Maxine Waters Explained

Maxine Waters
Office:Ranking Member of the House Financial Services Committee
Term Start:January 3, 2023
Predecessor:Patrick McHenry
Term Start1:January 3, 2013
Term End1:January 3, 2019
Predecessor1:Barney Frank
Successor1:Patrick McHenry
Office2:Chair of the House Financial Services Committee
Term Start2:January 3, 2019
Term End2:January 3, 2023
Predecessor2:Jeb Hensarling
Successor2:Patrick McHenry
Office3:Chair of the Congressional Black Caucus
Term Start3:January 3, 1997
Term End3:January 3, 1999
Predecessor3:Donald M. Payne
Successor3:Jim Clyburn
Office4:Member of the
U.S. House of Representatives
from California
Term Start4:January 3, 1991
Predecessor4:Augustus Hawkins
Constituency4:29th district (1991–1993)
35th district (1993–2013)
43rd district (2013–present)
State Assembly5:California
District5:48th
Term Start5:December 6, 1976
Term End5:November 30, 1990
Predecessor5:Leon D. Ralph
Successor5:Marguerite Archie-Hudson
Birth Name:Maxine Moore Carr
Birth Date:15 August 1938
Birth Place:St. Louis, Missouri, U.S.
Party:Democratic
Spouse:
    Children:2
    Education:California State University, Los Angeles (BA)

    Maxine Moore Waters (née Carr; born August 15, 1938) is an American politician serving as the U.S. representative for since 1991. The district, numbered as the 29th district from 1991 to 1993 and as the 35th district from 1993 to 2013, includes much of southern Los Angeles, as well as portions of Gardena, Inglewood and Torrance.

    A member of the Democratic Party, Waters is in her 17th House term. She is the most senior of the 13 black women serving in Congress, and chaired the Congressional Black Caucus from 1997 to 1999.[1] She is the second-most senior member of the California congressional delegation, after Nancy Pelosi. She chaired the House Financial Services Committee from 2019 to 2023 and has been the ranking member since 2023.[2]

    Before becoming a U.S. representative, Waters served seven terms in the California State Assembly, to which she was first elected in 1976. As an assemblywoman, she advocated divestment from South Africa's apartheid regime. In Congress, she was an outspoken opponent of the Iraq War and has sharply criticized Presidents George H. W. Bush, George W. Bush, Barack Obama, and Donald Trump.[3] [4]

    Waters was included in Time magazine's list of "100 Most Influential People of 2018."[5]

    Early life and education

    Waters was born in 1938 in St. Louis, Missouri, the daughter of Remus Carr and Velma Lee (née Moore).[6] [7] The fifth of 13 children, she was raised by her single mother after her father left the family when Maxine was two.[8] She graduated from Vashon High School in St. Louis before moving with her family to Los Angeles in 1961. She worked in a garment factory and as a telephone operator before being hired as an assistant teacher with the Head Start program in Watts in 1966.[8] Waters later enrolled at Los Angeles State College (now California State University, Los Angeles), where she received a bachelor's degree in sociology in 1971.[9]

    Early political career

    In 1973, Waters went to work as chief deputy to City Councilman David S. Cunningham, Jr. She was elected to the California State Assembly in 1976. In the Assembly, she worked for the divestment of state pension funds from any businesses active in South Africa, a country then operating under the policy of apartheid, and helped pass legislation within the guidelines of the divestment campaign's Sullivan Principles.[10] She ascended to the position of Democratic Caucus Chair for the Assembly.[11]

    U.S. House of Representatives

    Elections

    Upon the retirement of Augustus F. Hawkins in 1990, Waters was elected to the United States House of Representatives for California's 29th congressional district with over 79% of the vote. She has been reelected consistently from this district, renumbered as the 35th district in 1992 and as the 43rd in 2012, with at least 70% of the vote.

    Waters has represented large parts of south-central Los Angeles and the Los Angeles coastal communities of Westchester and Playa Del Rey, as well as the cities of Torrance, Gardena, Hawthorne, Inglewood and Lawndale.

    Tenure

    On July 29, 1994, Waters came to public attention when she repeatedly interrupted a speech by Representative Peter King. The presiding officer, Carrie Meek, classed her behavior as "unruly and turbulent", and threatened to have the Sergeant at Arms present her with the Mace of the House of Representatives (the equivalent of a formal warning to desist)., this is the most recent instance of the mace being employed for a disciplinary purpose. Waters was eventually suspended from the House for the rest of the day. The conflict with King stemmed from the previous day, when they had both been present at a House Banking Committee hearing on the Whitewater controversy. Waters felt King's questioning of Maggie Williams (Hillary Clinton's chief of staff) was too harsh, and they subsequently exchanged hostile words.[12] [13] [14]

    Waters chaired the Congressional Black Caucus from 1997 to 1998. In 2005, she testified at the U.S. House Committee on Education and the Workforce hearings on "Enforcement of Federal Anti-Fraud Laws in For-Profit Education", highlighting the American College of Medical Technology as a "problem school" in her district.[15] In 2006, she was involved in the debate over King Drew Medical Center. She criticized media coverage of the hospital and asked the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) to deny a waiver of the cross ownership ban, and hence license renewal for KTLA-TV, a station the Los Angeles Times owned. She said, "The Los Angeles Times has had an inordinate effect on public opinion and has used it to harm the local community in specific instances." She requested that the FCC force the paper to either sell its station or risk losing that station's broadcast rights.[16] According to Broadcasting & Cable, the challenges raised "the specter of costly legal battles to defend station holdings... At a minimum, defending against one would cost tens of thousands of dollars in lawyers' fees and probably delay license renewal about three months".[17] Waters's petition was unsuccessful.[18]

