Mass Rapid Transit (Singapore) Explained

Mass Rapid Transit (MRT)
Owner:Land Transport Authority
Locale:Singapore
Transit Type:Rapid transit
Lines:8[1]
Stations:187[2]
Ridership:3.5 million (2023)[3] [4]
Annual Ridership:1.3 billion (2023)
Operator:SMRT Trains
SBS Transit
Character:Fully grade separated
Vehicles:~579 trains[5] comprising >2,600 carriages[6]
Train Length:3–8 carriages[7]
Headway:Peak: 1–3 minutes
Off-peak: 5–7 minutes[8]
System Length:241km (150miles)[9]
Minimum Radius Of Curvature: (mainline),
(depot)[10]
El:
overhead catenary
Top Speed:78- (service)
90- (design)
Map Name:MRT network map
Map State:show

The Mass Rapid Transit system, locally known by the initialism MRT, is a rapid transit system in Singapore and the island country's principal mode of railway transportation. The system commenced operations in November 1987 after two decades of planning with an initial 6adj=midNaNadj=mid stretch consisting of five stations. The network has since grown to span the length and breadth of the country's main island – with the exception of the forested core and the rural northwestern region – in accordance with Singapore's aim of developing a comprehensive rail network as the backbone of the country's public transportation system,[11] averaging a daily ridership of 3.45 million in 2023.[3] [12]

The MRT network encompasses approximately 241km (150miles) of grade-separated route on standard gauge. As of 2024, there are currently 141 operational stations[13] dispersed across six operational lines arrayed in a circle-radial topology. Two more lines and 46 stations are currently under construction, in addition to ongoing extension works on existing lines. In total, this will schedule the network to double in length to about 460km (290miles) by 2040.[14] Further studies are ongoing on potential new alignments and lines, as well as infill stations in the Land Transport Authority's (LTA) Land Transport Masterplan 2040.[15] The island-wide heavy rail network interchanges with a series of automated guideway transit networks localised to select suburban towns — collectively known as the Light Rail Transit (LRT) system — which, along with public buses, complement the mainline by providing a last mile link between MRT stations and HDB public housing estates.[16] [17]

The MRT is the oldest, busiest, and most comprehensive metro system in Southeast Asia.[18] Capital expenditure on its rail infrastructure reached a cumulative S$150 billion[19] in 2021, making the network one of the world's costliest on both a per-kilometre and absolute basis.[20] [21] [22] [23] [24] The system is managed in conformity with a semi-nationalised hybrid regulatory framework; construction and procurement fall under the purview of the Land Transport Authority (LTA), a statutory board of the government that allocates operating concessions to the for-profit private corporations SMRT and SBS Transit. These operators are responsible for asset maintenance on their respective lines, and also run bus services, facilitating operational synchronicity and the horizontal integration of the broader public transportation network.

The MRT is fully automated and has an extensive driverless rapid transit system.[25] [26] Asset renewal works are periodically carried out to modernise the network and ensure its continued reliability; all stations feature platform screen doors, Wi-Fi connectivity, lifts, climate control, and accessibility provisions, among others. Much of the early network is elevated above ground on concrete viaducts, with a small portion running at-grade; newer lines are largely subterranean, incorporating several of the lengthiest continuous subway tunnel sections in the world. A number of underground stations double as purpose-built air raid shelters under the operational authority of the Singapore Civil Defence Force (SCDF); these stations incorporate deep-level station boxes cast with hardened concrete and blast doors fashioned out of reinforced steel to withstand conventional aerial and chemical ordnance.

History

See main article: History of the MRT (Singapore).

Planning and inception

The origins of the Mass Rapid Transit (MRT) were derived from a forecast by the country's planners back in 1967 which stated the need for a rail-based urban transport system by 1992.[27] [28] [29]

In 1972, a study was conducted by the American firms Wilbur Smith and Associates and Parsons, Brinckerhoss, Tudor, and Bechtel, which was accounted for by the World Bank on behalf of the United Nations Development Programme.[30] The study was undertaken for eight years, including the phases of the study in 1974 and 1977. In 1979, to prepare the third phase of the study, Halcrow, a British firm, was appointed to craft the system; meanwhile, a third phase of the study was published in 1981.

However, opposition from the government on the feasibility of the MRT from prominent ministers, among them Finance Minister Goh Keng Swee and Trades and Industry Minister Tony Tan, nearly shuttered the program due to financial grounds and concerns of jobs saturation in the construction industry.[31] Dr Goh instead endorsed the idea of an all-bus system recommended by Harvard University specialists, who argued would reduce the cost by 50% compared to the proposed MRT system. Public opinion was split on the matter, with several expressing concerns on the high cost and others being more focused on increasing the standard of living. Following a debate on whether a bus-only system would be more cost-effective, Communications Minister Ong Teng Cheong came to the conclusion that an all-bus system would be inadequate, as it would have to compete for road space in a land-scarce country. Ong was an architect and town planner by training and through his perseverance and dedication became the main figure behind the initial construction of the system.[32] [33]

An MRT System Designs Option Study was also conducted to refine the technical details and the recommended measures for the MRT system, such as having platform screen doors at underground stations and utilizing the third rail for power transmission.

Construction begins

Singapore's MRT infrastructure is built, operated, and managed in accordance with a hybridised quasi-nationalised regulatory framework called the New Rail Financing Framework (NRFF), in which the lines are constructed and the assets owned by the Land Transport Authority, a statutory board of the Government of Singapore.[34] The network was planned to be constructed and opened in stages, even as plans had already indicated the decision for two main arterial lines. The North–South Line was given priority because it passed through the Central Area that has a high demand for public transport. De Leuw Cather was appointed to undertake a two-year contract for consultancy in November 1982.[35] The Mass Rapid Transit Corporation (MRTC)—later renamed SMRT Corporation—was established on 14 October 1983 and took over the roles and responsibilities of the former provisional Mass Rapid Transit Authority.[32] [36] On 7 November 1987, the first section of the North–South Line started operations, consisting of five stations over six kilometres. Within a year, 20 more stations had been added to the network and a direct service existed between Yishun and Lakeside stations, linking up Central Singapore to Jurong in the west by the end of 1988. The direct service was eventually split into the North–South and East–West lines after the latter's completion of the eastern sector to Tanah Merah station.[37] [38] [39] By the end of 1990, the Branch line has further linked Choa Chu Kang to the network while the inauguration of Boon Lay station on 6 July 1990 marked the completion of the initial system two years ahead of schedule.[40] [41]

