Mathematical Alphanumeric Symbols Explained

Rangestart:	1D400
Rangeend:	1D7FF
Script1:	Common
Symbols:	Mathematical
3 1:	991
4 0:	1
4 1:	2
5 0:	2
Note:	^[1] ^[2]

Mathematical Alphanumeric Symbols is a Unicode block comprising styled forms of Latin and Greek letters and decimal digits that enable mathematicians to denote different notions with different letter styles. The letters in various fonts often have specific, fixed meanings in particular areas of mathematics. By providing uniformity over numerous mathematical articles and books, these conventions help to read mathematical formulas. These also may be used to differentiate between concepts that share a letter in a single problem.

Unicode now includes many such symbols (in the range U+1D400 - U+1D7FF). The rationale behind this is that it enables design and usage of special mathematical characters (fonts) that include all necessary properties to differentiate from other alphanumerics, e.g. in mathematics an italic "" can have a different meaning from a roman letter "A". Unicode originally included a limited set of such letter forms in its Letterlike Symbols block before completing the set of Latin and Greek letter forms in this block beginning in version 3.1.

Unicode expressly recommends that these characters not be used in general text as a substitute for presentational markup;^[3] the letters are specifically designed to be semantically different from each other. Unicode does include a set of normal serif letters in the set. Still they have found some usage on social media, for example by people who want a stylized user name,^[4] and in email spam, in an attempt to bypass filters.

All these letter shapes may be manipulated with MathML's attribute mathvariant.

The introduction date of some of the more commonly used symbols can be found in the Table of mathematical symbols by introduction date.

Tables of styled letters and digits

These tables show all styled forms of Latin and Greek letters, symbols and digits in the Unicode Standard, with the normal unstyled forms of these characters shown with a cyan background (the basic unstyled letters may be serif or sans-serif depending upon the font). The styled characters are mostly located in the Mathematical Alphanumeric Symbols block, but the 24 characters in cells with a pink background are located in the letterlike symbols block, for example, ℛ is at U+211B rather than the expected U+1D4AD which is reserved. In the code charts for the Unicode Standard, the reserved code points corresponding to the pink cell are annotated with the name and code point of the correct character. There are a few characters which have names that suggest that they should belong in the tables below, but in fact do not because their official character names are misnomers:

is not used as it is a special symbol for litre.^[5]
is in fact the Weierstrass p which was misnamed, but due to Unicode stability policies the official character name cannot be corrected.^[6]

Latin letters

The Unicode values of the characters in the tables below, except those shown with or index values of '–', are obtained by adding the base values from the "U+" header row to the index values in the left column (both values are hexadecimal).

Capital letters
	Serif				Sans-serif				Script (or calligraphy)		Fraktur		Mono- space	Double- struck
	Normal	Bold	Italic	Bold italic	Normal	Bold	Italic	Bold italic	Normal	Bold	Normal	Bold	Normal	Bold
U+	0041	1D400	1D434	1D468	1D5A0	1D5D4	1D608	1D63C	1D49C	1D4D0	1D504	1D56C	1D670	1D538
00	A
01	B								ℬ
02	C										ℭ			ℂ
03	D
04	E								ℰ
05	F								ℱ
06	G
07	H								ℋ		ℌ			ℍ
08	I								ℐ		ℑ
09	J
0A	K
0B	L								ℒ
0C	M								ℳ
0D	N													ℕ
0E	O
0F	P													ℙ
10	Q													ℚ
11	R								ℛ		ℜ			ℝ
12	S
13	T
14	U
15	V
16	W
17	X
18	Y
19	Z										ℨ			ℤ

Small letters
	Serif				Sans-serif				Script (or calligraphy)		Fraktur		Mono- space	Double- struck
	Normal	Bold	Italic	Bold italic	Normal	Bold	Italic	Bold italic	Normal	Bold	Normal	Bold	Normal	Bold
U+	0061	1D41A	1D44E	1D482	1D5BA	1D5EE	1D622	1D656	1D4B6	1D4EA	1D51E	1D586	1D68A	1D552
00	a
01	b
02	c
03	d
04	e								ℯ
05	f
06	g								ℊ
07	h		ℎ
08	i
09	j
0A	k
0B	l
0C	m
0D	n
0E	o								ℴ
0F	p
10	q
11	r
12	s
13	t
14	u
15	v
16	w
17	x
18	y
19	z
–	ı			colspan="11"
–	ȷ

Greek letters and symbols

Capital letters
	Normal	Bold	Italic	Bold italic	Sans- serif bold	Sans- serif bold italic
U+	0391	1D6A8	1D6E2	1D71C	1D756	1D790
00	Α
01	Β
02	Γ
03	Δ
04	Ε
05	Ζ
06	Η
07	Θ
08	Ι
09	Κ
0A	Λ
0B	Μ
0C	Ν
0D	Ξ
0E	Ο
0F	Π
10	Ρ
11	ϴ
12	Σ
13	Τ
14	Υ
15	Φ
16	Χ
17	Ψ
18	Ω
19	∇
–	Ϝ