    As a Democratic representative in Congress, Waters was a superdelegate to the 2008 Democratic National Convention. She endorsed Democratic U.S. Senator Hillary Clinton for the party's nomination in late January 2008, granting Clinton nationally recognized support that some suggested would "make big waves."[19] [20] [21] Waters later switched her endorsement to U.S. Senator Barack Obama when his lead in the pledged delegate count became insurmountable on the final day of primary voting.[22]

    In 2009 Waters had a confrontation with Representative Dave Obey over an earmark in the United States House Committee on Appropriations. The funding request was for a public school employment training center in Los Angeles that was named after her.[23] In 2011, Waters voted against the National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2012, related to a controversial provision that allows the government and the military to detain American citizens and others indefinitely without trial.[24]

    Upon Barney Frank's retirement in 2012, Waters became the ranking member of the House Financial Services Committee.[25] [26] On July 24, 2013, she voted in favor of Amendment 100 in H.R. 2397 Department of Defense Appropriations Act of 2014.[27] The amendment targeted domestic surveillance activities, specifically that of the National Security Agency, and would have limited the flexibility of the NSA's interpretation of the law to collect sweeping data on U.S. citizens.[28] Amendment 100 was rejected, 217–205.

    On March 27, 2014, Waters introduced a discussion draft of the Housing Opportunities Move the Economy Forward Act of 2014 known as the Home Forward Act of 2014.[29] A key provision of the bill includes the collection of 10 basis points for "every dollar outstanding mortgages collateralizing covered securities", estimated at $5 billion a year. These funds would be directed to three funds that support affordable housing initiatives, with 75% going to the National Housing trust fund. The National Housing Trust Fund will then provide block grants to states to be used primarily to build, preserve, rehabilitate, and operate rental housing that is affordable to the lowest income households, and groups including seniors, disabled persons and low income workers. The National Housing Trust was enacted in 2008, but has yet to be funded.[30] In 2009, Waters co-sponsored Representative John Conyers's bill calling for reparations for slavery to be paid to black Americans.[31]

    For her tenure as chair of the House Financial Services Committee in the 116th Congress, Waters earned an "A" grade from the nonpartisan Lugar Center's Congressional Oversight Hearing Index.[32]

    CIA

    After a 1996 San Jose Mercury News article alleged the complicity of the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) in the Los Angeles crack epidemic of the 1980s, Waters called for an investigation. She asked whether "U.S.-government paid or organized operatives smuggled, transported and sold it to American citizens".[33] The United States Department of Justice announced it had failed to find any evidence to support the original story.[34] The Los Angeles Times also concluded after its own extensive investigation that the allegations were not supported by evidence.[35] The author of the original story, Gary Webb, was eventually transferred to a different beat and removed from investigative reporting, before his death in 2004.[36] Webb was found in his apartment with two bullet holes in his head. His death was declared a suicide. After these post-publication investigations, Waters read into the Congressional Record a memorandum of understanding in which former President Ronald Reagan's CIA director rejected any duty by the CIA to report illegal narcotics trafficking to the Department of Justice.[37] [38]

    Allegations of corruption

    According to Chuck Neubauer and Ted Rohrlich writing in the Los Angeles Times in 2004, Waters's relatives had made more than $1 million (~$ in) during the preceding eight years by doing business with companies, candidates and causes that Waters had helped. They claimed she and her husband helped a company get government bond business, and her daughter Karen Waters and son Edward Waters have profited from her connections. Waters replied, "They do their business and I do mine."[39] Liberal watchdog group Citizens for Responsibility and Ethics in Washington named Waters to its list of corrupt members of Congress in its 2005, 2006, 2009 and 2011 reports.[40] [41] Citizens Against Government Waste named her the June 2009 Porker of the Month due to her intention to obtain an earmark for the Maxine Waters Employment Preparation Center.[42] [43]

    Waters came under investigation for ethics violations and was accused by a House panel of at least one ethics violation related to her efforts to help OneUnited Bank receive federal aid.[44] Waters's husband is a stockholder and former director of OneUnited Bank and the bank's executives were major contributors to her campaigns. In September 2008, Waters arranged meetings between U.S. Treasury Department officials and OneUnited Bank so that the bank could plead for federal cash. It had been heavily invested in Freddie Mac and Fannie Mae, and its capital was "all but wiped out" after the U.S. government took it over. The bank received $12 million in Troubled Asset Relief Program (TARP) money.[45] [46] The matter was investigated by the House Ethics Committee,[47] [48] which charged Waters with violations of the House's ethics rules in 2010.[49] [50] [51] [52] On September 21, 2012, the House Ethics Committee completed a report clearing Waters of all ethics charges after nearly three years of investigation.[53]

    Objection to 2000 presidential election results

    Waters and other House members objected to Florida's electoral votes, which George W. Bush narrowly won after a contentious recount. Because no senator joined her objection, the objection was dismissed by Vice President Al Gore, who was Bush's opponent in the 2000 presidential election.[54]

    Objection to 2004 presidential election results

    Waters was one of 31 House Democrats who voted to not count Ohio's electoral votes in the 2004 presidential election.[55] President George W. Bush won Ohio by 118,457 votes.[56]

    Objection to 2016 presidential election results

    Waters objected to Wyoming's electoral votes after the 2016 presidential election, a state Donald Trump won with 68.2% of the vote.[57] Because no senator joined her objection, the objection was dismissed by then-Vice President Joe Biden.[58]

    "Reclaiming my time"

    In July 2017, during a House Financial Services Committee meeting, Waters questioned United States Secretary of the Treasury Steven Mnuchin. At several points during the questioning, Waters used the phrase "reclaiming my time" when Mnuchin did not directly address the questions Waters had asked him. The video of the interaction between Waters and Mnuchin became popular on social media, and the phrase became attached to her criticisms of Trump.[59]