Subsequent expansions

The MRT has been continuously expanded ever since. On 10 February 1996, a S$1.2 billion expansion of the North–South Line into Woodlands was completed, merging the Branch Line into the North–South Line and joining Yishun and Choa Chu Kang stations.[42] The concept of having rail lines that bring people almost directly to their homes led to the introduction of the Light Rail Transit (LRT) lines connecting with the MRT network.[42] [43] On 6 November 1999, the first LRT trains on the Bukit Panjang LRT went into operation.[44] The Expo and Changi Airport stations were opened on 10 January 2001[45] and 8 February 2002 respectively.[46] The very first infill station of the MRT network to be built on an existing line, Dover station opened on 18 October 2001.[47] The North East Line, the first line operated by SBS Transit, opened on 20 June 2003, is one of the first fully automated heavy rail lines in the world.[48] [49] On 15 January 2006, after intense two-and-a-half years lobbying by the public,[50] Buangkok station was opened,[51] [52] followed by Woodleigh station much later on 20 June 2011.[53] The Boon Lay Extension of the East–West Line, consisting of Pioneer and Joo Koon stations, opened on 28 February 2009.[54] [55]

The Circle Line opened in four stages with Stage 3 on 28 May 2009,[56] Stages 1 and 2 on 17 April 2010,[57] Stages 4 and 5 on 8 October 2011[58] and the Marina Bay Extension on 14 January 2012.[59] Stage 1 of Downtown line opened on 22 December 2013[60] with its official opening made on 21 December 2013 by Prime Minister Lee Hsien Loong.[61] Stage 2 opened on 27 December 2015, after being officially opened on 26 December by Prime Minister Lee.[62] The Tuas West Extension of the East–West Line, consisting of Gul Circle, Tuas Crescent, Tuas West Road, and Tuas Link stations, opened on 18 June 2017.[63] Stage 3, the final stage of the Downtown Line, opened on 21 October 2017 with its official opening made on 20 October 2017 by Coordinating Minister for Infrastructure and Minister for Transport Khaw Boon Wan.[64] The second infill station, Canberra station opened on 2 November 2019.[65] Stage 1 of the Thomson–East Coast Line opened on 31 January 2020.[66] Stage 2 of the Thomson–East Coast Line opened on 28 August 2021, extending the line from Woodlands South to Caldecott.[67] Stage 3 of the Thomson–East Coast Line opened on 13 November 2022, extending the line from Caldecott to Gardens by the Bay. On 23 June 2024, the line got extended eastwards terminating at Bayshore.

Network and infrastructure

See main article: List of Singapore MRT stations and List of Singapore MRT and LRT lines.

Name and colourstyle=width:130pxCommencementstyle=width:65pxPrevious extensionstyle=width:65pxNext extensionstyle=width:130pxTerminusstyle=width:30pxLengthstyle=width:30pxStationsDepotOperatorControl CentreCost
style=background-color:#7 November 19872 November 2019[68] 2034[69] Jurong East
Marina South Pier		45km (28miles)27[70] Bishan Depot
Ulu Pandan Depot
Changi Depot
Tuas Depot		SMRT TrainsKim Chuan Depot>S$13.68 billion [71]
style=background-color:#12 December 198718 June 2017[72] Pasir Ris
Changi Airport
Tuas Link		57.2km (35.5miles)35[73]
style=background-color:#20 June 200320 June 2011[74] 2024[75] HarbourFront
Punggol		20km (10miles)[76] 16Sengkang DepotSBS TransitSengkang DepotS$4.72 billion [77]
style=background-color:#28 May 200914 January 2012[78] 2026[79] Dhoby Ghaut
HarbourFront
Marina Bay		35.5km (22.1miles)[80] 30[81] Kim Chuan DepotSMRT TrainsKim Chuan Depot>S$10.81 billion [82]
style=background-color:#22 December 201321 October 2017[83] 2025[84] Bukit Panjang
Expo		41.9km (26miles)34Tai Seng Facility Building
Gali Batu Depot		SBS TransitGali Batu DepotS$20.7 billion
style=background-color:#31 January 202023 June 2024[85] 2026[86] Woodlands North
Bayshore
40.6km (25.2miles)27Mandai DepotSMRT TrainsMandai DepotTBD[87]
Total:241km (150miles)162

Line names

The lines are named based on their directions and/or locations. The names were envisioned to be user-friendly, as shown in a survey in which 70% of the respondents expressed such a preference. The Land Transport Authority (LTA) had considered other naming methods in June 2007, whether by name, colour or numbers. After the survey, however, the naming scheme was retained and used for subsequent future MRT lines.[88]

Facilities and services

See main article: Facilities on the Mass Rapid Transit (Singapore). Except for the partly at-grade Bishan MRT station (North–South Line), the entirety of the MRT is either elevated or underground. Most below-ground stations are deep and hardened enough to withstand conventional aerial bomb attacks and to serve as bomb shelters.[89] [90] [91] Mobile phone, 3G, 4G and 5G services are available in every part of the network.[92] Underground stations and trains are air-conditioned, while above-ground stations have ceiling fans installed.

Every station is equipped with General Ticketing Machines (GTMs), a Passenger Service Centre and LED or plasma displays that show train service information and announcements. All stations are equipped with restrooms and payphones; some restrooms are located at street level.[93] Some stations, especially the major ones, have additional amenities and services, such as retail shops and kiosks, supermarkets, convenience stores, automatic teller machines, and self-service automated kiosks for a variety of services.[94] Most heavy-duty escalators at stations carry passengers up or down at a rate of 0.75 m/s, which is 50% faster than conventional escalators. The Land Transport Authority (LTA) announced a plan to introduce dual speeds to escalators along the North–South and East–West lines, to make it safer for senior citizens using them. As a result, all escalators on the two lines, through a refurbishment programme, will be able to operate at a different speed of 0.5 m/s during off-peak hours, with completion being targeted for 2022.[95]

All stations constructed before 2001 initially lacked barrier-free facilities and wider AFC faregates such as lifts, ramps and tactile guidance systems for the elderly and disabled.[96] A retrofitting programme was completed in 2006, with every station provided with at least one barrier-free access route.[97] Over the years, additional barrier-free facilities have been constructed in stations.[98] [99] [100] Since 2020, newer MRT stations have been fitted with a minimum of two lifts.[101]

Safety

See main article: Safety on the Mass Rapid Transit (Singapore).

