Max Planck Society Explained

Max Planck Society for the Advancement of Science
Native Name:Max-Planck-Gesellschaft zur Förderung der Wissenschaften
Native Name Lang:de
Size:225px
Abbreviation:MPG
Predecessor:Kaiser Wilhelm Society
Type:Non-profit research organization
Status:German: [[Registered association (Germany)|eingetragener Verein]] (e. V.)
Headquarters:Munich, Germany
Leader Title:President
Leader Name:Patrick Cramer
Main Organ:Senate
Num Staff:23,767 (2018)
Budget:€1.8 billion (2018)

The Max Planck Society for the Advancement of Science (German: Max-Planck-Gesellschaft zur Förderung der Wissenschaften e. V.; abbreviated MPG) is a formally independent non-governmental and non-profit association of German research institutes. Founded in 1911 as the Kaiser Wilhelm Society, it was renamed to the Max Planck Society in 1948 in honor of its former president, theoretical physicist Max Planck. The society is funded by the federal and state governments of Germany.

Mission

According to its primary goal, the Max Planck Society supports fundamental research in the natural, life and social sciences, the arts and humanities in its 86 (as of December 2018) Max Planck Institutes. The society has a total staff of approximately 17,000 permanent employees, including 5,470 scientists, plus around 4,600 non-tenured scientists and guests. The society's budget for 2018 was about €1.8 billion. As of 31 December 2018, the Max Planck Society employed a total of 23,767 staff, of whom 15,650 were scientists. 44.4% were female employees and 31.5% of all of the employees were foreign nationals.[1]

The Max Planck Society has a world-leading reputation as a science and technology research organization, with 39 Nobel Prizes awarded to their scientists, and is widely regarded as one of the foremost basic research organizations in the world. In 2020, the Nature Index placed the Max Planck Institutes third worldwide in terms of research published in Nature journals (after the Chinese Academy of Sciences and Harvard University).[2] In terms of total research volume (unweighted by citations or impact), the Max Planck Society is only outranked by the Chinese Academy of Sciences, the Russian Academy of Sciences and Harvard University in the Times Higher Education institutional rankings.[3] The Thomson Reuters-Science Watch website placed the Max Planck Society as the second leading research organization worldwide following Harvard University in terms of the impact of the produced research over science fields.[4]

The Max Planck Society and its predecessor Kaiser Wilhelm Society hosted several renowned scientists in their fields, including Otto Hahn, Werner Heisenberg, and Albert Einstein.

The Max Planck Society also hosts the Cornell, Maryland, and Max Planck Pre-Doctoral Research School, an intense week of lectures, informal conversations with guest faculty and fellow students from all over the world, professional development panels with academic and industrial speakers, research poster sessions, and social events.

History

The organization was established in 1911 as the Kaiser Wilhelm Society, or Kaiser-Wilhelm-Gesellschaft (KWG), a non-governmental research organization named for the then German emperor. The KWG was one of the world's leading research organizations; its board of directors included scientists like Walther Bothe, Peter Debye, Albert Einstein, and Fritz Haber. In 1946, Otto Hahn assumed the position of president of KWG, and in 1948, the society was renamed the Max Planck Society (MPG) after its former president (1930–37) Max Planck, who died in 1947.[5]

The Max Planck Society has a world-leading reputation as a science and technology research organization. In 2006, the Times Higher Education Supplement rankings[6] of non-university research institutions (based on international peer review by academics) placed the Max Planck Society as No.1 in the world for science research, and No.3 in technology research (behind AT&T Corporation and the Argonne National Laboratory in the United States).

The domain mpg.de attracted at least 1.7 million visitors annually by 2008 according to a Compete.com study.[7]

List of presidents of the KWG and the MPG

Max Planck Research Award

From 1990 to 2004, the "Max Planck Research Award for International Cooperation" was presented to several researchers from a wide range of disciplines each year.