    Louis Farrakhan

    In early 2018, Waters was among the members of Congress the Republican Jewish Coalition called on to resign due to their connections with Nation of Islam leader and known anti-Semite[60] Louis Farrakhan, who had recently drawn criticism for antisemitic remarks.[61] [62] [63] The Pittsburgh Jewish Chronicle noted that Waters had "long embraced Farrakhan" and refused to denounce him, even as other members of the Congressional Black Caucus who secretly met with Farrakhan in 2005 eventually did.[64]

    Confrontationalism

    Rodney King verdict and Los Angeles riots

    See main article: 1992 Los Angeles riots. When south-central Los Angeles erupted in riotsin which 63 were killedafter the Rodney King verdict in 1992, Waters gained national attention when she led a chant of "No justice, no peace" at a rally amidst the riot.[65] She also "helped deliver relief supplies in Watts and demanded the resumption of vital services".[66] [67] Waters described the riots as a rebellion, saying, "If you call it a riot it sounds like it was just a bunch of crazy people who went out and did bad things for no reason. I maintain it was somewhat understandable, if not acceptable."[68] In her view, the violence was "a spontaneous reaction to a lot of injustice." In regard to the looting of Korean-owned stores by local black residents, she said in an interview with KABC radio host Michael Jackson:

    There were mothers who took this as an opportunity to take some milk, to take some bread, to take some shoes. Maybe they shouldn't have done it, but the atmosphere was such that they did it. They are not crooks.[69]

    Sarah Huckabee Sanders

    See main article: Red Hen restaurant controversy. On June 23, 2018, after an incident in which White House Press Secretary Sarah Huckabee Sanders was denied service and asked to leave a restaurant, Waters urged attendees at a rally in Los Angeles to harass Trump administration officials, saying:

    If you see anybody from [Trump's] cabinet in a restaurant, in a department store, at a gasoline station, you get out and you create a crowd, and you push back on them, and you tell them they're not welcome anymore, anywhere.[70] [71]
    Many on the Right saw this statement as an incitement of violence against officials from the Trump administration.

    In response, House Democratic leader Nancy Pelosi posted comments on Twitter reported to be a condemnation of Waters's remarks: "Trump's daily lack of civility has provoked responses that are predictable but unacceptable."[72]

    Derek Chauvin trial

    See main article: Trial of Derek Chauvin and Daunte Wright protests. Comments by Waters on April 17, 2021, while attending protests over the killing of Daunte Wright in Brooklyn Center, Minnesota, drew controversy.[73] Responding to questions outside the Brooklyn Center police department[74] a heavily fortified area that for days had been the site of violent clashes between law enforcement and demonstrators attempting to overrun it[75] [76] Waters commented on the protests and the looming jury verdict in the trial of Derek Chauvin, a former Minneapolis police officer who at the time was charged with murdering George Floyd.[77] Before closing arguments in the trial, Waters said, "I hope we get a verdict that says guilty, guilty, guilty. And if we don't, we cannot go away", and when asked, "What happens if we do not get what you just told? What should the people do? What should protesters do?", Waters responded:

    We've got to stay on the street. And we've got to get more active, we've got to get more confrontational, we've got to make sure that they know that we mean business.[78]
    In response to a question from a reporter about the curfew in effect in Brooklyn Center, which loomed shortly,[79] Waters said, "I don't think anything about curfew ... I don't know what 'curfew' means. Curfew means that 'I want to you all to stop talking, I want you to stop meeting, I want you to stop gathering.' I don't agree with that."[80]

    The protests outside the Brooklyn Center police station remained peaceful through the night. The crowd grew raucous when the curfew went into effect but shrank shortly after as protesters left on their own and no arrests were reported.[79] [81]

    The judge in Chauvin's trial said on April 19, 2021, that Waters's comments were "abhorrent" and that it was "disrespectful to the rule of law and to the judicial branch" for elected officials to comment in advance of the verdict. The judge refused the defense's request for a mistrial, saying that the jury "have been told not to watch the news. I trust they are following those instructions", but also that "Congresswoman Waters may have given you something on appeal that may result in this whole trial being overturned".[82] [83]

    After Waters's comments, Republican minority leader Kevin McCarthy said, "Waters is inciting violence in Minneapolis just as she has incited it in the past. If Speaker Pelosi doesn't act against this dangerous rhetoric, I will bring action this week".[84] [85] [86] [87] On April 19, 2021, McCarthy introduced a resolution in the House to censure Waters, calling her comments "dangerous". The following day, the House voted to block McCarthy's resolution, narrowly defeating it along party lines, 216–210.[88]

    Waters later said that her remarks in Brooklyn Center were taken out of context and that she believed in nonviolent actions. In an interview, she said, "I talk about confronting the justice system, confronting the policing that's going on, I'm talking about speaking up. I'm talking about legislation. I'm talking about elected officials doing what needs to be done to control their budgets and to pass legislation."[89]

    Bombing attempt

    Packages that contained pipe bombs were sent to two of Waters's offices on October 24, 2018. They were intercepted and investigated by the FBI. No one was injured. Similar packages were sent to several other Democratic leaders and to CNN.[90] [91] In 2019, Cesar Sayoc pleaded guilty to mailing the bombs and was sentenced to 20 years in prison.[92] [93]

    Committee assignments

    For the 118th Congress:[94]

    Caucus memberships

    Political positions

    Abortion

    Waters has a 100% rating from NARAL Pro-Choice America and an F rating from the Susan B. Anthony List based on her abortion-related voting record.[96] [97] She opposed the overturning of Roe v. Wade.[98]

    Barack Obama

    In August 2011, Waters criticized President Barack Obama, saying he was insufficiently supportive of the black community. She referred to African Americans' high unemployment rate (around 15.9% at the time).[99] At a Congressional Black Caucus town-hall meeting on jobs in Detroit, Waters said that African American members of Congress were reluctant to criticize or place public pressure on Obama because "y'all love the President".[100]

