Tornado outbreak of May 1–3, 2008 explained

Tornado outbreak of May 1–3, 2008
Type:Tornado outbreak
Active:May 1–3, 2008
Tornadoes:60
Fujitascale:EF3
Tornado Duration:30 hours
Total Fatalities:6 fatalities (+1 non-tornadic), 45 injuries
Damages:$81.4 million
Enhanced:yes
Partof:tornado outbreaks of 2008

A destructive and deadly tornado outbreak that took place across the Southern and Central United States from May 1 to May 3, 2008. The outbreak was responsible for at least seven fatalities (six from tornadoes[1]) and 23 injuries in Arkansas.[2] There were at least 29 tornado reports from Iowa to Oklahoma on May 1 and 67 more in Arkansas, Missouri, Mississippi, Tennessee, Louisiana and Texas on May 2.[3] [4] A total of 60 tornadoes were confirmed by weather authorities.

Meteorological synopsis

On May 1, 2008, a large low pressure system developed over Nebraska, with a long warm front stretching east towards the Great Lakes. A cold front and dry line were situated across Oklahoma and Kansas during the late afternoon. The Storm Prediction Center (SPC) issued a moderate risk of severe weather for eastern Kansas and a small part of Missouri, which included Kansas City.[5] On May 2 another moderate risk of severe weather was issued by the SPC from Central Illinois to northern Louisiana.[6] The risk area was later revised southward to only include eastern Arkansas, western Tennessee, and northwestern Mississippi.[7] Most of the severe weather shifted into Arkansas where dewpoints were near 70F with CAPE values over 2000 j/kg (in some places up to 3000 j/kg) and helicity values (potential for rotating winds) were exceeding 200 m2/s2.[8]

While most of the severe activity was situated across the southern states, tornado watches were also issued for portions of southern Wisconsin, southern Michigan and northern Indiana as activity developed near the center of the low.[9] [10] No tornadoes were reported in this watch area.

On the northern fringes of the storm system heavy snow fell across northeastern Wyoming and western South Dakota. The town of Lead, South Dakota received a total of 54.5 inches, or about 4.5feet of snow from April 30 to May 2. Several other areas received one  - four feet (30  - 120 cm) of snow.[11]