Operators and authorities have stated that numerous measures had been taken to ensure the safety of passengers, and SBS Transit publicised the safety precautions on the driverless North East Line before and after its opening.[102] Safety campaign posters are highly visible in trains and stations, and the operators frequently broadcast safety announcements to passengers and to commuters waiting for trains. Fire safety standards are consistent and equivalent with the guidelines of the National Fire Protection Association in the United States.[91] [103]

Full-height platform screen doors were already installed in underground stations since 1987, supplied by Westinghouse.[104] There were calls for platform screen doors to be installed at elevated stations after several incidents in which passengers were killed by oncoming trains when they fell onto the railway tracks at elevated stations. The authorities initially rejected such calls by casting doubts over functionality and concerns about the high installation costs.[105] Nevertheless, the LTA reversed its decision and made plans to install half-height platform screen doors in all elevated stations on 25 January 2008.[106] [107] The first platform screen doors by ST Electronics[108] were installed at Jurong East, Pasir Ris, and Yishun stations in 2009 under trials to test their feasibility.[109]

By 14 March 2012, all elevated stations have been retrofitted with the doors and are operational.[110] These doors prevent suicides and unauthorised access to restricted areas. Under the Rapid Transit Systems Act, acts such as smoking, eating or drinking in stations and trains, the misuse of emergency equipment and trespassing on the railway tracks are illegal, with penalties ranging from fines to imprisonment.[111] [112]

There were a few major incidents in the history of the MRT, which opened in 1987. On 5 August 1993, two trains collided at Clementi station because of an oil spillage on the track, which resulted in 132 injuries.[113] During the construction of the Circle Line on 20 April 2004, a tunnel being constructed under Nicoll Highway collapsed and led to the deaths of four workers.[114] On 15 November 2017, two trains, one being empty, collided at low speed at Joo Koon station due to a malfunction with the communications-based train control (CBTC).[115] [116]

Prior to the 2020 circuit breaker measures during the early stages of the COVID-19 pandemic, the public transport operators and LTA were criticised by some commuters for its delayed actions of crowd control and the enforcement of social distancing on public transport.[117] In response, the LTA rolled out a series of precautionary measures, such as social distancing measures and making the wearing of masks in public transport mandatory.[118] [119] [120] Social distancing markers were progressively implemented in the MRT trains and stations which commuters must adhere to; enforced by auxiliary officers and transport ambassadors.[121] The significant reduction of commuters as remote work increased resulted in the transport operators reducing train frequencies and closing stations earlier from 17 April.[122] [123] [124] However, train frequencies were shortly reverted to normal upon review and feedback from the public.[125] [126] [127]

Since June 2020, the MRT system has resumed pre-circuit breaker operations. Regulations for social distancing on public transport are no longer applicable by law. Social distancing stickers on seats have been removed. [128]

Hours of operation

MRT lines operate from 5:30am to 1:00am daily, with the exception of selected periods, such as New Year's Eve, Chinese New Year, Deepavali, Hari Raya, Christmas, eves of public holidays and special occasions such as the state funeral of Lee Kuan Yew (2015), when most of the lines stay open throughout the night or extended till later (before the COVID-19 pandemic began in 2020).[129] Additionally, some stretches of the line end earlier, open later and close on a few days of the weekend.[130] The nightly closures are used for maintenance. During the COVID-19 pandemic across the country, train services ended earlier and service extensions on the eves of public holidays ceased from 7 April 2020. However, from 1 June, train services were reverted to the usual hours from 5.30am to 12am (except for CNY Eve, when train services ended 30 minutes earlier from then on), and train services were no longer extended on eves of public holidays.

Architecture and art

Early stages of the MRT's construction paid scant attention to station design, with an emphasis on functionality over aesthetics. This is particularly evident in the first few stages of the North–South and East–West lines that opened between 1987 and 1988 from Yio Chu Kang to Clementi. An exception to this was Orchard, chosen by its designers to be a "showpiece" of the system and built initially with a domed roof.[131] Architectural themes became more important only in subsequent stages, and resulted in such designs as the cylindrical station shapes on all stations between Kallang and Pasir Ris except Eunos, and west of Boon Lay, and the perched roofs at Boon Lay, Lakeside, Chinese Garden, Bukit Batok, Bukit Gombak, Choa Chu Kang, Khatib, Yishun, and Eunos stations.[132] [133] [134]

Expo station, located on the Changi Airport branch of the East–West Line, is adjacent to the 100,000-square-metre Singapore Expo exhibition facility. Designed by Foster and Partners and completed in January 2001, the station features a large, pillarless, titanium-clad roof in an elliptical shape that sheathes the length of the station platform. This complements a smaller 40-metre reflective stainless-steel disc overlapping the titanium ellipse and visually floats over a glass elevator shaft and the main entrance. The other station with similar architecture is Dover.[135] [136]

Changi Airport station, the easternmost station on the MRT network, has the widest platform in any underground MRT station in Singapore. In 2011, it was rated 10 out of 15 most beautiful subway stops in the world by BootsnAll.[137] Various features have been incorporated into the design to make the station aesthetically pleasing to travellers.[138] The station is designed by architectural firm Skidmore, Owings and Merrill, featuring a large interior space and an illuminated 150metre link bridge spanning over the island platform.[139]

Two Circle Line stations—Bras Basah and Stadium—were commissioned through the Marina Line Architectural Design Competition, which was jointly organised by the Land Transport Authority and the Singapore Institute of Architects. The competition did not require any prior architectural experience from competitors and is acknowledged by the industry as one of the most impartial competitions held in Singapore to date. The winner of both stations was WOHA. In 2009, "Best Transport Building" was awarded to the designers at WOHA Architects at the World Architecture Festival for their design of Bras Basah station.[140]

Many MRT stations have specially commissioned artworks in a wide variety of art styles and mediums, including sculptures, murals and mosaics.[141] [142] With over 300 art pieces across 80 stations, it is Singapore's largest public art programme.[141] [143]

In the early stages of the MRT, artworks were seldom included; primarily consisting of a few paintings or sculptures representing the recent past of Singapore, mounted in major stations. The opening of the Woodlands Extension introduced bolder pieces of artwork, such as a 4,000 kg sculpture in Woodlands.[144] With the opening of the North East Line in 2003, a series of artworks under a programme called "Art in Transit" were commissioned by the Land Transport Authority (LTA). Created by 19 local artists and integrated into the stations' interior architecture, these works aim to promote the appreciation of public art in high-traffic environments. The artwork for each station is designed to suit the station's identity. Subsequently, all stations on the North East, Circle and Downtown lines have taken part in this programme during their construction, with additional artworks installed at stations on other MRT lines.[141] [142]

Rolling stock and signalling

Rolling stock

See main article: List of Singapore MRT and LRT rolling stock. This table lists the network's rolling stock.