    In October 2011, Waters had a public dispute with Obama, arguing that he paid more attention to swing voters in the Iowa caucuses than to equal numbers of (geographically dispersed) black voters. In response, Obama said that it was time to "stop complaining, stop grumbling, stop crying" and get back to working with him.[4] [101] [102]

    Crime

    Waters opposes mandatory minimum sentences.[103]

    Donald Trump

    Waters has called Trump "a bully, an egotistical maniac, a liar and someone who did not need to be president" and "the most deplorable person I've ever met in my life".[104] In a 2017 appearance on MSNBC's All In with Chris Hayes, she said Trump's advisors who have ties to Russia or have oil and gas interests there are "a bunch of scumbags".[105]

    Waters began to call for the impeachment of Trump shortly after he took office. In February 2017, she said that Trump was "leading himself" to possible impeachment because of his conflicts of interest and that he was creating "chaos and division".[106] In September 2017, while giving a eulogy at Dick Gregory's funeral, she said that she was "cleaning out the White House" and that "when I get through with Donald Trump, he's going to wish he had been impeached."[107] In October 2017, she said the U.S. Congress had enough evidence against Trump to "be moving on impeachment", in reference to Russian collusion allegations during the 2016 presidential election, and that Trump "has openly obstructed justice in front of our face".[108]

    Linking Trump to the violence that erupted at a white nationalist protest rally in Charlottesville, Virginia, on August 12, 2017, Waters said that the White House "is now the White Supremacists' House".[109] [110] After Trump's 2018 State of the Union address, she released a video response addressing what most members of the Congressional Black Caucus viewed as his racist viewpoint and actions, saying, "He claims that he's bringing people together but make no mistake, he is a dangerous, unprincipled, divisive, and shameful racist."[111] Trump later replied by calling her a "low-IQ individual".[112]

    On April 24, 2018, while attending the Time 100 Gala, Waters urged Trump to resign from office, "So that I won't have to keep up this fight of your having to be impeached because I don't think you deserve to be there. Just get out."[113]

    On December 18, 2019, Waters voted for both articles of impeachment against Trump.[114] Moments before voting for the second impeachment of Donald Trump, she called him "the worst president in the history of the United States.″[115]

    Economy

    Cryptocurrency

    On June 18, 2019, Waters asked Facebook to halt its plan for the development and launching of Libra, a new cryptocurrency, citing a list of recent scandals. She said: "The cryptocurrency market currently lacks a clear regulatory framework to provide strong protections for investors, consumers and the economy. Regulators should see this as a wake-up call to get serious about the privacy and national security concerns, cybersecurity risks, and trading risks that are posed by cryptocurrencies".[116]

    Foreign affairs

    In August 2008, Waters introduced HR 6796, the Stop Very Unscrupulous Loan Transfers from Underprivileged countries from Rich Exploitive Funds Act (Stop VULTURE Funds Act). It would limit the ability of investors in sovereign debt to use U.S. courts to enforce those instruments against a defaulting country. The bill died in committee.[117]

    Cuba

    Waters has visited Cuba a number of times, praising some of Fidel Castro's policy proposals.[118] [119] [120] She also criticized previous U.S. efforts to overthrow the Castro regime and demanded an end to the U.S. trade embargo.[121] In 1998, Waters wrote Castro a letter calling the 1960s and 1970s "a sad and shameful chapter of our history" and thanking him for helping those who needed to "flee political persecution".[122]

    In 1998, Waters wrote Castro an open letter asking him not to extradite convicted terrorist Assata Shakur from Cuba, where she had sought asylum. Waters argued that much of the Black community regarded her conviction as false.[123] [124] [125] She had earlier supported a Republican bill to extradite Shakur, who was referred to by her former name, Joanne Chesimard. In 1999, Waters called on President Bill Clinton to return six-year-old Elián González to his father in Cuba; the boy had survived a boat journey from Cuba, during which his mother had drowned, and was taken in by U.S. relatives.

    Haiti

    Waters opposed the 2004 coup d'état in Haiti and criticized U.S. involvement.[126] After the coup, she, TransAfrica Forum founder Randall Robinson, and Jamaican member of parliament Sharon Hay-Webster led a delegation to meet with Haitian President Jean-Bertrand Aristide and bring him to Jamaica, where he remained until May.

    Nagorno-Karabakh conflict

    On October 1, 2020, Waters co-signed a letter to Secretary of State Mike Pompeo that condemned Azerbaijan's offensive operations against the Armenian-populated enclave Nagorno-Karabakh, denounced Turkey's role in the Nagorno-Karabakh conflict, and called for an immediate ceasefire.[127]

    George H. W. Bush

    In July 1992, Waters called President George H. W. Bush "a racist" who "polarized the races in this country". Previously, she had suggested that Bush had used race to advance his policies.[128]

    Tea Party movement

    Waters has been very critical of the Tea Party movement. On August 20, 2011, at a town hall discussing some of the displeasure that Obama's supporters felt about the Congressional Black Caucus not supporting him, Waters said, "This is a tough game. You can't be intimidated. You can't be frightened. And as far as I'm concerned, the 'tea party' can go straight to Hell ... and I intend to help them get there."[129] [130]

