Max Steenbeck Explained

Max Christian Theodor Steenbeck (21 March 1904  - 15 December 1981) was a German nuclear physicist who worked at the Siemens-Schuckertwerke in his early career, during which time he invented the betatron in 1934.

After the Second World War, Steenbeck was taken to the Soviet Union and recruited to participate in Soviet program of nuclear weapons. In 1955, he returned to East Germany to continue a career in nuclear physics.

Early life

Steenbeck was born in Kiel. He studied physics and chemistry at the University of Kiel from 1922 to 1927. He completed his thesis on x-rays[1] under Walther Kossel; he submitted the thesis in 1927/1928 and his doctorate was awarded in January 1929.[2] [3] While a student at Kiel, he formulated the concept of the cyclotron.[4]

Career

Early years

From 1927 to 1945, Steenbeck was a physicist at the Siemens-Schuckertwerke in Berlin. From 1934, he was a laboratory director, and it was in that year that he submitted a patent for the betatron. In 1943, he was appointed technical director of a static converter plant at Siemens, conducting research in gas-discharge physics.[5] Additionally, at his plant, he was head of the Volkssturm (people's army), the organised civilian resistance at the plant, which was to, as a last resort, defend the territory.[6]

In the Soviet Union

At the close of World War II he was arrested by the Soviet military forces, and he was incarcerated at a concentration camp in Poznań. He wrote to the NKVD and explained his scientific background. Eventually, he was taken to recuperate at the dacha Opalicha at the end of 1945, after which he was sent to work at Manfred von Ardenne’s Institute A, in Sinop,[7] [8] a suburb of Sukhumi. He headed a group working on both electromagnetic and centrifugal isotope separation for the enrichment of uranium, with the latter having the highest priority. Steenbeck and his group were pioneers in the development of supercritical centrifuges. Steenbeck’s group, at its largest, included from 60 to 100 German and Russian personnel. Steenbeck was kept in the Soviet Union until 1956, when he went to East Germany.[9] [10]

While Steenbeck developed the theory of the centrifugal isotope separation process, Gernot Zippe, an Austrian, headed the experimental effort in Steenbeck’s group. Zippe, a POW from the Krasnogorsk camp, joined the group in the summer of 1946. Zippe returned to Germany in 1956. In 1957, he attended a conference on centrifugal isotope separation; it was then that he realized how advanced the work had been in Steenbeck’s group, and Zippe then applied for a patent on short-bowl centrifuge technology, known as the Zippe-type centrifuge. He was invited to repeat the experiments at the University of Virginia. Shortly after completing the work, at the request of the United States, all centrifuge research in Germany became classified on August 1, 1960. The work of Steenbeck and Zippe shaped European and Japanese enrichment processes and later those in Pakistan and Iraq.[11] [12] [13]

Steenbeck and Zippe, before being allowed to leave the Soviet Union, were put into quarantine in the second half of 1952. During the quarantine period, they only performed unclassified work. First they went to Leningrad, after which they worked in the Institute of Semiconductors of the Academy of Sciences in Kiev. They both left the Soviet Union in 1956.[14]

Return to (East) Germany

In 1956, Steenbeck became an ordinarius professor of plasma physics at the Friedrich Schiller University of Jena, and, from 1956 to 1959, he was also director of the Institute for Magnetic Materials at Jena. From 1958 to 1969, he was director of the German Academy of Science Institute for Magnetohydrodynamics, also in Jena. From 1957 to 1963, he was the head of the Technological Science Bureau on Reactor Construction, in Berlin. From 1962 to 1964, he was vice-president and in 1965 president of the German Academy of Science. In 1970, he was president of the East German Committee on European Security. In 1976, Steenbeck was honorary president of the East German Research Council. He died in East Berlin.

The Max-Steenbeck Gymnasium in Cottbus, an academic high school offering extended mathematical-scientific-technical training, was named in his honour. .[15]

Selected literature

Books

Bibliography

External links

Notes and References

  1. W. Kossel and M. Steenbeck Absolute Messung des Quantenstroms im Röntgenstrahl, Zeitschrift für Physik Volume 42, Numbers 11-12, 832-834 (1927).
  2. Hentschel and Hentschel, 1996, Appendix F; see the entry for Steenbeck.
  3. [:de:Max Steenbeck|Steenbeck]
  4. http://ark.cdlib.org/ark:/13030/ft5s200764/ Lawrence and His Laboratory
  5. Hentschel and Hentschel, 1996, 350 and Appendix F; see the entry for Steenbeck.
  6. Oleynikov, 2000, 11 and Reference 104.
  7. Oleynikov, 2000, 11-12.
  8. Naimark, 1995, 213.
  9. Oleynikov, 2000, 1 and 11-12.
  10. Hentschel and Hentschel, 1996, Appendix F; see the entry for Steenbeck.
  11. Oleynikov, 2000, 22-23, 26, and Reference #215.
  12. https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9806EFDF1630F930A15750C0A9629C8B63 NYT
  13. http://www.neimagazine.com/story.asp?sectioncode=76&storyCode=2024442 Tracking the technology
  14. Oleynikov, 2000, 23 and Reference 213.
  15. http://www.steenbeck-gymnasium.de/ Max-Steenbeck-Gymnasium

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