NameSupplierFamily nameLineCars
(per train)		No. of trainsetswidth=150Service commencementwidth=150Service WithdrawalPower supplySpeed LimitCost
style=width:90pxC151Kawasaki Heavy IndustriesNSL
EWL		666[145] style=width:140px7 November 1987style=width:140px22 June 2020
third rail		80km/hS$581.5 million[146]
C651Siemens19[147] [148] 2 May 19956 September 2020S$259 million[149]
C751BKawasaki Heavy Industries
& Nippon Sharyo		21[150] 8 May 200014 March 2021S$231 million
C151AKawasaki Heavy Industries
& CRRC Qingdao Sifang		35[151] [152] 27 May 2011S$368 million[153]
C151B4516 April 2017S$281.5 million[154]
C151C1230 September 2018[155] $136.8 million[156] [157]
R151AlstomMovia1064 June 2023[158] [159] S$1.165 billion[160]
C951(A)DTL9222 December 2013
third rail		80km/hS$689.9 million[161] [162]
C751AMetropolisNEL2520 June 2003
overhead catenary		90km/h$260 million
C751C181 October 2015S$234.9 million[163]
C851E628 July 2023S$249.9 million[164]
CCL323[165] [166] 2026
third rail[167] [168] 		78km/h
C8304028 May 2009S$282 million[169]
C830C2426 June 2015S$134 million[170]
T251Kawasaki Heavy Industries
& CRRC Qingdao Sifang		TEL49131 January 202090km/hS$749 million[171]
J151Hyundai RotemJRL362202770km/hS$416.5 million[172]
CR151CRRC Qingdao SifangCRL6442030
overhead catenary		90km/h (service)S$589 million[173]
S$6.04 billion
At present, all lines run with fixed-length trains between three and six cars,[174] [175] [176] with the Thomson–East Coast Line using four cars. Since the system's conception in 1987, all train lines have been powered by the 750 volt DC third rail, with the exception of the North East Line which is powered by 1500 volt DC overhead lines. The North–South and East–West lines use an automatic train operation system similar to London Underground's Central line.[177] [176]

The first 19 of the oldest trains (5 of the C151, 10 of the C651, 4 of the C751B) in the network were phased out between June 2020 and October 2022.[174] Older trains have been renewed over the years under refurbishment schemes to enhance their lifespan as well as to adhere to updated safety and usability codes.[178] [179] Refurbished and new trains have improved passenger information systems such as the SMRT Active Route Map Information System, more grab poles, wider seats, more space near the doors, spaces for wheelchairs, and CCTV cameras.[180] [181] As a trial run, luggage racks were installed on the C751B trains to serve travellers on the Changi Airport branch line.[182] The scheme was withdrawn in July 2003 and the luggage racks were removed.[183] [184]

All trains are contracted by open tender, with their contract numbers forming the most recognised name of the stock. Official sources occasionally refer to the trains of the North–South and East–West lines as numbered generation trains, with the C151 train being the first and the newest R151 train being the seventh.[185]

In addition to aforementioned passenger electric multiple units, MRT operators also have their own engineering rolling stock used for maintenance purposes. These include Plasser & Theurer tamping machines, multi-function vehicles for rail inspection, Speno railgrinders, cranes, tunnel cleaning wagons, viaduct inspection wagons, CKG diesel locomotives for shunting purposes and Deli diesel locomotives and Schöma electric locomotives for hauling maintenance trains.[186] [187]

Signalling

LineSupplierSolutionTypeCommission DateLevel of AutomationRemarks
style=background-color:#ThalesSelTrac Convergence[188] Moving block; CBTC2017DTOBrownfield
style=background-color:#2018
style=background-color:#AlstomUrbalis 300[189] [190] 2003UTOrowspan=6
style=background-color:#2009
style=background-color:#Invensys Westinghouse
(later Siemens)		Sirius CBTC2013
style=background-color:#AlstomUrbalis 400[191] 2020
style=background-color:#SiemensSirius CBTC2027
style=background-color:#2030
Former
style=background-color:#WestinghouseFS2000 ATP[192] Fixed block; speed coded1987STODecommissioned on 2 January 2019
style=background-color:#Decommissioned on 23 November 2018

A key component of the signalling system on the MRT is the automatic train control (ATC) system, which in turn is made up of two sub-systems: the automatic train operation (ATO) and automatic train protection (ATP). The ATC has trackside and trainborne components working together to provide safe train separation by using train detection, localisation, and end of authority protection. It also provides safe train operation and movement by using train speed determination, monitoring, over-speed protection and emergency braking. The safety of alighting and departing passengers will also be provided by using a station interlocking system. The ATO drives the train in automatic mode, providing the traction and braking control demands to the train rolling stock system, adjusts its speed upon approaching the station, and provides the control of opening and closing of train and platform screen doors once the train has stopped at the station. The ATP ensures safe train separation by using the ATP track circuit status and by location determination, monitors the speed of the train to maintain safe braking distance, and initiate emergency braking in the event of overspeed.[193] The MRT also uses an automatic train supervision system to supervise the overall operation of the train service according to a prescribed timetable or train interval.[194] [195]

The oldest lines, the North–South Line and East–West Line, were the only lines running with fixed block signalling. The North–South Line was upgraded to moving block/CBTC in 2017, and the East–West line upgraded in 2018. As of 27 May 2018, all MRT lines use the CBTC/moving block system in normal daily operations and from 2 January 2019, the old signalling system ceased operations.[196] In comparison to the original fixed block system, the CBTC can reduce train intervals from 120 seconds to 100 seconds, allowing for a 20% increase in capacity and is able to support bidirectional train operations on a single track, enabling trains to be diverted onto another track in the event of a fault on one track. The CBTC system also permits for improved braking performance in wet weather as compared to the original fixed-block ATC.[197] [198] [199] [200]

All new MRT lines built since the North East Line in 2003 were equipped with CBTC from the outset, and have the capability to be completely driverless and automated, requiring no on-board staffing. Operations are monitored remotely from the operations control centre of the respective lines. Trains are equipped with intercoms to allow passengers to communicate with staff during emergencies.[201] [202] [203]

Depots

SMRT Corporation has six train depots: Bishan Depot is the central maintenance depot for the North–South Line with train overhaul facilities,[204] while Changi Depot and Ulu Pandan Depot inspect and house trains overnight.[205] The newer Tuas Depot, opened in 2017, provides the East–West Line with its own maintenance facility,[206] while Mandai Depot services trains for the Thomson–East Coast line.[207] The underground Kim Chuan Depot houses trains for the Circle and Downtown lines, now jointly managed by the two MRT operators.[208] [209] [210]

SBS Transit has three depots: Sengkang Depot houses trains for the North East line, the Sengkang LRT line, and the Punggol LRT line. Tai Seng Facility Building, connected to and located east of Kim Chuan Depot, is currently used for the Downtown line. While major operations were shifted to the main Gali Batu Depot in 2015, the Tai Seng Facility Building resumed stabling operations with the extension of the Downtown line in 2017. It currently operates independently from Kim Chuan Depot. Gali Batu Depot is the first MRT depot in Singapore to achieve the certification of Building and Construction Authority (BCA) Green Mark Gold.[211]