    War

    Iraq War

    Waters voted against the Iraq War Resolution, the 2002 resolution that funded and granted Congressional approval to possible military action against the regime of Saddam Hussein.[131] She has remained a consistent critic of the subsequent war and has supported immediate troop withdrawal from Iraq. Waters asserted in 2007 that President George W. Bush was trying to "set [Congress] up" by continually requesting funds for an "occupation" that was "draining" the country of capital, soldier's lives, and other resources. In particular, she argued that the economic resources being "wasted" in Iraq were those that might provide universal health care or fully fund Bush's "No Child Left Behind" education bill. Additionally, Waters, representing a congressional district whose median income falls far below the national average, argued that patriotism alone had not been the sole driving force for those U.S. service personnel serving in Iraq. Rather, "many of them needed jobs, they needed resources, they needed money, so they're there".[132] In a subsequent floor speech, she said that Congress, lacking the votes to override the "inevitable Bush veto on any Iraq-related legislation," needed to "better [challenge] the administration's false rhetoric about the Iraq war" and "educate our constituents [about] the connection between the problems in Pakistan, Turkey, and Iran with the problems we have created in Iraq".[133] A few months before these speeches, Waters cosponsored the House resolution to impeach Vice President Dick Cheney for making allegedly "false statements" about the war.[134]

    Personal life

    Waters's second husband, Sid Williams, played professional football in the NFL[135] and is a former U.S. Ambassador to the Bahamas under the Clinton Administration.[136] They live in Los Angeles's Windsor Square neighborhood.[137]

    In May 2020, during the COVID-19 pandemic, Waters confirmed her sister, Velma Moody, had died of the virus, aged 86.[138]

