/ACDSB-FM.htm.
84. http://history.franko.lviv.ua/IIIu_3.htm Ukrainian Party of Socialist Revolutionaries
85. http://www.nrcu.gov.ua/index.php?id=148&listid=66334 Ukrainian National News Agency UKRINFORM celebrates its 90th anniversary
86. http://www.kmu.gov.ua/control/en/publish/article?art_id=13256968&cat_id=32740 On March 1 the national news agency Ukrinform launched Ukraine's first Internet radio service
87. News: 16. 5. 221–223. White. Walter F. Walter Francis White. The work of a mob. The Crisis. September 1918.
88. Web site: The National Forests of the United States . The Forest History Society. Davis. Richard C.. 2005-09-29. 2009-01-18 . https://web.archive.org/web/20090205110527/http://www.foresthistory.org/Research/usfscoll/places/National%20Forests%20of%20the%20U.S.pdf . 2009-02-05 . dead.
89. Web site: UC 35 . Uboat.net . 26 September 2012.
90. http://www.pikappalambda.org/ Official website
91. Web site: Kansai -Corporate Profile. Kansai.com. 26 November 2017.
92. http://www.clubbpba.com.ar/principa.htm Historia del Club at official site
93. Web site: French Navy . Naval History . 21 February 2013.
94. Web site: Chesterfield . Uboat.net . 18 December 2012.
95. Book: Perry, F.W. 1993. Order of Battle of Divisions Part 5B. Indian Army Divisions. Ray Westlake Military Books. Newport. 1-871167-23-X. 80.
96. Book: Escudos dos Times do Mundo Inteiro. Panda Books. Rodolfo Rodrigues. 2009. 36.
97. Web site: The formation of Idrætsforening 1918. Ølstykke F.C.. 4 December 2017. da.
98. Rickenbacker, Edward V. (1919). Fighting the Flying Circus. New York: Frederick A. Stokes Company; pp. 94-96
99. Web site: A Place to Lay Their Heads . November 23, 2015 . Forehand, C. Tyrone.
100. News: Ramos. Kara . Remembering a dark page of history. Valdosta Daily Times. Valdosta, GA. 2013-05-23. 2010-05-15.
101. Book: Bernstein, Patricia. The First Waco Horror. 2005. College Station. Texas A&M University Press. 176.
102. http://hawaii.gov/hawaiiaviation/chronology-of-aviation-in-hawaii/1879-1919/ Aviation Hawaii: 1879-1919 Chronology of Aviation in Hawaii
103. Web site: Progressive Silent Film List: Old Wives for New . 2008-04-17. silentera.com.
104. Fredette, Raymond H., The Sky on Fire: The First Battle of Britain 1917–1918, New York: Harvest, 1976,, p. 266
105. "Tornado Traverses Trego, Ellis, Rooks and Osborne Counties. Ten Killed, Scores of Injured. Property Damage in Million. Codell in Part Ruins.", Plainville Times, 23 May 1918, p. 1
106. Web site: The Hay Plan & Conscription in Ireland During WW1 . Hennessy . Dave . Waterford County Museum . 11 December 2012.
107. Craven, Wesley Frank, and Cate, James Lea, editors (1983). The Army Air Forces In World War II, Air Force Historical Studies Office, (Vol. 1), p. 9
108. Gürbüz, Mustafa, "1917 Rus İhtilali Sonrası Kafkasya'da Türk Askeri Faaliyetleri: Serdarabad Savaşları ve Siyasi Sonuçları" [Turkish Military Operations in the Caucasus after the 1917 Russian Revolution: The battles of Serdarabad and its Political Results]. Ermeni Araştırmaları, No. 25, 2007
109. Web site: Helgason . Guðmundur . WWI U-boats: UC-56. U-Boat War in World War I . Uboat.net . 29 September 2012 .
110. Wire service, "Fifteen Air Planes Are Destroyed By Big Fire", Daily News, Red Bluff, California, Wednesday 22 May 1918, Volume XXXIV, Number 169, page 1.