Confirmed tornadoes

May 1 event

EF#! scope="col" style="width:7%; text-align:center;" class="unsortable"
LocationCounty / ParishStateStart Coord.Time (UTC)Path lengthMax widthSummary
bgcolor=# EF0S of Elk FallsElkKS23:50–23:510.7abbr=onNaNabbr=on50abbr=onNaNabbr=onA trained spotter observed a brief tornado.[12]
bgcolor=# EF0SW of Sioux CenterSiouxIA23:55–23:560.1abbr=onNaNabbr=on50abbr=onNaNabbr=onA trained spotter observed a brief tornado.[13]
bgcolor=# EF2S of Rock Valley to SE of InwoodSioux, LyonIA23:59–00:2412.95abbr=onNaNabbr=on400abbr=onNaNabbr=onThis strong tornado impacted several farms, causing extensive damage to numerous barns, sheds, outbuildings, and grain bins. Many trees and power poles were snapped or uprooted along the tornado's path.[14] [15]
bgcolor=# EF0ESE of PlattsburgClintonMO00:26–00:270.1abbr=onNaNabbr=on25abbr=onNaNabbr=onA trained spotter observed a brief tornado.[16]
bgcolor=# EF0NW of ChoctawOklahomaOK00:290.1abbr=onNaNabbr=on20abbr=onNaNabbr=onA brief tornado damaged trees and an outbuilding.[17]
bgcolor=# EF0E of DoonLyonIA00:30–00:310.1abbr=onNaNabbr=on50abbr=onNaNabbr=onA trained spotter observed a brief tornado.[18]
bgcolor=# EF0NNE of BuxtonWilsonKS00:35–00:370.67abbr=onNaNabbr=on50abbr=onNaNabbr=onA storm chaser observed a brief tornado.[19]
bgcolor=# EF0E of FredoniaWilsonKS00:38–00:390.58abbr=onNaNabbr=on50abbr=onNaNabbr=onA trained spotter observed a brief tornado.[20]
bgcolor=# EF0ENE of GlencoePayneOK00:420.3abbr=onNaNabbr=on75abbr=onNaNabbr=onA brief tornado was reported over open fields.[21]
bgcolor=# EF0S of SheldonO'BrienIA00:42–00:430.1abbr=onNaNabbr=on50abbr=onNaNabbr=onA storm chaser observed a brief tornado.[22]
bgcolor=# EF0W of GeorgeLyonIA00:44–00:450.1abbr=onNaNabbr=on50abbr=onNaNabbr=onA trained spotter observed a brief tornado.[23]
bgcolor=# EF0NW of AshtonOsceolaIA01:05–01:060.1abbr=onNaNabbr=on50abbr=onNaNabbr=onA storm chaser observed a brief tornado.[24]
bgcolor=# EF0NE of PawneePawneeOK01:180.3abbr=onNaNabbr=on75abbr=onNaNabbr=onA storm chaser observed a brief tornado.[25]
bgcolor=# EF0NNE of PetroliaAllenKS01:21–01:231.89abbr=onNaNabbr=on75abbr=onNaNabbr=onA storm chaser observed a brief tornado.[26]
bgcolor=# EF1NW of SkedeePawneeOK01:25–01:353abbr=onNaNabbr=on300abbr=onNaNabbr=onOne home was damaged while several trees and power poles were downed.[27]
bgcolor=# EF1SSE of Fairfax to WSW of PawhuskaOsageOK01:37–02:1217abbr=onNaNabbr=on450abbr=onNaNabbr=onThis long-tracked tornado moved through the Osage Reservation, leaving behind extensive tree damage. Two homes suffered roof damage.[28]
bgcolor=# EF0WSW of PawhuskaOsageOK02:06–02:175abbr=onNaNabbr=on100abbr=onNaNabbr=onPower lines were downed and trees were damaged.[29]
bgcolor=# EF0BeltonCassMO02:08–02:090.1abbr=onNaNabbr=on25abbr=onNaNabbr=onLocal law enforcement reported brief tornado.[30]
bgcolor=# EF0SW of ChanuteNeoshoKS02:14–02:150.73abbr=onNaNabbr=on60abbr=onNaNabbr=onLocal law enforcement reported a brief tornado.[31]
bgcolor=# EF0N of EarltonNeoshoKS02:44–02:450.38abbr=onNaNabbr=on50abbr=onNaNabbr=onA trained spotter observed a brief tornado.[32]
bgcolor=# EF0E of SavonburgAllenKS02:51–02:520.64abbr=onNaNabbr=on40abbr=onNaNabbr=onLocal emergency management reported a brief tornado.[33]