Small letters
	Normal	Bold	Italic	Bold italic	Sans- serif bold	Sans- serif bold italic
U+	03B1	1D6C2	1D6FC	1D736	1D770	1D7AA
00	α
01	β
02	γ
03	δ
04	ε
05	ζ
06	η
07	θ
08	ι
09	κ
0A	λ
0B	μ
0C	ν
0D	ξ
0E	ο
0F	π
10	ρ
11	ς
12	σ
13	τ
14	υ
15	φ
16	χ
17	ψ
18	ω
19	∂
1A	ϵ
1B	ϑ
1C	ϰ
1D	ϕ
1E	ϱ
1F	ϖ
–	ϝ

Digits

The Unicode values of the characters in the tables below are obtained by adding the hexadecimal base values from the "U+" header row to the index values in the left column.

	Normal	Bold	Double- struck	Sans- serif	Sans- serif bold	Mono- space
U+	0030	1D7CE	1D7D8	1D7E2	1D7EC	1D7F6
0	0
1	1
2	2
3	3
4	4
5	5
6	6
7	7
8	8
9	9

Glyph variants

Variation selectors may be used to specify chancery (U+FE00) vs roundhand (U+FE01) forms, if the font supports them:

Code point	Plain	FE00	FE01
U+1D49C	𝒜	𝒜︀	𝒜︁
U+1D49E	𝒞	𝒞︀	𝒞︁
U+1D49F	𝒟	𝒟︀	𝒟︁
U+1D4A2	𝒢	𝒢︀	𝒢︁
U+1D4A5	𝒥	𝒥︀	𝒥︁
U+1D4A6	𝒦	𝒦︀	𝒦︁
U+1D4A9	𝒩	𝒩︀	𝒩︁
U+1D4AA	𝒪	𝒪︀	𝒪︁
U+1D4AB	𝒫	𝒫︀	𝒫︁
U+1D4AC	𝒬	𝒬︀	𝒬︁
U+1D4AE	𝒮	𝒮︀	𝒮︁
U+1D4AF	𝒯	𝒯︀	𝒯︁
U+1D4B0	𝒰	𝒰︀	𝒰︁
U+1D4B1	𝒱	𝒱︀	𝒱︁
U+1D4B2	𝒲	𝒲︀	𝒲︁
U+1D4B3	𝒳	𝒳︀	𝒳︁
U+1D4B4	𝒴	𝒴︀	𝒴︁
U+1D4B5	𝒵	𝒵︀	𝒵︁

The remainder of the set is at Letterlike Symbols.

Chart for the Mathematical Alphanumeric Symbols block

History

The following Unicode-related documents record the purpose and process of defining specific characters in the Mathematical Alphanumeric Symbols block:

		Count	L2 ID	WG2 ID
3.1	U+1D400..1D454, 1D456..1D49C, 1D49E..1D49F, 1D4A2, 1D4A5..1D4A6, 1D4A9..1D4AC, 1D4AE..1D4B9, 1D4BB, 1D4BD..1D4C0, 1D4C2..1D4C3, 1D4C5..1D505, 1D507..1D50A, 1D50D..1D514, 1D516..1D51C, 1D51E..1D539, 1D53B..1D53E, 1D540..1D544, 1D546, 1D54A..1D550, 1D552..1D6A3, 1D6A8..1D7C9, 1D7CE..1D7FF	991



			doc)




				doc)
				N2103


				N2168
				N2191
				N2191R


				txt)







				N2272
				N2253






4.0	U+1D4C1	1		N2449
4.0	U+1D4C1	1		doc)
4.1	U+1D6A4..1D6A5	2		N2590
5.0	U+1D7CA..1D7CB	2
5.0	U+1D7CA..1D7CB	2

References

Notes and References

Web site: Unicode character database. The Unicode Standard. 2023-07-26.
Web site: Enumerated Versions of The Unicode Standard. The Unicode Standard. 2023-07-26.
Book: The Unicode Standard, Version 13.0 . 22.2 Letterlike Symbols . Unicode, Inc . March 2020 . Mountain View, CA .
Web site: 2023-07-18 . Bold and Cursive Unicode Text Tool - and . 2023-07-18 . Bold Text Generator Tool.
https://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/U1D400.pdf Unicode code chart U1D400 (PDF)
Web site: Unicode Technical Note #27: Known Anomalies in Unicode Character Names . Unicode Consortium . 2006-05-08 . 2011-06-11.