    Other achievements

    Electoral history

    U.S. House of Representatives

    See also

    External links

    Articles

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    Notes and References

    1. Web site: Membership. Congressional Black Caucus. 7 March 2018.
    2. News: Neukam . Stephen . 10 January 2023 . New Congress: Here's who's heading the various House Committees . . 11 January 2023.
    3. Web site: Maxine Waters: Trump should resign and 'free us' from impeachment proceedings. Gstalter. Morgan. 2019-05-29. The Hill. 2019-05-31.
    4. Williams, Joseph Williams (October 20, 2011), " Obama learns perils of roiling Waters", Politico, October 20, 2011.
    5. Maxine Waters: The World's 100 Most Influential People. 2020-09-23. Time. en-us.
    6. News: Next up for House Ethics trial: St. Louis native Maxine Waters. stltoday. November 19, 2010. April 2, 2011.
    7. Web site: Waters, Maxine . Contemporary Black Biography . Encyclopedia.com . February 7, 2015. 2008.
    8. Web site: Brownstein. Ronald. The Two Worlds of Maxine Waters. Los Angeles Times Magazine. December 18, 2014. March 5, 1989.
    9. Web site: Public Affairs Office – Who's Who of Cal State L.A. Alumni. October 22, 2013. Cal State LA.
    10. News: Howard W. . French . Howard W. French . Slash Ties, Apartheid Foes Urge . . D1 . February 9, 1987 . March 13, 2009 . Maxine Waters, a member of the California Assembly who helped frame her state's pension fund divestment bill, has promised to work overtime to insure that our legislation reflects these guidelines and continues to target any and all U.S. companies that are doing business in or with South Africa..
    11. Web site: About Congresswoman Maxine Waters: Representing the 35th District of California . March 13, 2009 . During 14 years in the California State Assembly, she rose to the powerful position of Democratic Caucus Chair. She was responsible for some of the boldest legislation California has ever seen: the largest divestment of state pension funds from South Africa; landmark affirmative action legislation; the nation's first statewide Child Abuse Prevention Training Program; the prohibition of police strip searches for nonviolent misdemeanors; and the introduction of the nation's first plant closure law. . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20090301092115/http://www.house.gov/waters/bio/ . March 1, 2009 .
    12. News: Sometimes the Order of the Day Is Just Maintaining Order . July 30, 1994 . . 3 May 2021. Catherine S. . Manegold.
    13. Hawthorne, California; C-SPAN http://www.c-span.org/questions/week155.asp What is the staff with an eagle on top they keep moving around in the House? What is it used for? March 5, 2000
    14. Web site: Whitewater Controversy House Floor, Jul 29 1994 Video C-SPAN.org. www.c-span.org. en-us. 2019-01-22.
    15. Web site: Testimony of the Honorable Maxine Waters. House. March 1, 2017. https://web.archive.org/web/20161213191650/http://archives.republicans.edlabor.house.gov/archive/hearings/109th/fc/60minutes030105/waters.htm. December 13, 2016. dead. mdy-all.
    16. Web site: Petition to Deny Request for Renewal of Broadcast License . March 13, 2009 . November 1, 2006 . Maxine . Waters . Tribune influenced public opinion in the Los Angeles DMA to harm its residents and one of its most critical public health facilities – the Martin Luther King/Drew Medical Center (King/Drew). . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20090303061254/http://www.house.gov/apps/list/hearing/ca35_waters/CS061101_fcc.html . March 3, 2009.
    17. News: Your Money or Your License . September 19, 2004 . . March 13, 2009 . Bill . McConnell.
    18. Web site: Station Search Details . March 13, 2009 . . Call Sign: KTLA... Channel: 5... Lic Expir: 12/01/2014 . April 7, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220407022943/https://fjallfoss.fcc.gov/cgi-bin/ws.exe/prod/cdbs/pubacc/prod/sta_det.pl?Facility_id=35670 . dead .
    19. Web site: The endorsements that would make huge waves . https://web.archive.org/web/20071208123400/http://thehill.com/leading-the-news/the-endorsements-that-would-make-huge-waves-2007-12-06.html . dead . December 8, 2007 . . December 6, 2007 . March 13, 2009 . Rep. Maxine Waters (D-Calif.). The outspoken anti-war liberal, who campaigned for Ned Lamont (D) over U.S. Senator Joe Lieberman (I) from Connecticut last year, has not picked a favorite..
    20. News: Maxine Waters for Clinton – 2008 Presidential Campaign Blog – Political Intelligence . March 14, 2009 . Marcella . Bombardieri . January 29, 2008 . The Boston Globe.
    21. News: Maxine Waters for Clinton . . Marcella . Bombardieri . January 29, 2008.
    22. News: The Superdelegate Tally . . Julie . Bosman . June 3, 2008 . May 12, 2010 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20080606003010/http://thecaucus.blogs.nytimes.com/2008/06/03/the-superdelegate-tally/index.html?hp . June 6, 2008 . mdy-all .
    23. News: Jared . Allen . Mike . Soraghan . Obey, Waters in noisy floor fight . https://web.archive.org/web/20090627211326/http://thehill.com/leading-the-news/obey-waters-in-noisy-floor-fight-2009-06-25.html . dead . June 27, 2009 . . June 25, 2009 . June 26, 2009.
    24. Web site: Sheets . Connor . NDAA Bill: How Did Your Congress Member Vote? . International Business Times . December 16, 2011 .
    25. News: Maxine Waters in line to take over from Frank on Financial Services Committee . December 7, 2011 . Bernie . Becker . Peter . Schroeder . November 28, 2011 . The Hill.
    26. News: Maxine Waters to Succeed Barney Frank on Banking Panel . May 23, 2013 . Michael R . Crittenden . December 4, 2012 . WSJ Blog Washington Wire.
    27. Web site: Final Vote Results For Roll Call 412 . US House of Representatives .
    28. Web site: Why The NSA and President Bush Got The FISA Court to Reinterpret The Law in Order To Collect Tons Of Data . Tech Dirt . June 17, 2013 .
    29. News: Siegel. Robert M.. Recently Unveiled "Home Forward" Housing Act May Signal the End of Fannie and Freddie . April 16, 2014. The National Law Review . April 9, 2014. Jeremy C . Sahn. Bilzin Sumberg Baena Price & Axelrod LLP.
    30. Web site: H.R Bill – 113th Congress 2D Session [Discussion Draft] 'Housing Opportunities Move the Economy Forward Act 5 of 2014' or the 'Home Forward Act of 2014' ]. Government Printing Office . 2014. April 16, 2014.
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    45. News: Susan . Schmidt . Susan Schmidt . Waters Helped Bank Whose Stock She Once Owned . . March 12, 2009 . March 13, 2009. Ms. Waters, who represents inner-city Los Angeles, hasn't made a secret of her family's financial interest in OneUnited. Referring to her family's investment, she said in 2007 during a congressional hearing that for African-Americans, "the test of your commitment to economic expansion and development and support for business is whether or not you put your money where your mouth is.".