In August 2014, plans for the East Coast Integrated Depot, the world's first four-in-one train and bus depot were announced. It will be built at Tanah Merah beside the original Changi Depot site to serve the East–West, Downtown, and Thomson–East Coast lines.[212] The new 36 ha depot can house about 220 trains and 550 buses and integrating the depot for both buses and trains will help save close to 66.12acres, or 60 football fields of land.[213]

The Tengah Depot for the Jurong Region Line will be situated at the western perimeter of Tengah, and an additional depot facility will be added near Peng Kang Hill station to support the operations of the JRL.[214] Rolling stock for the Jurong Region Line will be stabled at both facilities. Tengah Depot will house the JRL Operations Control Centre and have a bus depot integrated with it to optimise land use.[215]

The Changi East Depot will serve the future Cross Island Line, and the depot is to be placed at the eastern end of the line.[216]

A Singapore Rail Test Centre (formerly known as Integrated Train Testing Centre) with several test tracks for different situations and workshops for maintenance and refurbishment is also to be built at Tuas by 2022, with the main function being to test trains and integrated systems robustly before they are deployed on operational lines.[217]

Future expansion

Infrastructure

The following table lists the upcoming lines and stations that have been officially announced:

LineStageBetweenOpeningNo. of
stations		Length
(km)		DepotOperator
New lines
style=background-color:#5Bedok SouthSungei Bedok202622.5Mandai
East Coast		SMRT Trains
1Choa Chu KangBoon LayTawas20271024Tengahrowspan=6
2Tengah PlantationPandan Reservoir20287
3EnterpriseJurong Pier20294
Nanyang GatewayPeng Kang Hill3
1Aviation ParkBright Hill20301229Changi East
2Turf CityJurong Lake District2032615
Extensions/Single stations
InfillBrickland203410Bishan
Ulu Pandan		SMRT Trains
Sungei Kadut2030s1
style=background-color:#ExtensionPunggol Coast202411.6SengkangSBS Transit
style=background-color:#6KeppelPrince Edward Road202634Kim ChuanSMRT Trains
2eBukit PanjangSungei Kadut2030sGali Batu
East Coast		SBS Transit
3eXilinSungei Bedok202622.2
InfillHume202510
Founders' Memorial20281Mandai
East Coast		SMRT Trains
UnopenedMount Pleasant1
Marina South1
ExtensionSungei BedokTanah Merah2040colspan=2
style=background-color:#Pandan ReservoirHaw Par VillaTengahrowspan=2
style=background-color:#EliasPunggol203237.3Changi East

The MRT system relied on its two main lines, the North–South and East–West lines, for more than a decade until the opening of the North East Line in 2003. While plans for these lines as well as those currently under construction were formulated long before, the Land Transport Authority's publication of a White Paper titled "A World Class Land Transport System" in 1996 galvanised the government's intentions to greatly expand the system.[218] [219] It called for the expansion of the 67 kilometres of track in 1995 to 360 in 2030.[218] It was expected that daily ridership in 2030 would grow to 6.0 million from the 1.4 million passengers at that time.[220]

New lines and extensions are mostly announced as part of the Land Transport Master Plan, which is announced every five years and outlines the government's intentions for the future of the transport network in Singapore. The latest plan, the Land Transport Master Plan 2040, was announced on 25 May 2019, and provides for line extensions to the Downtown and Thomson–East Coast lines, a new MRT line under study, and 2 new stations on the North–South Line.[221] [222] [15]

Downtown Line

See main article: Downtown MRT line and Hume MRT station. Hume is an infill station between Hillview and Beauty World and expected to open by 2025.[223] An extension from Expo is planned to begin operations in 2026, adding an additional 2.2km (01.4miles) and 2 stations to the line, terminating at Sungei Bedok and interchanging with the Thomson–East Coast Line.[224] Upon opening, the entire line will be 44km (27miles) long and have 37 stations in total.

A proposal has been further mooted to extend the line from Bukit Panjang towards Sungei Kadut which will interchange with the North–South Line. The extension is expected to be completed by the mid-2030s.[221]

Thomson–East Coast Line

See main article: Thomson–East Coast MRT line and Founders' Memorial MRT station. Stage 5 from Bedok South to Sungei Bedok is planned to be operational by 2026.

The northern terminus of Woodlands North is expected to interchange with the Johor Bahru–Singapore Rapid Transit System for greater connectivity between Johor Bahru and Woodlands, while Founders' Memorial station is an infill station along Stage 4, scheduled to open in tandem with the Founders' Memorial in 2028.[225] In addition, this line and Canberra MRT station were the first to use top-up kiosks (TUK) that only allows cashless payments, while GTMs were retained for traditional modes of payment.[226] [227] [228] [229] [230] [231]

Line extension to Changi Airport

In addition to the previously announced alignment of the Thomson–East Coast Line, an extension has been proposed to connect it to Changi Airport, with the line passing through Terminal 5, and eventually absorbing the existing Changi Airport branch on the East–West Line. With such an extension, there would be a direct connection between Changi Airport and the city. This extension is expected to start operating by 2040.[232] [221] Tunneling works are tendered out by the Land Transport Authority (LTA) Singapore and Shanghai Tunnel Engineering Corporation was awarded with the tunneling package for Terminal 5.

Jurong Region Line

See main article: Jurong Region MRT line.

First proposed as an LRT line when originally announced in 2001, the 20km (10miles) Jurong Region Line has since been upgraded to be a medium capacity line after the project was revived in 2013. The new configuration encompasses West Coast, Tengah and Choa Chu Kang and Jurong.

West Coast extension

Besides the original announced alignment of the line, a West Coast extension to the Circle Line from the Jurong Region Line is currently under study,[233] linking the West Coast region directly to Haw Par Villa, and allowing commuters on the Jurong Region Line access to the central area of the city easily. If feasible, the extension would be ready by 2030.[234]

Cross Island Line

See main article: Cross Island MRT line.

The 501NaN1 Cross Island Line is expected to span the island of Singapore, passing through Tuas, Jurong, Sin Ming, Ang Mo Kio, Hougang, Punggol, Pasir Ris, and Changi. The new line provides commuters with another alternative for east–west travel to the current East–West Line and Downtown Line. Connected to all the other major lines, it is designed to serve as a key transfer line, complementing the role currently fulfilled by the orbital Circle Line.

