Mass flow rate explained

Mass Flow rate
Unit:	kg/s
Symbols:	• m
Dimension:	MT ^{-1}

In physics and engineering, mass flow rate is the mass of a substance which passes per unit of time. Its unit is kilogram per second in SI units, and slug per second or pound per second in US customary units. The common symbol is

• m (ṁ, pronounced "m-dot"), although sometimes μ (Greek lowercase mu) is used.

Sometimes, mass flow rate is termed mass flux or mass current, see for example Schaum's Outline of Fluid Mechanics.^[1] In this article, the (more intuitive) definition is used.

Mass flow rate is defined by the limit:^{[2] [3]} $$\backslash dot\; =\; \backslash lim\_\; \backslash frac\; =\; \backslash frac,$$i.e., the flow of mass through a surface per unit time .

The overdot on the is Newton's notation for a time derivative. Since mass is a scalar quantity, the mass flow rate (the time derivative of mass) is also a scalar quantity. The change in mass is the amount that flows after crossing the boundary for some time duration, not the initial amount of mass at the boundary minus the final amount at the boundary, since the change in mass flowing through the area would be zero for steady flow.

Alternative equations

Mass flow rate can also be calculated by

$$\backslash dot\; m\; =\; \backslash rho\; \backslash cdot\; \backslash dot\; V\; =\; \backslash rho\; \backslash cdot\; \backslash mathbf\; \backslash cdot\; \backslash mathbf\; =\; \backslash mathbf\_\backslash text\; \backslash cdot\; \backslash mathbf,$$where The above equation is only true for a flat, plane area. In general, including cases where the area is curved, the equation becomes a surface integral:$$\backslash dot\; m\; =\; \backslash iint\_A\; \backslash rho\; \backslash mathbf\; \backslash cdot\; d\backslash mathbf\; =\; \backslash iint\_A\; \backslash mathbf\_\backslash text\; \backslash cdot\; d\backslash mathbf.$$

The area required to calculate the mass flow rate is real or imaginary, flat or curved, either as a cross-sectional area or a surface, e.g. for substances passing through a filter or a membrane, the real surface is the (generally curved) surface area of the filter, macroscopically - ignoring the area spanned by the holes in the filter/membrane. The spaces would be cross-sectional areas. For liquids passing through a pipe, the area is the cross-section of the pipe, at the section considered. The vector area is a combination of the magnitude of the area through which the mass passes through, A, and a unit vector normal to the area,

\hat{n }. The relation is A = A \hat{n }.

The reason for the dot product is as follows. The only mass flowing through the cross-section is the amount normal to the area, i.e. parallel to the unit normal. This amount is

• m = \rho v A \cos\theta, where θ is the angle between the unit normal \hat{n } and the velocity of mass elements. The amount passing through the cross-section is reduced by the factor \cos\theta , as θ increases less mass passes through. All mass which passes in tangential directions to the area, that is perpendicular to the unit normal, doesn't actually pass through the area, so the mass passing through the area is zero. This occurs when :$$\backslash dot\; m\; =\; \backslash rho\; v\; A\; \backslash cos(\backslash pi/2)\; =\; 0.$$These results are equivalent to the equation containing the dot product. Sometimes these equations are used to define the mass flow rate.

Considering flow through porous media, a special quantity, superficial mass flow rate, can be introduced. It is related with superficial velocity, v_s, with the following relationship:^[4] $$\backslash dot\; m\_s\; =\; v\_s\; \backslash cdot\; \backslash rho\; =\; \backslash dot\; m/A$$The quantity can be used in particle Reynolds number or mass transfer coefficient calculation for fixed and fluidized bed systems.

Usage

In the elementary form of the continuity equation for mass, in hydrodynamics:^[5] $$\backslash rho\_1\; \backslash mathbf\_1\; \backslash cdot\; \backslash mathbf\_1\; =\; \backslash rho\_2\; \backslash mathbf\_2\; \backslash cdot\; \backslash mathbf\_2.$$

In elementary classical mechanics, mass flow rate is encountered when dealing with objects of variable mass, such as a rocket ejecting spent fuel. Often, descriptions of such objects erroneously^[6] invoke Newton's second law by treating both the mass and the velocity as time-dependent and then applying the derivative product rule. A correct description of such an object requires the application of Newton's second law to the entire, constant-mass system consisting of both the object and its ejected mass.

Mass flow rate can be used to calculate the energy flow rate of a fluid:^[7] $$\backslash dot\; =\; \backslash dote,$$where

e is the unit mass energy of a system.

Energy flow rate has SI units of kilojoule per second or kilowatt.

See also

• Continuity equation
• Fluid dynamics
• Mass flow controller
• Mass flow meter
• Mass flux
• Orifice plate
• Standard cubic centimetres per minute
• Thermal mass flow meter
• Volumetric flow rate

Notes and References

1. Fluid Mechanics, M. Potter, D. C. Wiggart, Schaum's Outlines, McGraw Hill (USA), 2008, .
2. Web site: Mass Flow Rate Fluids Flow Equation - Engineers Edge.
3. Web site: Mass Flow Rate.
4. Lindeburg M. R. Chemical Engineering Reference Manual for the PE Exam. – Professional Publications (CA), 2013.
5. Essential Principles of Physics, P. M. Whelan, M. J. Hodgeson, 2nd Edition, 1978, John Murray, .
6. Book: Halliday. Resnick. Physics. 1977. 1. 199. Wiley . It is important to note that we cannot derive a general expression for Newton's second law for variable mass systems by treating the mass in F = dP/dt = d(Mv) as a variable. [...] We can use F = dP/dt to analyze variable mass systems only if we apply it to an entire system of constant mass having parts among which there is an interchange of mass.. 978-0-471-03710-1. [Emphasis as in the original]
7. Book: Çengel . Yunus A. . Thermodynamics : an engineering approach. 2002. McGraw-Hill . Boles . Michael A. . 0-07-238332-1 . 4th. Boston. 45791449.