From 2004 to 2017, the "Max Planck Research Award" was conferred annually to two internationally renowned scientists, one of whom was working in Germany and one in another country. Calls for nominations for the award were invited on an annually rotating basis in specific sub-areas of the natural sciences and engineering, the life sciences, and the human and social sciences. The objective of the Max Planck Society and the Alexander von Humboldt Foundation in presenting this joint research award was to give added momentum to specialist fields that were either not yet established in Germany or that deserved to be expanded.[8]

Since 2018, the award has been succeeded by the "Max Planck-Humboldt Research Award", annually awarded to an internationally renowned mid-career researcher with outstanding future potential from outside Germany but having a strong interest in a research residency in Germany for limited time periods, alternately in the fields of natural and engineering sciences, human sciences, and life sciences, as well as the "Max Planck-Humboldt Medal" awarded to other two finalists.[9] [10] [11] [12]

Max Planck-Humboldt Research Awards and Medals

YearAwardNameInstitutionField
2023Max Planck-Humboldt Research AwardRotem SorekWeizmann Institute of ScienceBacterial defense mechanisms against viruses
Max Planck-Humboldt MedalAmy BuckUniversity of EdinburghInter-species RNA communication
Max Planck-Humboldt MedalKandice TannerNational Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health in BethesdaBiophysics of the metastatic spread of cancer
2022Max Planck-Humboldt Research AwardMargaret RobertsUCSDCensorship and Disinformation
Max Planck-Humboldt MedalVanessa OgleYale UniversitySocial Sciences
Max Planck-Humboldt MedalWim DecockUniversities of Louvain-la-Neuve and LiégeSocial Sciences
2021Max Planck-Humboldt Research AwardPablo Jarillo-HerreroMITQuantum Materials
Max Planck-Humboldt MedalAnastassia AlexandrovaUCLATheoretical Chemistry
Max Planck-Humboldt MedalSumit GulwaniMicrosoftAutomated Programming
2020Max Planck-Humboldt Research AwardRoberto BonasioUniversity of PennsylvaniaLife sciences
Max Planck-Humboldt MedalLuciano MarraffiniRockefeller UniversityLife sciences
2019Max Planck-Humboldt Research AwardUfuk AkcigitUniversity of ChicagoMacroeconomics
Max Planck-Humboldt MedalElliot Tucker-DrobUniversity of Texas at AustinPersonality and developmental psychology
2018Max Planck-Humboldt Research AwardCatherine HeymansUniversity of EdinburghDark energy
Max Planck-Humboldt MedalRobert WoodHarvard UniversitySoft robotics
Max Planck-Humboldt MedalSam PayneUniversity of Texas at AustinTropical geometry

Max Planck Research Award

YearNameInstitutionField
2016Bonnie BasslerPrinceton UniversitySensory perception of organisms
Max Planck Institute for Ornithology
2015Bryan Stanley TurnerCity University of New YorkReligion and modernity – secularisation, social and religious pluralism
Hans JoasHumboldt University of Berlin
2014Robert J. SchoelkopfYale UniversityQuantum nanoscience
Jörg WrachtrupUniversity of Stuttgart
2013Chris FieldCarnegie Institution for Science & Stanford UniversityInfluence of climate change on ecosystems
Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry
2012Columbia University Law SchoolRegulating international financial markets
Martin HellwigMax Planck Institute for Research on Collective Goods
2011Sebastian ThrunStanford UniversityIntelligent systems
Bernhard SchölkopfMax Planck Institute for Intelligent Systems
2010New York University College of DentistryEvolution
Michael TomaselloMax Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology
2009Karl GalinskyUniversity of Texas at AustinHistory of memory
Aleida AssmannUniversity of Konstanz
2008Robert S. LangerMassachusetts Institute of TechnologyBiomaterials
Peter FratzlMax Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces
2007Raymond Joseph DolanUniversity College London & Wellcome Trust Centre for NeuroimagingNeuromodulation and behaviour
University of Münster
2006Alina PayneHarvard UniversityArt history
Horst BredekampHumboldt University of Berlin
2005Christopher CarilliNational Radio Astronomy Observatory, SocorroAstrophysics
Christof WetterichHeidelberg University
2004Eugene W. MyersUniversity of California, BerkeleyBioinformatics
Martin VingronMax Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics

Max Planck Research Award for International Cooperation

See

Organization

The Max Planck Society is formally an eingetragener Verein, a registered association with the institute directors as scientific members having equal voting rights.[13] The society has its registered seat in Berlin, while the administrative headquarters are located in Munich. Since June 2014, materials scientist Martin Stratmann has been the President of the Max Planck Society.[14]

Funding is provided predominantly from federal and state sources, but also from research and license fees and donations. One of the larger donations was the castle Schloss Ringberg near Kreuth in Bavaria, which was pledged by Luitpold Emanuel in Bayern (Duke in Bavaria). It passed to the Society after the duke died in 1973, and is now used for conferences.

Max Planck Institutes and research groups

See main article: List of Max Planck Institutes. The Max Planck Society consists of over 80 research institutes. In addition, the society funds a number of Max Planck Research Groups (MPRG) and International Max Planck Research Schools (IMPRS). The purpose of establishing independent research groups at various universities is to strengthen the required networking between universities and institutes of the Max Planck Society.

The research units are primarily located across Europe with a few in South Korea and the U.S. In 2007, the Society established its first non-European centre, with an institute on the Jupiter campus of Florida Atlantic University focusing on neuroscience.[15] [16]

The Max Planck Institutes operate independently from, though in close cooperation with, the universities, and focus on innovative research that does not fit into the university structure due to its interdisciplinary or transdisciplinary nature or that require resources that cannot be met by the state universities.

Internally, Max Planck Institutes are organized into research departments headed by directors such that each MPI has several directors, a position roughly comparable to anything from full professor to department head at a university. Other core members include Junior and Senior Research Fellows.[17]

In addition, there are several associated institutes:

NameCityCountrySection
Center of Advanced European Studies and ResearchBonnGermanyBiology & Medicine
Ernst Strüngmann InstituteFrankfurt am MainGermanyBiology & Medicine

Max Planck Society also has a collaborative center with Princeton University—Max Planck Princeton Research Center for Plasma Physics—located in Princeton, New Jersey, in the U.S.[18] The latest Max Planck Research Center has been established at Harvard University in 2016 as the Max Planck Harvard Research Center for the Archaeoscience of the Ancient Mediterranean.

International Max Planck Research Schools

Together with the Association of Universities and other Education Institutions in Germany, the Max Planck Society established numerous International Max Planck Research Schools (IMPRS) to promote junior scientists:

Max Planck Schools

Max Planck Center

Max Planck Institutes

Among others:

Open access publishing

See also: Open access in Germany. The Max Planck Society describes itself as "a co-founder of the international Open Access movement".[55] Together with the European Cultural Heritage Online Project the Max Planck Society organized the Berlin Open Access Conference in October 2003 to ratify the Bethesda Statement on Open Access Publishing. At the Conference the Berlin Declaration on Open Access to Knowledge in the Sciences and Humanities was passed. The Berlin Declaration built on previous open access declarations, but widened the research field to be covered by open access to include humanities and called for new activities to support open access such as “encouraging the holders of cultural heritage” to provide open access to their resources.[56]

The Max Planck Society continues to support open access in Germany and mandates institutional self-archiving of research outputs on the eDoc server and publications by its researchers in open access journals within 12 months.[57] To finance open access the Max Planck Society established the Max Planck Digital Library. The library also aims to improve the conditions for open access on behalf of all Max Planck Institutes by negotiating contracts with open access publishers and developing infrastructure projects, such as the Max Planck open access repository.[58]