111. Web site: Factory Fires and Other Challenges of Aircraft Builder DOM Magazine. dommagazine.com. 13 October 2016.
112. Harutunyan, Ashot H. «Սարդարապատի ճակատամարտ 1918» [The Battle of Sardarapat, 1918]. Armenian Soviet Encyclopedia. Yerevan: Armenian Academy of Sciences, 1984, vol. x, pp. 227-228.
113. Yalçın Murgul, "Baku Expedition of 1917–1918: A Study of the Ottoman Policy towards the Caucasus", Master's Thesis, 2007, Department of History Bilkent University, p. 55.
114. Book: Gibson, Cameron. Serial Murder and Media Circuses. Greenwood Publishing. Westport, CT. 0275990648. 2006. 18.
115. Bowyer, Chaz. Handley Page Bombers of the First World War. Bourne End, Bucks, UK:Aston Publications, 1992. . pp. 122-123
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118. Web site: SS Moldavia. Shipping Times. https://web.archive.org/web/20040907045459/http://www.clydesite.co.uk/clydebuilt/viewship.asp?id=15332. usurped. 7 September 2004. 20 July 2009 .
119. Web site: UB 52 . Uboat.net . 10 November 2012.
120. Web site: Innisfallen . Uboat.net . 11 November 2012.
121. Blumberg, Arnold, "Bombing, Italian Style," Aviation History, November 2015, p. 50
122. Web site: Морська Держава :: Головна сторiнка - Анонси . 2018-04-09 . https://web.archive.org/web/20070927035630/http://fleet.sebastopol.ua/morskaderzhava/index.php?article_to_view=18 . 2007-09-27 . dead .
123. Harutunyan 1984, pp. 227-228
124. Canadian Research Institute for the Advancement of Women. http://criaw-icref.ca/millenium
125. Book: Greer, Thomas H. . 1985 . USAF Historical Study 89, The Development of Air Doctrine in the Army Air Arm, 1917–1941 . Center For Air Force History . Maxwell Air Force Base. 10 Nov 2010 ., p. 149, Appendix 2 Redesignations of the Army Air Arm, 1907–1942.
126. Maurer, pp. 3-4
127. Hardesty, Von, Red Phoenix: The Rise of Soviet Air Power 1941-1945, Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution Press, 1982,, p. 36
128. Web site: Duffy. Michael. Who's Who-Josef Kiss. First World War.com. 9 April 2018.
129. http://www.bartokrecords.com/articles/bluebeards-castle/ Peter Bartók. Bluebeard's Castle - English translation. Bartók Records. August, 2008
130. Web site: About the club. Piteå IF. 4 December 2017.
131. Book: Walker, Christopher . ARMENIA: The Survival of a Nation . St. Martin's Press . 1980 . New York . 0-7099-0210-7 . 254 .
132. Murgul 2007, p. 55
133. Web site: МИНИСТРЫ ИНОСТРАННЫХ ДЕЛ ГРУЗИИ . Ministers of Foreign Affairs of Georgia . 2011-02-17 . https://web.archive.org/web/20101227071738/http://wwhp.ru/gruzi-mid.htm . 2010-12-27 . dead .
134. Web site: Archived copy . 2008-11-23 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20110717200248/http://www.osaarchivum.org/files/holdings/300/8/3/text/15-1-44.shtml . 2011-07-17 .
135. Institute of Marxism–Leninism of the CPCz CC, Institute of Marxism–Leninism of the CPS CC. An Outline of the History of the CPCz. Prague: Orbis Press Agency, 1980. p. 75
136. MacNicholas. John. 1981-01-01. The Stage History of "Exiles". 25476401. James Joyce Quarterly. 19. 1. 9–26.
137. Web site: UB 74 . Uboat.net . 12 November 2012.
138. Web site: SS Kyarra . sskyarra.com . 2009 . 4 September 2012 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20120306085458/http://www.sskyarra.com/ . 6 March 2012 . dmy-all .