May 2 event

EF#! scope="col" width="7%" align="center" class="unsortable"
LocationCounty / ParishStateStart Coord.Time (UTC)Path lengthMax widthSummary
bgcolor=# EF0NE of LyndonOsageKS05:43–05:451.5abbr=onNaNabbr=on30abbr=onNaNabbr=onOne home had its roof lifted off and dropped back onto it while the rest of the structure sustained minor damage. A three car garage was destroyed, with a motor home inside damaged, and debris was lofted 100yd downstream into a cemetery.[34]
bgcolor=# EF2NW of ClintonDouglasKS06:04–06:062.22abbr=onNaNabbr=on100abbr=onNaNabbr=onThis brief but strong tornado moved two-thirds of a home and its garage off their foundations. Debris from these structures were strewn up to 500yd away.[35]
bgcolor=# EF0S of BristowCreekOK06:45–06:517abbr=onNaNabbr=on250abbr=onNaNabbr=onA barn was destroyed and trees and power lines were downed.[36]
bgcolor=# EF3NW of LibertyClayMO06:56–07:000.92abbr=onNaNabbr=on75abbr=onNaNabbr=onA brief but intense tornado touched down along the north side of a bow echo, destroying 4 homes and damaging 117 others. Total damage is estimated at $4 million.[37]
bgcolor=# EF2GladstoneClayMO07:03–07:081.39abbr=onNaNabbr=on75abbr=onNaNabbr=onThe same bow echo that produced the preceding EF3 tornado produced another strong tornado farther south. This storm tracked directly through Gladstone, causing extensive damage. A total of 20 homes were destroyed, 280 suffered damage, and a further 19 businesses were damaged. Total losses were estimated to be $10 million.[38]
bgcolor=# EF1W of PryorMayesOK08:030.5abbr=onNaNabbr=on100abbr=onNaNabbr=onA brief tornado downed trees and power lines and severely damaged the roof of one home.[39]
bgcolor=# EF1ENE of Tiawah to N of PryorRogers, MayesOK08:03–08:159abbr=onNaNabbr=on100abbr=onNaNabbr=onSeveral homes suffered roof damage and two people were injured. Numerous trees and power poles were damaged along the tornado's path.[40] [41]
bgcolor=# EF0SW of AvaDouglasMO10:52–10:587.38abbr=onNaNabbr=on250abbr=onNaNabbr=onNumerous trees were damaged along this tornado's path.[42]
bgcolor=# EF0NNW of AvaDouglasMO11:02–11:030.35abbr=onNaNabbr=on100abbr=onNaNabbr=onA brief tornado damaged trees and one home.[43]
bgcolor=# EF3NW of Springfield to N of Damascus to NNW of DrascoConway, Van Buren, CleburneAR13:15–14:1445.3abbr=onNaNabbr=on1600abbr=onNaNabbr=on5 deaths  - This large, long-lived tornado first touched down in Conway County, Arkansas, where it destroyed 15 homes and several small buildings and chicken houses. Two people were killed when their mobile home was destroyed.[44] The tornado intensified as it moved through Van Buren County where it destroyed 17 permanent homes and 8 mobile homes; a further 49 homes sustained varying degrees of damage. Agricultural properties sustained significant damage. Three people were killed in the county.[45] The tornado then continued into Cleburne County where it soon crossed Greers Ferry Lake. Nineteen boats and party barges sank at the lake, with cleanup of spilled fuel taking at least a month. It caused further destruction to 27 homes and 5 mobile homes; 162 other homes had varying degrees of damage. A dog kennel was destroyed, killing 250 dogs, and chicken houses suffered a similar fate resulting in the deaths of hundreds of chickens. Approximately 6,800 people lost power from damage to power lines, a transmission tower, and substation.[46] Altogether, the tornado killed 5 people, injured 24 others, and inflicted $47 million in damage.
bgcolor=# EF1WSW of DamascusVan BurenAR13:28–13:301.05abbr=onNaNabbr=on100abbr=onNaNabbr=onThis was a satellite tornado to the EF3 Springfield - Drasco tornado, tracking simultaneously 0.5miles to its southeast. The tornado downed trees along its path.[47]
bgcolor=# EF1N of CantonVan ZandtTX13:30–13:341.33abbr=onNaNabbr=on75abbr=onNaNabbr=onA weak tornado tracked through the north side of Canton, causing extensive tree damage. Several of these trees fell onto cars. Damage to structures was limited to two homes and a shed. The tornado tracked through the First Monday Trade Days site, injuring eight people in the area.[48]