Criticism

Pay for PhD students

In 2008, the European General Court ruled in a case brought by a PhD student against the Max Planck Society that "a researcher preparing a doctoral thesis on the basis of a grant contract concluded with the Max-Planck-Gesellschaft zur Förderung der Wissenschaften eV, must be regarded as a worker within the meaning of Article 39 EC only if his activities are performed for a certain period of time under the direction of an institute forming part of that association and if, in return for those activities, he receives remuneration".[59]

In 2012, the Max Planck Society was at the centre of a controversy about some PhD students being given employment contracts. Of the 5,300 students who at the time wrote their PhD thesis at the 80 Max Planck Institutes 2,000 had an employment contract. The remaining 3,300 received grants of between 1,000 and 1,365 Euro.[60] According to a 2011 statement by the Max Planck Society "As you embark on a PhD, you are still anything but a proper scientist; it’s during the process itself that you become a proper scientist... a PhD is an apprenticeship in the lab, and as such it is usually not paid like a proper job – and this is, by and large, the practice at all research institutions and universities".[61] The allegation of wage dumping for young scientists was discussed during the passing of the 2012 "Wissenschaftsfreiheitsgesetz" (Scientific Freedom Law) in the German Parliament.[62]

Freedom of expression

In February 2024, the Max Planck Society faced widespread criticism for terminating the employment of Lebanese-Australian professor Ghassan Hage from the Max Planck Institute for Social Anthropology, citing his social media posts on the Israeli–Palestinian conflict as incompatible with the society's core values.[63] This decision was publicly condemned by numerous scholars and academic organizations, who argued it infringed on Hage's freedom of expression. German newspaper Welt am Sonntag initially reported on Hage's posts.[64] [65] Following the dismissal, global academic communities, including Israeli scholars,[66] the German Association of Social and Cultural Anthropology,[67] the British Society for Middle Eastern Studies,[68] the European Association of Social Anthropologists,[69] the American Anthropological Association,[70] the Council for Humanities, Arts and Sciences and the Australian Anthropological Society,[71] the Canadian Anthropology Society,[72] a Japanese group of scholars,[73] the Australian Sociological Association,[74] rallied in support of Hage, extensively citing Hage's own intellectual work, urging the society to reverse its decision. The Max Planck Society and the President Patrick Cramer have not yet respond to these letters, as of July 2024. [75] [76] The Max Planck Society's has made public statements expressing support for the state of Israel in the Israel–Hamas war.[77] [78]

Nobel Laureates

Max-Planck-Society (since 1948)

  1. Ferenc Krausz, Nobel Prize, physics, 2023
  2. Svante Pääbo, Nobel Prize, medicine 2022
  3. Benjamin List, Nobel Prize, chemistry 2021
  4. Klaus Hasselmann, Nobel Prize, physics 2021
  5. Emmanuelle Charpentier, Nobel Prize, chemistry 2020
  6. Reinhard Genzel, Nobel Prize, physics 2020
  7. Stefan W. Hell, Nobel Prize, chemistry 2014
  8. Gerhard Ertl, Nobel Prize, chemistry 2007
  9. Theodor W. Hänsch, Nobel Prize, physics 2005
  10. Christiane Nüsslein-Volhard, Nobel Prize, medicine 1995
  11. Paul Crutzen, Nobel Prize, chemistry 1995
  12. Erwin Neher, Nobel Prize, medicine 1991
  13. Bert Sakmann, Nobel Prize, medicine 1991
  14. Robert Huber, Nobel Prize, chemistry 1988
  15. Hartmut Michel, Nobel Prize, chemistry 1988
  16. Johann Deisenhofer, Nobel Prize, chemistry 1988
  17. Ernst Ruska, Nobel Prize, physics 1986
  18. Klaus von Klitzing, Nobel Prize, physics 1985
  19. Georges Köhler, Nobel Prize, medicine 1984
  20. Konrad Lorenz, Nobel Prize, medicine 1973
  21. Manfred Eigen, Nobel Prize, chemistry 1967
  22. Feodor Lynen, Nobel Prize, medicine 1964
  23. Karl Ziegler, Nobel Prize, chemistry 1963
  24. Walter Bothe, Nobel Prize, physics 1954