    46. News: Eric . Lipton . Eric Lipton . Jim. Rutenberg. Jim Rutenberg . Barclay . Walsh . Congresswoman, Tied to Bank, Helped Seek Funds . . March 12, 2009 . March 13, 2009 . Top federal regulators say they were taken aback when they learned that a California congresswoman who helped set up a meeting with bankers last year had family financial ties to a bank whose chief executive asked them for up to $50 million in special bailout funds..
    47. News: Larry . Margasak . Ethics panel defers probe on Jesse Jackson Jr.. Associated Press. September 16, 2009 . September 16, 2009.
    48. News: Maxine Waters: House ethics panel extends case of L.A. lawmaker . Richard . Simon . . August 6, 2012 . August 10, 2012.
    49. News: Ethics Inquiry on Waters Is Tied to OneUnited Bank . . Eric . Lipton . July 31, 2010.
    50. News: Maxine Waters defends herself publicly on ethics charges. . Perry Jr. . Bacon. August 13, 2010.
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    64. Newman, Maria (May 19, 1992), "After the Riots: Washington at Work; Lawmaker From Riot Zone Insists On a New Role for Black Politicians", The New York Times.
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    68. Web site: Shuit. Douglas P.. May 10, 1992. Waters Focuses Her Rage at System. June 13, 2018. Los Angeles Times.
    69. News: Democratic congresswoman encourages supporters to harass Trump administration officials. Ehrlich. Jamie. CNN. June 25, 2018. June 25, 2018.
    70. 'They're Not Welcome Anymore, Anywhere.' Maxine Waters Tells Supporters to Confront Trump Officials. 2021-04-20. Time. June 25, 2018. Jennifer. Calfas.
    71. Web site: Pelosi rebukes Democratic Rep. Maxine Waters for urging supporters to confront Trump administration officials. Pramuk. Jacob. CNBC. June 25, 2018. June 25, 2018.
    72. News: Edmondson. Catie. 2021-04-19. A defense lawyer and the judge suggest a congresswoman's comments could offer grounds for appeal.. en-US. The New York Times. 2021-04-19. 0362-4331.
    73. News: Desmond. Declan. 2021-04-18. Maxine Waters speaks in Brooklyn Center, draws ire of right-wing media. Bring Me the News. 2021-04-18.
    74. News: Kieth. Theo. 2021-04-16. Walz: Tear gas in Brooklyn Center meant to avoid another police station burning. FOX-9. 2021-04-20.
    75. News: Liz Navratil, Ryan Faircloth, Liz Navratil and Ryan Faircloth. Navratil, Liz; Faircloth, Ryan; Faircloth, Ryan. 2021-04-17. As curfew passes, Brooklyn Center protest remains peaceful. Star Tribune. 2021-04-20.
    76. Web site: 2021-04-19. Derek Chauvin's fate in the death of George Floyd is now in the hands of the jury. 2021-04-20. Los Angeles Times. Kurtis. Lee. Molly. Hennessy-Fiske. en-US.
    77. News: Cillizza. Chris. 2021-04-19. Maxine Waters just inflamed a very volatile situation. The Po!nt with Chris Cillizza . CNN. 2021-04-19.
    78. News: Cashman. Tyler. Korynta. Emma Korynta. 2021-04-17. Demonstrations continue for seventh straight night outside Brooklyn Center police department. KARE-11. 2021-04-17.
    79. Waters. Maxine. Maxine Waters. Congresswoman Maxine Waters Urges Daunte Wright Protesters to Continue. . live. Unicorn Riot. Brooklyn Center, Minnesota. 2021-04-19. 6 minutes 18 seconds in. YouTube. 2021-04-20. https://web.archive.org/web/20210420094709/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NoOrK24OnTQ. 2021-04-20 . Question: "...George Floyd is waking so many people up, yet nothing's happened despite the rhetoric. What needs to happen that's different this year than all the years before?" Waters: "We're looking for a guilty verdict ... and we're looking to see if all the talk that took place and has been taking place after they talk, what happened to George Floyd, if nothing does not happen, then we know that we've got to not only stay in the street, but we've got to fight for justice. But I am very hopeful, and I hope, that we're going to get a verdict that does say guilty, guilty, guilty, and if we don't, we cannot go away." ... Q: "What happens if we do not get what you just told? What should the people do? What should protestors do?" Waters: "I didn't hear you." Q: "What should protestors do?" Waters: "Well, we gotta stay on the street. And we've got to get more active, we've got to get more confrontational, we've got to make sure that they know that we mean business." Q: "What do you think about this curfew tonight?" Waters: "I don't think anything about curfew; I don't think any about curfew. I don't know what 'curfew' means. Curfew means that 'I want to you all to stop talking, I want you to stop meeting, I want you to stop gathering.' I don't agree with that."
    80. News: Navratil. Liz. Faircloth. Ryan. Navratil. Liz. Faircloth. Ryan. 2021-04-17. As curfew passes, Brooklyn Center protest remains peaceful. Star Tribune. live. 2021-04-17. https://web.archive.org/web/20210418051103/https://www.startribune.com/as-curfew-passes-brooklyn-center-protest-remains-peaceful/600047296/. April 18, 2021.
    81. Web site: CNN. Caroline. Kelly. Judge in Derek Chauvin trial says Rep. Maxine Waters' comments may be grounds for appeal. 2021-04-20. 2021-04-20.
    82. Web site: 2021-04-20. What would mistrial mean for George Floyd case?. https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220512/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/chauvin-floyd-mistrial-maxine-waters-b1834144.html . May 12, 2022 . subscription . live. 2021-04-20. The Independent. Justin. Vallejo. en.
    83. Web site: Duster. Chandelis. Waters calls for protesters to 'get more confrontational' if no guilty verdict is reached in Derek Chauvin trial. 2021-04-19. 2021-04-19. CNN.
    84. Web site: 2021-04-19. Republicans demand action against Maxine Waters after Minneapolis remarks. 2021-04-19. The Guardian. Martin. Pengelly. en.
    85. Web site: Fordham. Evie. 2021-04-18. Republicans slam Maxine Waters for telling protesters to 'get more confrontational' over Chauvin trial. 2021-04-19. Fox News. en-US.
    86. News: Millward. David. 2021-04-18. Democratic congresswoman urges protesters to stay on streets if Derek Chauvin is cleared. en-GB. The Telegraph. https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220112/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2021/04/18/democratic-congresswoman-urges-protesters-stay-streets-derek/ . January 12, 2022 . subscription . live. 2021-04-19. 0307-1235.
    87. Web site: Manu Raju . Veronica Stracqualursi. Democrats block resolution censuring Maxine Waters for Chauvin trial comments. 2021-04-20. CNN. April 20, 2021.
    88. Web site: Hupka. Sasha. Did California Congresswoman Maxine Waters Tamper With The Jury In Derek Chauvin's Trial?. 2021-05-23. www.capradio.org.
    89. News: Kennedy . Merrit . Apparent 'Pipe Bombs' Mailed To Clinton, Obama And CNN . 25 October 2018 . . 24 October 2018.
    90. News: "Potentially destructive devices" sent to Clinton, Obama, CNN prompt massive response . 25 October 2018 . . 24 October 2018.