bgcolor=# EF1SE of UmpireHowardAR14:03–14:084.1abbr=onNaNabbr=on50abbr=onNaNabbr=onNumerous trees were snapped or uprooted along this tornado's path, one of which damaged a mobile home. Two barns were destroyed.[49]
bgcolor=# EF1WNW of BillstownPikeAR15:23–15:338.18abbr=onNaNabbr=on200abbr=onNaNabbr=onTwo chicken houses were badly damaged, one of which collapse, and a barn had a large portion of its roof torn off.[50]
bgcolor=# EF2SE of Tull to Keo to S of LonokeGrant, Saline, Pulaski, LonokeAR16:15–17:1540.72abbr=onNaNabbr=on300abbr=onNaNabbr=on1 death – A strong tornado began in Grant County, destroying 3 mobile homes, heavily damaging a house, and downing 2 large, steel, electrical transmission towers. It entered Saline County, impacting 16 homes; 4 were destroyed, 9 sustained major damage, and 3 suffered minor damage. In Pulaski County, it affected 75 homes, of which 21 were destroyed, 16 suffered major damage, 26 sustained minor damage, and the remainder experienced minimal damage. A woman was killed inside her demolished mobile home. Two more large, steel, electrical transmission towers were downed. The tornado then entered Lonoke County, where 2 houses were destroyed, 2 homes and 2 farm shops sustained roof damage, and power poles and grain bins were downed. A fish farm, 2 more farm shops, and 5 large, steel, electrical transmission towers were damaged or destroyed. Numerous trees were downed. Three people were injured.[51] [52]
[53] [54]
bgcolor=# EF1NE of HendersonRuskTX16:21–16:266.38abbr=onNaNabbr=on100abbr=onNaNabbr=onA large metal building was completely destroyed, a house suffered minor damage, and numerous trees were snapped or uprooted. A hay barn was partially demolished.[55]
bgcolor=# EF2N of Carthage to SheridanDallas, GrantAR16:23–16:5722.85abbr=onNaNabbr=on200abbr=onNaNabbr=onManufactured homes and mobile homes were damaged or destroyed. Minor damage to well-built homes. Barns and outbuildings were destroyed and a church was damaged. In total, about 60 structures were damaged.[56] [57]
bgcolor=# EF1SW of BeckvillePanolaTX16:55–17:033.79abbr=onNaNabbr=on200abbr=onNaNabbr=onA manufactured home lost its roof and other homes were damaged due to fallen trees.[58]
bgcolor=# EF1CarlisleLonokeAR17:56–18:022.55abbr=onNaNabbr=on200abbr=onNaNabbr=onA tornado directly struck the town of Carlisle, damaging 25 homes, the fire station, an old railroad depot, a storage garage, an automotive repair garage, a beauty shop, and a minnow farm. Multiple trees, power lines, and power poles were downed as well.[59]
bgcolor=# EF0WNW of Cotton PlantWoodruffAR18:01–18:072.09abbr=onNaNabbr=on50abbr=onNaNabbr=onTwo metal-roofed structures had sheets of metal damaged or ripped off. Trees were damaged.[60]
bgcolor=# EF1NE of CarlisleLonoke, PrairieAR18:02–18:041.68abbr=onNaNabbr=on250abbr=onNaNabbr=onTrees were downed.[61] [62]
bgcolor=# EF1NW of HazenPrairieAR18:05–18:062.58abbr=onNaNabbr=on100abbr=onNaNabbr=onApproximately two dozen trees were damaged and a power pole was toppled.[63]
bgcolor=# EF0NE of SenathDunklinMO18:39–18:400.29abbr=onNaNabbr=on25abbr=onNaNabbr=onA section of a center pivot irrigation system was flipped, and a barn sustained moderate damage.[64]
bgcolor=# EF0S of Cotton PlantMonroeAR18:40–18:410.35abbr=onNaNabbr=on50abbr=onNaNabbr=onOne tree was uprooted and tin was removed from barns.[65]
bgcolor=# EF2EtowahMississippiAR19:54–19:583.38abbr=onNaNabbr=on150abbr=onNaNabbr=onA strong tornado moved through Etowah, inflicting major damage to two homes, ripping the roof off a third, and tearing the back structure off of a fourth; four other homes sustained moderate damage and one sustained minor damage. A car dealership and ten accompanied vehicles in the car lot were completely destroyed. Numerous trees, power poles, and power lines were toppled, and several outbuildings were demolished. A mobile home was destroyed while a recreational vehicle and an irrigation system were overturned. One person was injured.[66]