Kaiser-Wilhelm-Society (1914–1948)

  1. Otto Hahn, Nobel Prize, chemistry 1944
  2. Adolf Butenandt, Nobel Prize, chemistry 1939
  3. Richard Kuhn, Nobel Prize, chemistry 1938
  4. Peter J. W. Debye, Nobel Prize, chemistry 1936
  5. Hans Spemann, Nobel Prize, medicine 1935
  6. Werner Heisenberg, Nobel Prize, physics 1932
  7. Otto Heinrich Warburg, Nobel Prize, medicine 1931
  8. Carl Bosch, Nobel Prize, chemistry 1931
  9. James Franck, Nobel Prize, physics 1925
  10. Otto Meyerhof, Nobel Prize, medicine 1922
  11. Albert Einstein, Nobel Prize, physics 1921
  12. Max Planck, Nobel Prize, physics 1918
  13. Fritz Haber, Nobel Prize, chemistry 1918
  14. Richard Willstätter, Nobel Prize, chemistry 1915
  15. Max von Laue, Nobel Prize, physics 1914

See also

References

Citations

Notes and References

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  3. http://www.timeshighereducation.co.uk/news/the-titans-institutional-rankings-by-output-and-citations/408424.article The titans: Institutional rankings by output and citations
  4. http://archive.sciencewatch.com/inter/ins/09/09Top20Overall/ The Most-Cited Institutions Overall, 1999–2009
  5. Web site: Geschichte . 26 September 2022 . mpg.de . de.
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  7. Web site: Max Planck Society attracts almost 2m visitors online yearly. 1 March 2009. https://web.archive.org/web/20090702120103/http://siteanalytics.compete.com/mpg.de/?metric=uv. 2 July 2009. live.
  8. https://www.mpg.de/mpResearchAward One Award – Two Winners, Max-Planck-Gesellschaft
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  10. Web site: Max Planck-Humboldt Research Award. humboldt-foundation.de.
  11. Web site: Max Planck-Humboldt Research Award: For the first time, two top researchers from the humanities and social sciences have been honoured. humboldt-foundation.de. 6 November 2019. 12 April 2020. 3 August 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200803103602/https://www.humboldt-foundation.de/web/65532760.html. dead.
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  14. http://www.mpg.de/president/news Homepage of Martin Stratmann
  15. Florida courts German life-sciences institute. Check. Erika. Nature. 449. 7160. 264–265 . 20 September 2007. 10.1038/449264b. 17882174. 2007Natur.449..264C .
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  27. Web site: Home – International Max Planck Research School . Imprs.tuebingen.mpg.de . 21 February 2019 . 18 March 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20170717073110/http://www.imprs.tuebingen.mpg.de/ . 17 July 2017 . live .
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  32. Web site: 27 March 2017. ZIBI Graduate School. 2 February 2021. www.zibi-berlin.de. en.
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  35. http://www.neuroschool-tuebingen.de formerly IMPRS for Neural and Behavioral Sciences Web site: Graduate School of Neural & Behavioural Sciences . 14 December 2017 . https://web.archive.org/web/20090413162135/http://www.neuroschool-tuebingen-cogni.de/ . 13 April 2009 . dead .
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  37. Web site: Max Planck Institute for Comparative and International Private Law – Activities of the Past Years. www.maritimeaffairs.org. 11 June 2017. https://web.archive.org/web/20121227200257/http://www.maritimeaffairs.org/. 27 December 2012. live.
  38. Web site: Welcome – IMPRS for Molecular Life Sciences: From Biological Structures to Neural Circuits. www.imprs-ls.de. 11 June 2017. https://web.archive.org/web/20161004171957/http://imprs-ls.de/. 4 October 2016. live.