    91. News: Cesar Sayoc, Who Mailed Pipe Bombs to Trump Critics, Is Sentenced to 20 Years. Weiser. Benjamin. 2019-08-05. The New York Times. 2020-01-10. Watkins. Ali. en-US. 0362-4331.
    92. Web site: Florida Man Who Mailed Bombs To Democrats, Media Gets 20 Years In Prison. NPR.org. Richard. Gonzales. August 5, 2019. en. 2020-01-10.
    93. Web site: Maxine Waters . Clerk of the United States House of Representatives . 1 May 2023.
    94. Web site: Caucus Members. Congressional Progressive Caucus. January 30, 2018.
    95. Web site: Congressional Record . NARAL Pro-Choice America.
    96. Web site: Maxine Waters . SBA Pro-Life America . 28 June 2022.
    97. Web site: Waters . Maxine . Today, I stand in solidarity with the 36 MILLION women being stripped of their right to decide what is best for themselves. We WILL keep fighting! #BansOffOurBodies . . 28 June 2022 . en . 24 June 2022.
    98. Montopoli, Brian (August 11, 2011), "Maxine Waters: Why isn't Obama in black communities?", CBS News.
    99. Camia, Catalina (August 18, 2011), "Waters: Black lawmakers hesitant to criticize Obama", USA Today.
    100. News: Allen . Jonathan . Waters to Obama: Iowans or blacks? . 23 October 2018 . Politico. August 8, 2011.
    101. News: Williams . Joseph . Obama reopens rift with black critics . October 23, 2018 . Politico. August 29, 2011.
    102. Meeks, Kenneth (June 1, 2005), "Back Talk with Maxine Waters" (interview), Black Enterprise.
    103. Max Greenwood, Maxine Waters: Trump is the most deplorable person I’ve ever met, The Hill (August 4, 2017).
    104. Web site: Rep. Maxine Waters: Trump advisors with Russia ties are .... February 21, 2017. MSNBC.
    105. News: Waters: Trump 'leading himself' to impeachment. Diaz. Daniella. February 6, 2017 . CNN.
    106. Web site: Maxine Waters Turns Comedian Dick Gregory's Eulogy into Anti-Trump Speech. September 20, 2017.
    107. Lim, Naomi (October 12, 2017), "Maxine Waters: Congress has enough evidence against Trump to 'be moving on impeachment'", Washington Examiner.
    108. Carter, Brandon (August 13, 2017), "Maxine Waters to Trump: Blame for Charlottesville is on your side, not 'many'", The Hill.
    109. Web site: Trump has made it clear – w/ Bannon & Gorka in the WH, & the Klan in the streets, it is now the White Supremacists' House. #Charlottesviille. Waters. Maxine. 2017-08-13. @RepMaxineWaters. en. 2019-10-27.
    110. News: Koman. Tess. Maxine Waters Delivers Scathing SOTU Response: 'Make No Mistake. Trump Is a Dangerous Racist'. Cosmopolitan. February 1, 2018. February 6, 2018.
    111. News: Trump again questions Rep. Waters' intelligence, says she's 'very low IQ'. Ruiz. Joe. CNN. March 11, 2018. 2018-03-11.
    112. Congresswoman Maxine Waters' Advice for President Trump: 'Please Resign'. Time. Mahita. Gajanan. April 25, 2018. September 2, 2022.
    113. Web site: Whip Count: Here's which members of the House voted for and against impeaching Trump. Grace. Panetta. Business Insider.
    114. News: Folley . Aris . Maxine Waters in impeachment speech says Trump 'capable of starting a civil war' . January 13, 2021 . The Hill. 13 January 2021 . en.
    115. News: Wong . Queenie . US lawmaker wants Facebook to halt its Libra cryptocurrency project . . 2019-06-18 . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20190619122342/https://www.cnet.com/news/us-lawmaker-wants-facebook-to-halt-its-libra-cryptocurrency-project/ . 2019-06-19 . 2019-06-19 .
    116. Web site: Stop Very Unscrupulous Loan Transfers from Underprivileged countries to Rich, Exploitive Funds Act (2008 – H.R. 6796). GovTrack.
    117. Web site: 2015-03-25 . Fidel Castro praises congressional delegation to Cuba . 2024-07-15 . Fox News . en-US.
    118. Web site: Waters lauds Castro handshake . Politico.
    119. Web site: 2008-07-23 . In Castro’s Corner . 2024-07-15 . National Review . en-US.
    120. Web site: Waters. The Political Guide.
    121. News: In Castro's Corner. July 24, 2008. The National Review. https://web.archive.org/web/20121019235405/http://www.nationalreview.com/articles/225118/castros-corner/flashback. October 19, 2012. dead.
    122. News: Bigger Than Trump: One-on-One Exclusive With Rep. Maxine Waters. West Savali. Kirsten. April 26, 2017. The Root.
    123. Web site: 'A Song for Assata' the FBI hunts hip-hop's hero. Muhammad. Jihad Hassan. May 6, 2013. The Dallas Weekly. November 8, 2013. June 9, 2013. https://web.archive.org/web/20130609111325/http://www.dallasweekly.com/news/national/article_3c971cda-b681-11e2-8943-001a4bcf6878.html. dead.
    124. Web site: Congresswoman Waters issues statement on U.S. Freedom Fighter Assata Shakur. presumably Maxine Waters. September 9, 1998. World History Archives. November 9, 2013.
    125. News: Aristide says U.S. deposed him in 'coup d'etat'. March 2, 2004. May 6, 2010. CNN.
    126. News: Senate and House Leaders to Secretary of State Pompeo: Cut Military Aid to Azerbaijan; Sanction Turkey for Ongoing Attacks Against Armenia and Artsakh . The Armenian Weekly . October 2, 2020.
    127. Sam Fulwood II, Rep. Waters Labels Bush 'a Racist,' Endorses Clinton, Los Angeles Times (July 9, 1992).
    128. News: Maxine Waters to tea party: Go to Hell. Jenkins. Sally. August 22, 2011. The Washington Post.
    129. Web site: Rep. Maxine Waters: Tea party can go to hell. Epstein. Jennifer. Aug 22, 2011. Politico.
    130. Web site: Final Vote Results for Roll Call 455, H J RES 114 To Authorize the Use of United States Armed Forces Against Iraq. October 10, 2002 . Clerk of the United States House of Representatives. March 14, 2009.
    131. Web site: The Iraq War. October 22, 2007 . https://web.archive.org/web/20080531123531/http://www.house.gov/apps/list/speech/ca35_waters/FS071022_iraqwar.html. May 31, 2008. dead. June 14, 2008.
    132. Web site: War in Iraq. November 5, 2007 . https://web.archive.org/web/20080531123707/http://www.house.gov/apps/list/speech/ca35_waters/FS071106_iraq.html. May 31, 2008. dead. June 14, 2008.
    133. Web site: Cheney ouster gains backers. June 13, 2007. The Washington Times. 3 May 2021.
    134. Web site: Murphy. Patricia. Rep. Maxine Waters: Yank the NFL's Antitrust Exemption. Politics Daily. October 30, 2009. October 30, 2009. https://web.archive.org/web/20091030012024/http://www.politicsdaily.com/2009/10/28/bruce-editing-rep-maxine-waters-congress-should-yank-nfls-an/. dead.
    135. News: Hall. Carla. Sidney Williams' Unusual Route to Ambassador Post : Appointments: His nomination has drawn some critics. But his biggest boost may come from his wife, Rep. Maxine Waters.. January 19, 2017. Los Angeles Times. February 6, 1994.
    136. https://www.latimes.com/projects/how-much-are-they-worth/maxine-waters/ How much are they worth? Maxine Waters
    137. Web site: Maxine Waters says her sister died from coronavirus. 2020-10-28. MSN.
    138. Camille Cosby, Kathleen Battle Win Candace Awards . . July 20, 1992 . 82 . 13 . 16–17 . Johnson Publishing Company .