139. Hart, Peter (2008). 1918: A Very British Victory, Phoenix Books, London., pp. 266-268, 283
140. Harutunyan 1984, pp. 227-228
141. Protocols of Muslim Faction of Transcaucasian Seym and Azerbaijan National Council. 1918. Baku, Adiloglu, 2006 (in Azeri and Russian)
142. Book: Azadian, Edmond Y.. History on the Move: Views, Interviews and Essays on Armenian Issues. 1999. [s.n.] . 9780814329160. 108.
143. Book: Adalian, Rouben Paul. Historical dictionary of Armenia. 2010. Scarecrow Press. Lanham, MD. 9780810874503. 418. 2nd. Rouben Paul Adalian.
144. Book: Kazemzadeh, Firuz. Firuz Kazemzadeh . The Struggle for Transcaucasia: 1917-1921 . The New York Philosophical Library . 1951 . 0-8305-0076-6 . 124, 222, 229, 269–270.
145. Book: Lang. David Marshall. A Modern History of Georgia. registration. 1962. Weidenfeld and Nicolson.. London. 207–8.
146. Walker 1980, p. 254
147. Book: Sandler, Stanley . Ground Warfare: An International Encyclopedia, Volume 1. 2002. ABC-CLIO. 9781576073445. 150.
148. Book: Zabecki, David T. . David T. Zabecki. Germany at War: 400 Years of Military History [4 volumes]: 400 Years of Military History. 2014. ABC-CLIO. 9781598849813 . 222.
149. Web site: THE MINISTRY OF FOREIGN AFFAIRS OF THE REPUBLIC OF AZERBAIJAN . 2010-11-08 . https://web.archive.org/web/20101119222916/http://azerbaijan.az/_StatePower/_MinistersCabinet/_ministersCabinet_e.html . 2010-11-19 . dead .
150. Web site: California Cities by Incorporation Date . Word . California Association of Local Agency Formation Commissions. dead. https://web.archive.org/web/20141103002921/http://www.calafco.org/docs/Cities_by_incorp_date.doc . November 3, 2014.
151. Web site: Ottestad IL . no . fotball.no . . 11 May 2012.
152. Web site: Bound in Morocco (1918). silentera.com. May 27, 2013.
153. Book: Focus on Film, Issues 1-12. 1970. Tantivy Press. 28.
154. Murgul 2007, p. 55
155. Grigorios Dafnis, Sofoklis Eleftheriou Venizelos (Athens: Ikaros, 1970) pp. 44–47
156. Book: Азаренкова, А. С. . И. Ю. Бондарь . Н. С. Вертышева . Основные административно-территориальные преобразования на Кубани (1793–1985 гг.) . 1986 . 1986 . Краснодарское книжное издательство . ru . 394.
157. Hart 2008, p. 283
158. Grigorios Dafnis, Sofoklis Eleftheriou Venizelos (Athens: Ikaros, 1970) pp. 44–47
159. Web site: History and Tradition. BSC.edu. Birmingham-Southern College. 4 December 2017.
160. Book: Philadelphia War History Committee. Philadelphia in the war, 1914-1919. 1922. Wynkoop Hallenbeck Crawford Co.. New York. 206–207.
161. Book: Jeffrey S. Spencer [writer and researcher], Kristine Gerber [project director]. Building for the ages : Omaha's architectural landmarks. 2003. Omaha Books. Omaha, Neb.. 0-9745410-1-X. 1st.
162. Foote. P.W.. Narrative of the "President Lincoln" . . July 1922 . 48. 7 . 1086 .
163. UC 75. UC+75. 1sub.
164. Votruba M. "Pittsburgh Agreement" University of Pittsburgh, Slovak Studies Program. Accessed 28 October 2013
165. Book: Franks. Norman. Nieuport Aces of World War 1. limited. 2000. Osprey Publishing. 978-1-85532-961-4. 72.
166. Web site: History-The Beginning. Hebar FC. Football Club Hebar. 21 December 2017. bg.