bgcolor=# EF3SE of Parkin to Earle to S of BirdsongCross, Crittenden, MississippiAR20:18–20:4820.23abbr=onNaNabbr=on400abbr=onNaNabbr=onA significant tornado touched down in Cross County, causing minimal damage. It continued into Crittenden County where it intensified to EF3 strength, severely damaging a high school, a church, a number of homes, and a large house in Earle; four serious injuries occurred there. After progressing into Heafer, a number of homes suffered significant damage. Two mobile homes were destroyed, and several trees and power lines were toppled. The tornado caused minor tree damage in Mississippi County before dissipating.[67] [68] [69]
bgcolor=# EF0E of LivingstonLivingstonLA20:51–20:530.1abbr=onNaNabbr=on20abbr=onNaNabbr=onWeak tornado reported by a motorist near Interstate 12. No damage occurred.[70]
bgcolor=# EF2WSW of DyersburgDyerTN21:25–21:271.37abbr=onNaNabbr=on40abbr=onNaNabbr=onA mobile home was destroyed and power lines were downed.[71]
bgcolor=# EF2W of New AlbanyUnionMS22:48–22:523.11abbr=onNaNabbr=on440abbr=onNaNabbr=onAbout 20 homes suffered varying degrees of damage, the worst of which had their roofs ripped off and exterior walls damaged. A couple of sheds, a gas station canopy and sign, and several large buildings were damaged. A church suffered roof damage and had its steeple toppled. A large bus was flipped onto its side, and numerous trees were snapped or uprooted.[72]
bgcolor=# EF2New AlbanyUnionMS23:00–23:010.52abbr=onNaNabbr=on100abbr=onNaNabbr=onAbout 10 homes were damaged, including two that lost their roofs and saw some exterior wall collapse. A gas station canopy was damaged, and many trees were snapped or uprooted.[73]
bgcolor=# EF1NE of New AlbanyUnionMS23:12–23:163.46abbr=onNaNabbr=on75abbr=onNaNabbr=onTwo homes sustained roof damage; one had its porch torn off while the second saw partial collapse of its garage wall. Several grain bins were heavily damaged, a shed was destroyed, and numerous trees were uprooted.[74]
bgcolor=# EF1Booneville to RienziPrentiss, AlcornMS23:41–00:0313.77abbr=onNaNabbr=on150abbr=onNaNabbr=onSeveral homes had shingles ripped off or were damaged by fallen trees. Several outbuildings were heavily damaged or destroyed.[75] [76]
bgcolor=# EF2NW of Lake VillageChicotAR23:52–00:1010.52abbr=onNaNabbr=on400abbr=onNaNabbr=onA mobile home was flipped and destroyed. Several sheds, barns, outbuildings, and carports were damaged or destroyed. A 50feet antenna and fencing were toppled, two boats were damaged, the roll-up door for a tractor shed was damaged, and a trampoline was tossed 75yd. Fifteen power poles were snapped.[77]
bgcolor=# EF0SW of BenoitWashington, BolivarMS00:32–00:352.96abbr=onNaNabbr=on50abbr=onNaNabbr=onA little debris was thrown across a field.[78] [79]
bgcolor=# EF0NW of Mer RougeMorehouseLA01:01–01:063.3abbr=onNaNabbr=on50abbr=onNaNabbr=onTrees suffered minor damage and grass was flattened.[80]
bgcolor=# EF1NE of BenoitBolivarMS01:07–01:219.69abbr=onNaNabbr=on200abbr=onNaNabbr=onNumerous trees were snapped or uprooted. Power lines were snapped in one location.[81]
bgcolor=# EF1SW of ClarksvilleMontgomeryTN03:55–?5abbr=onNaNabbr=on500abbr=onNaNabbr=onOne mobile home was blown off its base and tossed across the road. Another mobile home was rolled over, injuring three occupants. Many trees were snapped or uprooted. The National Centers for Environmental Information incorrectly lists this tornado as three separate events.[82] [83] [84] [85]
bgcolor=# EF1ClarksvilleMontgomeryTN04:130.29abbr=onNaNabbr=on50abbr=onNaNabbr=onA pavilion was destroyed, telephone poles were snapped, bleachers were damaged, fencing was blown away, and a wooden utility pole was leant at the Montgomery County Fairgrounds.[86]