Stage 1 of the line was announced in 2019 and consists of 29km (18miles) and 12 stations, and is planned to be completed in 2030.[216] [235] Vis-a-vis its short rail length from Aviation Park (Changi) to Bright Hill (Bishan), the project costs S$13.3 billion, and is one of the most expensive rail projects globally, to begin construction in 2022.[236] In addition, the extension to Punggol announced in 2020 consists of three stations spanning 7.3km (04.5miles), and is planned to be completed by 2032.[221] [237] [238] [239] Completion of the line is expected to take an even longer timeframe due to the environmental study aspects, targeted to be completed by 2030.[240]

Circle Line stage 6

See main article: Circle MRT line.

The 4km (02miles) extension Stage 6 from Marina Bay through Keppel, ending at HarbourFront, effectively completes the circle and links the current ends of the line, allowing for through service through the future Southern Waterfront City without the need to change to other lines.[240] Stage 6 comprises the Keppel, Cantonment, and Prince Edward Road stations. It is forecast to commence operations by 2026.

North East Line extension

See main article: Punggol Coast MRT station.

Originally scheduled to be completed by 2030, the 1.6km (01miles) extension is being built from Punggol through Punggol North including the new Punggol Downtown to the new tentatively named Punggol Coast station. It was projected to open in 2023, a few years ahead of the expected opening date.[241] [242] Construction of the extension commenced in the first half of 2018.[243] The station has since been delayed to 2024 due to delays from the COVID-19 pandemic.[244] [245]

Brickland and Sungei Kadut MRT stations

See main article: Brickland MRT station and Sungei Kadut MRT station.

Two new stations are planned along the existing North–South Line. Brickland station is expected to be built between Bukit Gombak and Choa Chu Kang stations, while Sungei Kadut station is expected to be built between Yew Tee and Kranji stations. Both MRT stations are expected to be completed by mid-2030s.[221]

Proposed ninth line along the North–East Corridor

As part of the Land Transport Master Plan 2040, feasibility studies are ongoing for a possible ninth MRT line to link the north and northeastern regions of Singapore to the south of the island. The new line is proposed to run from Woodlands North via Sembawang, Sengkang, Seletar, Serangoon North, Whampoa, Kallang, Marina East and towards the Greater Southern Waterfront. The official alignment has yet to be confirmed.[15] [232] [221]

Fares and ticketing

See main article: Fares and ticketing on the Mass Rapid Transit (Singapore). Stations are divided into two areas, paid and unpaid, which allow the rail operators to collect fares by restricting entry only through the fare gates, also known as access control gates.[246] These gates, connected to a computer network, can read and update electronic tickets capable of storing data, and can store information such as the initial and destination stations and the duration for each trip.

The ticketing system currently utilises a mixture of Account-Based Ticketing (ABT), or SimplyGo,[247] and legacy (non-ABT) card-based options. The station machines allow the customer to buy additional value for stored value smartcards. Such smartcards require a minimum amount of stored credit.[248]

As the fare system has been integrated by TransitLink, commuters need to pay only one fare and pass through two fare gates (once on entry, once on exit) for an entire journey for most interchange stations, even when transferring between lines operated by different companies. Commuters can choose to extend a trip mid-journey, and pay the difference when they exit their destination station.[249]

Fares

Because the rail operators are government-assisted, profit-based corporations, fares on the MRT system are pitched to at least break-even level.[89] [250] The operators collect these fares by selling electronic data-storing tickets, the prices of which are calculated based on the distance between the start and destination stations.[251] These prices increase in fixed stages for standard non-discounted travel. Fares are calculated in increments based on approximate distances between stations, in contrast to the use of fare zones in other subway systems, such as the London Underground.[252] [253] [254]

Although operated by private companies, the system's fare structure is regulated by the Public Transport Council (PTC), to which the operators submit requests for changes in fares.[250] [255] Fares are kept affordable by pegging them approximately to distance-related bus fares, thus encouraging commuters to use the network and reduce heavy reliance on the bus system. Fare increases have caused public concern.[256] [257] Historically, fares on the fully underground North East, Circle, and Downtown lines had been higher than those of the North–South and East–West lines (NSEWL), a disparity that was justified by citing higher costs of operation and maintenance on a completely underground line. However, the Public Transport Council (PTC) announced in 2016 that fares for the three underground lines would be reduced to match those on the NSEWL, which took effect along with the yearly-applied fare changes, on 30 December 2016.[258] [259]

After the opening of Downtown line Stage 3, Transport Minister Khaw Boon Wan announced that public transport fare rules will be reviewed to allow for transfers across MRT lines at different stations due to the increasing density of the rail network. At the time, commuters were charged a second time when they made such transfers. He added that the PTC would review distance-based fare transfer rules to ensure they continue to facilitate "fast, seamless" public transport journeys. The review of distance-based fare rules on MRT lines was completed, and a waiver on the second boarding fee incurred when making such transfers was announced on 22 March 2018. The scheme was implemented on 29 December of the same year.[260] [261] [262]

Ticketing

See main article: EZ-Link, Network for Electronic Transfers and CEPAS. The SimplyGo ABT system,[263] accepts bank cards, mobile wallets and proprietary cards issued by EZ-Link and NETS.[264] The legacy card-based system, that utilises the EZ-Link and NETS flashpay cards,[265] on the Symphony for e-Payments (SeP), remains usable beyond 1 June 2024,[266] after the government agreed to spend an extra $40 million for their continued use. The EZ-Link and NETS flashpay cards had entered into service in 2009,[267] and replaced the FeliCa EZ-Link card.[268] The FeliCa EZ-Link card, had in turn replaced the magnetic Transitlink farecard in 2002.[267]

ABT using bank cards and mobile wallets, has eliminated the need for top-ups.[269] The stored value cards using card-based, or cloud-based accounts,[270] and issued by NETS and EZ-Link, may be purchased at the ticketing offices or merchant outlets, for immediate use. The stored value cards could be topped up from the user's primary accounts (such as bank deposits or credit facilities), via their respective mobile applications, or other options under the terms of use. Additional credit of a predetermined value may also be automatically credited into the card when the card value runs low via an automatic recharge service provided by Interbank GIRO or credit card. An Adult Monthly Travel Card for unlimited travel on MRT, LRT, and buses may also be purchased and is non-transferable.

