| Massacre of the Slavníks | |
| Native Name: | Vyvraždění Slavníkovců |
| Native Name Lang: | cs |
| Date: | 28 September 995 |
| Location: | Libice nad Cidlinou |
| Outcome: | Extermination of the Slavník dynasty (except for Adalbert, Soběslav, and Radim) |
The Massacre of the Slavníks was an act of violence during which Bohemian nobles slaughtered the members of the important Slavník dynasty in Libice on 28 September 995. Only Soběslav, Adalbert,[1] and their stepbrother Radim[2] survived. According to older sources, this act was considered to be the event that brought about the founding of the Bohemian state. Other similar instances are reported during this same period of foundation, but no archaeological evidence of them exists.[3]
On 28 September 995, the Slavník clan was celebrating Saint Wenceslaus' Day in their gord at Libice. Wenceslaus had been murdered exactly 60 years prior in Stará Boleslav. In the middle of the celebration, Bohemian nobles stormed the gord and murdered all present members of the Slavník clan in the vicinity of the church.
Of the Slavníks, only Soběslav, Adalbert (who had just left Bohemia, which he resented, for a second time, never to return), and their stepbrother Radim survived.
Though some textbooks mention the burning and slaughter of the entire village, contemporary sources discuss only the Slavník massacre. This is confirmed by the hundred years of archaeological research conducted in Libice; no significant burn layers were found, and the hillfort was confirmed to have carried out its function even after these events.
The Slavníks had requested a truce on that day on account of the celebration, but the attackers declared that if Wenceslaus was their saint, Boleslaus was theirs (it was Boleslaus, duke of Bohemia, who had killed Saint Wenceslaus, his brother, 60 years prior).[4]
The concrete identities of the perpetrators and clients, as well as the nature of their motive, are the subjects of varying hypotheses and of further research. It is sometimes stated that the Vršovci clan constituted the main force of the assault on the Slavník gord, but this has not been proven.It is possible that the motive was the wealth of the Slavník clan and of their gords at Libice and Malín, situated on the trade routes to Silesia, Moravia, and Lesser Poland. The reserves of gold and silver mined in the area are also a subject of discussion. This impressive wealth may have concerned the ruling Přemyslids.
Another motive may have been an incident that occurred during Adalbert's tenure as bishop of Prague, which saw him provide an adulteress with ecclesiastical asylum in Prague Castle, thereby defending her and the adulterer, his deacon. However, he had a strained relationship with some local warriors, evidently of the Vrčovci family, who did not respect the ecclesiastical asylum, and, deaf to the bishop's exhortations, hauled the woman out of the church and beheaded her, despite her husband's opposition, before Adalbert's very eyes. In the aftermath of the attack, the Slavníks were threatened with revenge for the fact that their kinsman Adalbert had resisted the woman's immediate punishment. Two legal systems were at play in the context of the incident. The granting of ecclesiastical asylum, encoded in ecclesiastical law, was not respected, and, within the framework of customary and traditional ancestral law, a blood feud, the usual way of solving similar problems at the time, was threatened. Though it was his duty to do so, Duke Boleslaus II was unable to prevent the potential vendetta, since he had been indisposed by a stroke and was incapable of governing.
According to older sources, the massacre was unequivocally considered up until the 1990s to be the event by which the Bohemian state came into being. Historian Jiří Sláma, however, claims that it already existed, and that the real milestone in its foundation was Saint Wenceslaus' murder on 28 September 935 in Stará Boleslav, which was followed by a revolution in Bohemia that marks the beginning of the founding of a Bohemian state. On the other hand, historian Petr Charvát maintains that Boleslav II was the state's unifier.[5]