May 3 event

EF#! scope="col" style="width:7%; text-align:center;" class="unsortable"
LocationCounty / ParishStateStart Coord.Time (UTC)Path lengthMax widthSummary
bgcolor=# EF1E of Morgan CityLefloreMS05:49–05:511.29abbr=onNaNabbr=on300abbr=onNaNabbr=onNumerous trees were snapped or uprooted, one of which caused significant damage to a house upon falling.[87]

Impact

Kansas City area derecho/tornadoes

Thunderstorms developed during the late afternoon and early evening of May 1 near Oklahoma City and Kansas City, and produced large hail of up to 3inches near Midwest City, Oklahoma. There was extensive hail damage throughout Oklahoma County.[88] Ten tornadoes also touched down from these storms in Kansas and Oklahoma.

In the overnight hours of May 2, the supercells re-organized into a squall line/serial derecho that moved across the eastern Great Plains. Significant damage was reported across the Kansas City area, particularly in the Gladstone area near 77th Street and Euclid and northwest of Liberty near 108th Street and Cookingham were several homes and businesses were severely damaged or destroyed, including an Arby's restaurant. Several other commercial structures and homes sustained significant damage and railway cars were also overturned. Forty-thousand Kansas City Power & Light customers were left without power. At least three people were injured by the storms in the Kansas City Metro Area. St. Pius X High School and Oak Hill Day School were closed on Friday as a result of the storm.[89]

It was later confirmed that much of the damage was caused by two strong tornadoes that were embedded inside the derecho; an EF2 in Gladstone and an EF3 in Brookridge. According to Kansas City Mayor Mark Funkhouser, over 300 structures were damaged. In Gladstone over 200 buildings were damaged and several were destroyed according to the mayor. Tornadoes also hit Douglas County, Kansas causing locally significant damage. There no reports of fatalities with these storms. It was later reported that despite tornado warnings, many tornado sirens were not sounded in Douglas County and in other parts of the Kansas City Metro.[90] [91] [92]

Five years prior to these tornadoes, areas near Gladstone were hit by an F4 tornado that caused extensive damage while a strong tornado also hit near Liberty during the same outbreak.[93] [94]

Arkansas tornadoes

At around 8:30 am CDT on May 2, an EF3 tornado touched down north of Little Rock in Conway County, killing two people.[95] The tornado then proceeded into Van Buren County and caused extensive damage to the Damascus area and killed three people.[96] One person was also killed in Benton County by straight-line winds when a tree fell onto the mobile home where she was sleeping.[97] In Pulaski County, another person was killed by a tornado. Some damage was reported to several structures south and east of Little Rock including near Hensley were the fatality was reported.[98] [99]

At around 3:30 pm CDT, a large F3 tornado hit the town of Earle, Arkansas west of Memphis causing major damage to homes, businesses and the high school, and several people were injured.[100] A supercell to its north also produced a significant tornado in the Etowah area causing extensive damage to several structures including destroyed trailers.[101]

Governor of Arkansas Mike Beebe stated that in Arkansas alone about 350 homes were damaged or destroyed. Seven counties were declared disaster areas including Van Buren, Saline, Pulaski, Cleburne, Conway, Grant and Benton. National Guard were deployed to assist in the cleanup and relief efforts. About 6,000 homes lost power across much of north Arkansas.[102]