In 2017, TransitLink became the first public transport provider in Southeast Asia to accept contactless bank cards and the use of mobile wallets such as Apple Pay, Google Pay and Samsung Pay. The system, named SimplyGo, allows commuters to tap their contactless debit or credit cards, or smartphones/smart watches to pay for fares on the MRT, LRT and Bus network.[271] [272] [273] The SimplyGo and NETS Prepaid cards were added to the system and made available to the public since 2021.[273] [274]

The Standard Ticket contactless smart card for single or return journeys, has been phased out completely since March 2022.[275] It was subject to a system of deposits and surcharges: A S$0.10 deposit was levied on top of the fare to be paid. The deposit would be automatically refunded through an offset of the fare to be paid for the third journey on the same ticket while an additional discount of S$0.10 would be given for the sixth journey on the same ticket. No refund of the deposit would be provided if the card was used for fewer than 3 journeys. The ticket could be used for the purchase of single or return journeys to and from pre-selected stations up to a maximum of six journeys over 30 days. Fares for the Standard Ticket were always higher than those charged for the stored-valued CEPAS (EZ-Link and NETS FlashPay) cards for the same distance traveled. The ticket could be retained by the user after each journey and does not need to be returned.

For tourists, a Singapore Tourist Pass contactless smartcard may be purchased for use on the public transport network.[276] The card may be bought at selected TransitLink ticket offices and Singapore Visitors Centres.[277]

Performance

The MRT system did not experience any major performance issues during its first quarter-century of operations. However, there were occasional disruptions around the period from 2011 to 2018, the cause of which was often attributed to the system aging coupled with increased ridership due to population growth.[278] [279]

Beginning with the train disruptions in 2011, this incident led to a committee of inquiry which uncovered serious shortcomings in SMRT's maintenance regime.[280] For the December 2011 disruptions, the Land Transport Authority imposed a maximum penalty of S$2 million on SMRT (approximately US$1.526 million) for the two train disruptions along the North–South line on 15 and 17 December 2011.[281] A Committee of Inquiry discovered shortcomings in the maintenance regime and checks, prompting then-CEO Saw Phaik Hwa to resign.[282]

A much larger power-related incident than the December 2011 event occurred on 7 July 2015, when train services on both the North–South and East–West lines were shut down in both directions following a major power trip.[283] The disruption lasted for more than 3 hours, affecting 413,000 commuters. This was considered the worst disruption to the MRT network since it first began operations in 1987 – surpassing the December 2011 event. Independent experts from Sweden and Japan were hired to conduct investigation into the cause of the disruption. The cause was identified as damage to a third rail insulator due to a water leak at Tanjong Pagar station. Consequently, a program was implemented to replace insulators liable to similar failure.[284] For the July 2015 disruption, LTA imposed a higher penalty of S$5.4 million on SMRT.[285]

On 22 March 2016, a fatal accident occurred off Pasir Ris station. Two of SMRT's track-maintenance trainee staff were lethally run over by an approaching C151 at a signalling box of the station.[286] They were part of a technical team of 15 staff led by a supervisor and were asked to go down to the tracks to investigate an alarm triggered by a possible signalling equipment fault. The operator said the team had permission to access the tracks, but did not coordinate with a signal unit in the station control to ensure train captains in the area where the team was exercised caution while pulling into Pasir Ris station.[287] This incident resulted in a 2.5-hour service delay between Tanah Merah and Pasir Ris Stations, affecting at least 10,000 commuters.[288]

On 7 October 2017, a dilapidated float and pump system at Bishan station caused a tunnel flood after heavy torrential rainstorms. It was the worst train disruption since 2011 and was the first ever flooding incident in the history of the MRT.[289] This resulted in criticism on the public transport operators among Singaporeans once again, and a huge debate about the "high rankings" that manage the system, with calls being made for the resignation of then Transport Minister Khaw Boon Wan.[290] Urban transport expert Park Byung Joon from the Singapore University of Social Sciences added that the negligence displayed by SMRT in this regard was tantamount to a criminal offence, and after an internal investigation, found that the maintenance crew of the Bishan Station's pump system had submitted maintenance records for nearly a year without actually carrying out the works.[291]

Responses

The December 2011 disruptions brought the state of public transportation as a whole to national prominence among Singaporeans, who had previously considered the system to be reliable and robust since its inception in 1987.[292] LTA also noted a marked increase in dissatisfaction with public transport with the release of the 2012 Public Transport Customer Satisfaction Survey, and promised government action to deal with issues relating to system disruptions.[293]

The government reviewed the penalties for train disruptions,[292] and made free travel available for all bus services passing MRT stations affected during any train disruptions. Exits were also made free.[294] In addition, to increase satisfaction with public transport, free off-peak morning travel, later changed to a discount, was introduced with further improvements continuing to be discussed.[292]

Since 2018, efforts in both maintenance and renewal are starting to pay off with the MRT system clocking an average of 690,000 km between delays in 2018 – a 3.8 times improvement than in 2017. The North–South line, which was hit by the tunnel flood in 2017, in particular saw its train-km between delays increase by ten-fold from 89,000 km between delays in 2017 to 894,000 km in 2018.[295] By July 2019, the Mean Kilometres Between Failure (MKBF) for the North–South and East–West lines had jumped to 700,000 km and 1,400,000 km respectively.[296] The new challenges encountered by the government were now on keeping the funding of such renewals required sustainable in the decades ahead.[297]

Security

See main article: Security on the Mass Rapid Transit (Singapore).

Security concerns related to crime and terrorism were not high on the agenda of the system's planners at its inception.[298] After the Madrid train bombings in 2004 and the foiled plot to bomb the Yishun MRT station in 2001,[299] the operators deployed private, unarmed guards to patrol station platforms and conduct checks on the belongings of commuters, especially those carrying bulky items.[300]

Recorded announcements are frequently made to remind passengers to report suspicious activity and not to leave their belongings unattended, and since 2023; to remind people on voyeurism such as molestation and taking of upskirt photos.

Digital closed-circuit cameras (CCTVs) have been upgraded with recording-capability at all stations and trains operated by SMRT Corporation.[301] [302] Trash bins and mail boxes have been removed from station platforms and concourse levels to station entrances, to eliminate the risk of bombs planted in them.[303] While photography and filming is allowed at all of the public areas (except train depots where it is gazetted as restricted areas by law), station staff may conduct checks and interviews to ensure that they are not intended to be used for criminal activities such as taking of upskirt photos, staff and police may reserve the right to stop these activities.[304]

In 2005, the Singapore Police Force announced plans to step up rail security by establishing a specialised security unit for public transport, then known as the Police MRT unit. The unit today expanded to become Public Transport Security Command (TRANSCOM) since 2009.[305] [306] These armed officers began overt patrols on the MRT and LRT systems on 15 August 2005, conducting random patrols in pairs in and around stations and within trains.[307] They are trained and authorised to use their firearms at their discretion, including deadly force if deemed necessary.[308] The unit over time went on to handle other crimes committed on the MRT network, such as theft and molestation. Recently, on its tenth anniversary in 2019, it has formally evolved to become a hybrid, community-based force, and has launched an initiative to get commuters to aid Transcom officers. Since then, 26,000 people have volunteered, far above the 3000 target.

