| Math rock | |
| Stylistic Origins: |
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| Cultural Origins: | Late 1980s, United States and Japan |
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Math rock is a style of alternative and indie rock[2] with roots in bands such as King Crimson and Rush.[3] [4] It is characterized by complex, atypical rhythmic structures (including irregular stopping and starting), counterpoint, odd time signatures, and extended chords. It bears similarities to post-rock.
The albums Red and Discipline by King Crimson,[5] [6] as well as Spiderland by Slint,[7] are generally considered seminal influences on the development of math rock. The Canadian punk rock group Nomeansno (founded in 1979 and inactive as of 2016) have been cited by music critics as a "secret influence" on math rock,[8] predating much of the genre's development by more than a decade. An even more avant-garde group of the same era, Massacre, featured the guitarist Fred Frith and the bassist Bill Laswell. With some influence from the rapid-fire energy of punk, Massacre's influential music used complex rhythmic characteristics. Black Flag's 1984 album, My War, also included unusual polyrhythms.[9]
Two songs on Yes' album Fragile (1971) have drawn attention – Paul Lester of Classic Rock writes that "Five Per Cent for Nothing" finds drummer Bill Bruford "inventing math rock",[10] while "Heart of the Sunrise" was described by Pitchforks Chris Dahlen, Dominique Leone and Joe Tangari as "a deftly constructed proto math-rock epic".[11]
Math rock is typified by its rhythmic complexity, seen as mathematical in character by listeners and critics. While most rock music uses a meter (however accented or syncopated), math rock makes use of more non-standard, frequently changing time signatures such as,,, or .[12]
As in traditional rock, the sound is most often dominated by guitars and drums. However, drums play a greater role in math rock in providing driving, complex rhythms. Math rock guitarists make use of tapping techniques and loop pedals to build on these rhythms, as illustrated by songs like those of math rock supergroup Battles.
Lyrics are generally not the focus of math rock; the voice is treated as just another instrument in the mix. Often, vocals are not overdubbed, and are positioned less prominently, as in the recording style of Steve Albini. Many of math rock's best-known groups are entirely instrumental such as Don Caballero or Hella.
The term began as a joke but has developed into the accepted name for the musical style. One advocate of this is Matt Sweeney, singer with Chavez, a group often linked to the math rock scene.[13] Despite this, not all critics see math rock as a serious sub-genre of rock.[14]
A significant intersection exists between math rock and emo, exemplified by bands such as Tiny Moving Parts[15] or American Football, whose sound has been described as "twinkly, mathy rock, a sound that became one of the defining traits of the emo scene throughout the 2000s".[16]
See also: List of math rock groups.
Math rock has a significant presence in Japan; the most prominent Japanese groups include Toe, Tricot, The Cabs, and Lite.[17] Other Japanese groups which incorporate math rock in their music include Ling Tosite Sigure,[18] Zazen Boys and Mouse on the Keys[19] while the Japanoise scene features bands such as Ruins, Zeni Geva, and Boredoms.
Taiwan has a very small indie music scene, of which math rock is an emergent genre that is quickly gaining in popularity, with well-known math rock bands including Elephant Gym.[20]
Polvo of Chapel Hill, North Carolina, is often considered one of the cornerstones of math rock, although the band has disavowed that categorization.[21]
In California, power pop groups Game Theory and the Loud Family were both led by Scott Miller, who was said to "tinker with pop the way a born mathematician tinkers with numbers".[22] The origin of Game Theory's name is mathematical, suggesting a "nearly mathy" sound cited as "IQ rock."[23]
Although the grunge bands from Seattle were not widely associated with math rock, some have speculated that Soundgarden was one of the few exceptions, due to many of their songs utilizing odd time signatures.[24]