See also

External links

Notes and References

  1. Web site: Severe Weather/Heavy Rain on May 2, 2008 . NWS – Little Rock . May 2, 2008 . 2008-06-01.
  2. Web site: STATE SITUATION SUMMARY 05/09/2008 . ARKANSAS DEPARTMENT OF EMERGENCY MANAGEMENT . May 2, 1998 . 2008-06-01.
  3. Web site: Storm Reports for 05/01/08 . Storm Prediction Center (SPC) . May 1, 2008 . 2008-06-01.
  4. Web site: Storm Reports for 05/02/08 . SPC . May 2, 2008 . 2008-06-01.
  5. Web site: May 1, 2008 2000 UTC Day 1 Convective Outlook . SPC . May 1, 2008 . 2008-06-01.
  6. Web site: May 2, 2008 0600 UTC Day 1 Convective Outlook . SPC . May 2, 2008 . 2008-06-01.
  7. Web site: May 2, 2008 1300 UTC Day 1 Convective Outlook . SPC . May 2, 2008 . 2008-06-01.
  8. Web site: Severe Weather/Heavy Rain on May 2, 2008 . NWS – Little Rock . May 5, 2008 . 2008-06-01.
  9. Web site: Hales . Tornado Watch 252 . SPC . May 2, 2008 . 2008-06-01.
  10. Web site: Hales . Tornado Watch 256 . SPC . May 2, 2008 . 2008-06-01.
  11. Web site: Heavy snow in the Black Hills region . . May 4, 2008 . 2008-06-01.
  12. Web site: National Weather Service Forecast Office in Wichita, Kansas. National Centers for Environmental Information. 2008. February 14, 2023. [Kansas Event Report: EF0 Tornado]].
  13. Web site: National Weather Service Forecast Office in Sioux Falls, South Dakota. National Centers for Environmental Information. 2008. February 14, 2023. [Iowa Event Report: EF0 Tornado]].
  14. Web site: National Weather Service Forecast Office in Sioux Falls, South Dakota. National Centers for Environmental Information. 2008. February 14, 2023. [Iowa Event Report: EF2 Tornado]].
  15. Web site: National Weather Service Forecast Office in Sioux Falls, South Dakota. National Centers for Environmental Information. 2008. February 14, 2023. [Iowa Event Report: EF1 Tornado]].
  16. Web site: National Weather Service Forecast Office in Kansas City/Pleasant Hills, Missouri. National Centers for Environmental Information. 2008. February 14, 2023. [Missouri Event Report: EF0 Tornado]].
  17. Web site: National Weather Service Forecast Office in Norman, Oklahoma. National Centers for Environmental Information. 2008. February 14, 2023. [Oklahoma Event Report: EF0 Tornado]].
  18. Web site: National Weather Service Forecast Office in Sioux Falls, South Dakota. National Centers for Environmental Information. 2008. February 14, 2023. [Iowa Event Report: EF0 Tornado]].
  19. Web site: National Weather Service Forecast Office in Wichita, Kansas. National Centers for Environmental Information. 2008. February 14, 2023. [Kansas Event Report: EF0 Tornado]].
  20. Web site: National Weather Service Forecast Office in Wichita, Kansas. National Centers for Environmental Information. 2008. February 14, 2023. [Kansas Event Report: EF0 Tornado]].
  21. Web site: National Weather Service Forecast Office in Tulsa, Oklahoma. National Centers for Environmental Information. 2008. February 14, 2023. [Oklahoma Event Report: EF0 Tornado]].
  22. Web site: National Weather Service Forecast Office in Sioux Falls, South Dakota. National Centers for Environmental Information. 2008. February 14, 2023. [Iowa Event Report: EF0 Tornado]].
  23. Web site: National Weather Service Forecast Office in Sioux Falls, South Dakota. National Centers for Environmental Information. 2008. February 14, 2023. [Iowa Event Report: EF0 Tornado]].
  24. Web site: National Weather Service Forecast Office in Sioux Falls, South Dakota. National Centers for Environmental Information. 2008. February 14, 2023. [Iowa Event Report: EF0 Tornado]].
  25. Web site: National Weather Service Forecast Office in Norman, Oklahoma. National Centers for Environmental Information. 2008. February 14, 2023. [Oklahoma Event Report: EF0 Tornado]].
  26. Web site: National Weather Service Forecast Office in Wichita, Kansas. National Centers for Environmental Information. 2008. February 14, 2023. [Kansas Event Report: EF0 Tornado]].