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  49. Web site: PhD School. www.mpifr-bonn.mpg.de. 11 June 2017. https://web.archive.org/web/20170607165751/http://www.mpifr-bonn.mpg.de/en/imprs. 7 June 2017. live.
  50. Web site: MPIfG: Doctoral Program . 23 October 2006 . https://web.archive.org/web/20060906133359/http://www.mpifg.de/fo/doc_program_en.html . 6 September 2006 . dead .
  51. http://www.imprs.ufast.de
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  53. Web site: Home . mattertolife.maxplanckschools.org.
  54. Web site: Home – Max Planck School of Photonics.
  55. Web site: The 13th"Berlin OA conference" was the second one focussing on the large-scale transition of scholarly journals to Open Access as put forward by the OA2020 initiative. en. 6 May 2017. https://web.archive.org/web/20170607005651/https://openaccess.mpg.de/2365/en. 7 June 2017. live.
  56. Book: Regazzi, John J.. Scholarly Communications: A History from Content as King to Content as Kingmaker. Rowman & Littlefield. 2015. 192. 978-0810890886. 6 May 2017. https://web.archive.org/web/20170825022434/https://books.google.de/books/about/Scholarly_Communications.html?id=Clu3BgAAQBAJ&redir_esc=y. 25 August 2017. live.
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  62. Web site: Wissenschaftsfreiheitsgesetz. 29 June 2012.
  63. Web site: Statement of the Max Planck Society about Prof. Ghassan Hage .
  64. News: Antisemitismus-Skandal erschüttert deutsche Nobelpreis-Schmiede. 2024-02-05. Die Welt. 2024-02-09. de. 0173-8437.
  65. Web site: As the war in Gaza continues, Germany's unstinting defence of Israel has unleashed a culture war that has just reached Australia . 13 February 2024.
  66. Web site: Letter in support of Prof. Ghassan Hage - Prof. Dr. Patrick Cramer.pdf . 2024-02-18.
  67. Web site: Statement of the Board of the German Association of Social and Cultural Anthropology (GASCA) on Academic Freedom in Germany . dgska.de . 2024-02-18.
  68. Web site: Letter to Max Planck Society Regarding Professor Ghassan Hage . brismes.ac.uk . 2024-02-18.
  69. Web site: EASA letter regarding academic freedom and Prof. Ghassan Hage . easaonline.org . 2024-02-18.
  70. Web site: Letter to Max Planck Institute for Social Anthropology . 16 February 2024 . americananthro.org . 2024-02-18.
  71. Web site: Letter to Max Plank Society re: Ghassan Hage 15/02 . aas.asn.au . 2024-02-27.
  72. Web site: CASCA Executive Statement: "Academic freedom, antisemitism, and the dismissal of Ghassan Hage from the Max Planck Institute for Social Anthropology". cas-sca.ca/. 2024-03-05. 2024-02-27.
  73. Web site: Statement in support of Ghassan Hage from Japan. 2024-03-06.
  74. Web site: Urgent Appeal for the Preservation of Academic Freedom. tasa.au/. 2024-03-01. 2024-03-25.
  75. Web site: Der Skandal um Ghassan Hage. 2024-02-23. Zenith. 2024-03-06. Web site: Professor Hage's sacking in Germany could have a serious impact on Australian universities. 2024-02-29. 2024-03-07.
  76. Web site: As the war in Gaza continues, Germany’s unstinting defence of Israel has unleashed a culture war that has just reached Australia. the conversation.com. 2024-02-13. 2024-03-08.
  77. Web site: Additional funding for German-Israeli collaborations. mpg.de. 2023-12-20. 2024-03-25.
  78. Web site: The Max Planck Society must end its unconditional support for Israel. aljazeera.com. 2024-03-24. 2024-03-25.

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