  27. Web site: National Weather Service Forecast Office in Tulsa, Oklahoma. National Centers for Environmental Information. 2008. February 14, 2023. [Oklahoma Event Report: EF1 Tornado]].
  28. Web site: National Weather Service Forecast Office in Topeka, Oklahoma. National Centers for Environmental Information. 2008. February 14, 2023. [Oklahoma Event Report: EF1 Tornado]].
  29. Web site: National Weather Service Weather Forecast Office in Tulsa, Oklahoma. [Oklahoma Event Report: EF0 Tornado]]. National Centers for Environmental Information. 2008. February 18, 2023.
  30. Web site: National Weather Service Forecast Office in Kansas City/Pleasant Hills, Missouri. National Centers for Environmental Information. 2008. February 14, 2023. [Missouri Event Report: EF0 Tornado]].
  31. Web site: National Weather Service Forecast Office in Wichita, Kansas. National Centers for Environmental Information. 2008. February 14, 2023. [Kansas Event Report: EF0 Tornado]].
  32. Web site: National Weather Service Forecast Office in Wichita, Kansas. National Centers for Environmental Information. 2008. February 14, 2023. [Kansas Event Report: EF0 Tornado]].
  33. Web site: National Weather Service Forecast Office in Wichita, Kansas. National Centers for Environmental Information. 2008. February 14, 2023. [Kansas Event Report: EF0 Tornado]].
  34. Web site: National Weather Service Forecast Office in Topeka, Kansas. National Centers for Environmental Information. 2008. February 14, 2023. [Kansas Event Report: EF0 Tornado]].
  35. Web site: National Weather Service Forecast Office in Topeka, Kansas. National Centers for Environmental Information. 2008. February 14, 2023. [Kansas Event Report: EF2 Tornado]].
  36. Web site: National Weather Service Forecast Office in Tulsa, Oklahoma. National Centers for Environmental Information. 2008. February 14, 2023. [Oklahoma Event Report: EF0 Tornado]].
  37. Web site: National Weather Service Forecast Office in Kansas City/Pleasant Hill, Missouri. National Centers for Environmental Information. 2008. February 14, 2023. [Missouri Event Report: EF3 Tornado]].
  38. Web site: National Weather Service Forecast Office in Kansas City/Pleasant Hill, Missouri. National Centers for Environmental Information. 2008. February 14, 2023. [Missouri Event Report: EF2 Tornado]].
  39. Web site: National Weather Service Forecast Office in Tulsa, Oklahoma. National Centers for Environmental Information. 2008. February 14, 2023. [Oklahoma Event Report: EF1 Tornado]].
  40. Web site: National Weather Service Forecast Office in Tulsa, Oklahoma. National Centers for Environmental Information. 2008. February 14, 2023. [Oklahoma Event Report: EF0 Tornado]].
  41. Web site: National Weather Service Forecast Office in Tulsa, Oklahoma. National Centers for Environmental Information. 2008. February 14, 2023. [Oklahoma Event Report: EF1 Tornado]].
  42. Web site: National Weather Service Forecast Office in Springfield, Missouri. National Centers for Environmental Information. 2008. February 14, 2023. [Missouri Event Report: EF0 Tornado]].
  43. Web site: National Weather Service Forecast Office in Springfield, Missouri. National Centers for Environmental Information. 2008. February 14, 2023. [Missouri Event Report: EF0 Tornado]].
  44. Web site: National Weather Service Forecast Office in Little Rock, Arkansas. National Centers for Environmental Information. 2008. February 14, 2023. [Arkansas Event Report: EF2 Tornado]].
  45. Web site: National Weather Service Forecast Office in Little Rock, Arkansas. National Centers for Environmental Information. 2008. February 14, 2023. [Arkansas Event Report: EF3 Tornado]].
  46. Web site: National Weather Service Forecast Office in Little Rock, Arkansas. National Centers for Environmental Information. 2008. February 14, 2023. [Arkansas Event Report: EF2 Tornado]].
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