Civil exercises are regularly conducted to maintain preparedness for contingencies. In January 2006, Exercise Northstar V involved over 2,000 personnel from 22 government agencies responding to simulated bombings and chemical attacks at Dhoby Ghaut, Toa Payoh, Raffles Place and Marina Bay stations.[309] In August 2013, Exercise Greyhound tested the response of SBS Transit's Operations Control Centre and the implementation of its contingency plans for bus bridging, free bus service and deployment of goodwill ambassadors (GAs) during a simulated prolonged train service disruption. About 300 personnel including representatives from LTA, SBST, SMRT, the Singapore Police Force's Transport Command (TransCom), Traffic Police and Singapore Civil Defence Force (SCDF) participated in the exercise.[310]

Security concerns were brought up by the public when two incidents of vandalism at train depots occurred within two years.[311] In both incidents, graffiti on the affected trains was discovered after they entered revenue service.[312] The first incident, on 17 May 2010, involved a breach in the perimeter fence of Changi Depot and resulted in the imprisonment and caning of a Swiss citizen, and an Interpol arrest warrant for his accomplice.[313] [314] SMRT Corporation received a S$50,000 fine by the Land Transport Authority for the first security breach.[314] Measures were put in place by the Public Transport Security Committee to enhance depot security in light of the first incident, but works were yet to be completed by SMRT Corporation when the second incident, on 17 August 2011, occurred at Bishan Depot.[311] [312]

Regulations

Priority seats

There are generally a number of seats in each MRT carriage designated as 'priority seats' located near the train doors which are intended to be used by the elderly, pregnant women, parents with infants and others with mobility problems.[315] The use of such seats by persons who do not fit the foregoing description or who do not outwardly appear to be in need of a seat on the MRT, has repeatedly been the subject of public debate in Singapore.[316] [317] [318]

In 2019, the LTA launched the "May I have a seat please?" initiative. Under the initiative, upon request, LTA provides commuters with non-visible health conditions or disabilities or short-term or temporary conditions (such as where they are on medical leave), with a lanyard or sticker respectively reading "May I have a seat please?".[319] [320] [321]

Eating or drinking

Under Regulation 14 of the Rapid Transport Systems Regulations, consumption of any food or drinks in MRT carriages or in MRT stations is prohibited.[322] Offenders may be fined up to S$500.[323] SMRT has stated that this prohibition extends to the consumption of small snacks (such as sweets)[324] as well as the drinking of plain water.[325] Some commentators have suggested that SMRT's strict enforcement of this prohibition, especially during hot weather[326] or against persons with legitimate needs (such as where consumption of food or drink is needed for medical reasons), is disproportionate and unnecessary.[327] [328]

See also

References

Sources

Academic publications

Corporate and governmental sources

External links

Notes and References

  1. 6 in operation, 2 under construction; excluding LRT.
  2. 141 in operation, 46 under construction or planning, 2 reserved; excluding LRT. 162 in operation, if interchange stations are counted as double or triple.
  3. News: Loi . Esther . 7 February 2024 . Public transport ridership hit 93.5% of pre-pandemic levels in 2023 . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20240131134622/https://www.straitstimes.com/singapore/transport/public-transport-ridership-hit-935-of-pre-pandemic-levels-in-2023 . 31 January 2024 . 15 June 2024 . The Straits Times.
  4. Including LRT.
  5. 488 trains in operation, 106 older trains to be decommissioned by 2026 and replaced with 106 newer equivalents, 91 additional trains on order; excluding LRT.
  6. 2,278 passenger carriages in operation, 636 older passenger carriages to be decommissioned by 2026 and replaced with 636 newer equivalents, 291 additional passenger carriages on order, at least 31 railway maintenance vehicles in operation; excluding LRT.
  7. 3-carriage configuration: Circle Line, Downtown Line, Jurong Region Line (minimum)
    4-carriage configuration: Thomson–East Coast Line, Jurong Region Line (maximum)
    6-carriage configuration: North–South Line, East–West Line, North East Line, Cross Island Line
    8-carriage configuration: Cross Island Line (maximum)
  8. Web site: Train Operation Hours and Frequency. Land Transport Authority. 9 December 2021.
  9. Excluding LRT.
  10. Web site: CIVIL DESIGN CRITERIA FOR ROAD AND RAIL TRANSIT SYSTEMS. Land Transport Authority. 22 January 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20170829145818/https://www.lta.gov.sg/content/dam/ltaweb/corp/Industry/files/DC_EGD09106A1_Overall.pdf. 29 August 2017. dead.
  11. Singapore's heavy rail network is composed of three distinct systems. Two of the three are rapid transit networks, chiefly a) the MRT system, which falls entirely within the city-state and forms the core of the network, and b) the two-station cross-border Johor Bahru–Singapore rapid transit system (RTS), linked to the mainline MRT and due to commence operations in end-2026, and c) the currently-operational cross-border intercity service at Woodlands Train Checkpoint, which may close down its operations once the RTS is complete.
  12. Including ridership figures for the Light Rail Transit (LRT).
  13. 30 of which are interchange stations.
  14. News: Toh. Ting Wei. New Sungei Kadut MRT station linking North-South and Downtown lines could shorten trips by 30 mins. The Straits Times. Singapore. 25 May 2019. 25 May 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20190525105557/https://www.straitstimes.com/singapore/transport/new-sungei-kadut-mrt-station-linking-north-south-and-downtown-lines-could. 25 May 2019. live.
  15. Web site: LTA LTMP 2040 eReport . lta.gov.sg . . 23 June 2024 . 2013.
  16. [#lta1996|Land Transport Authority, Singapore 1996]
  17. The network is additionally scheduled to interchange with the Johor Bahru–Singapore Rapid Transit System (RTS Link), that will traverse across the international maritime border of the Straits of Johor, linking northern Singapore and the southern Malaysian city of Johor Bahru via a rapid transit service.
  18. Although the MRT opened three years after the Manila Light Rail Transit System in the Philippines, the latter opened as a light rail system and operated as one for several years before gradually transitioning to a rapid transit system. In this respect, Singapore's MRT is the first operational rapid transit system in Southeast Asia.
  19. S$1=US$0.70–0.80
  20. News: Comparing Singapore's newest and oldest MRT lines. Staff writers. Today. Singapore. Mediacorp. 14 January 2020.
  21. Web site: Expect longer waiting times during initial phase of Thomson-East Coast Line: LTA. 14 January 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200112153424/https://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/singapore/tel-thomson-east-coast-line-open-house-mrt-woodlands-12254060. 12 January 2020. live.
  22. Oral Reply by Minister for Transport Khaw Boon Wan to Parliamentary Question on Government Subsidies for Operating Costs for the Thomson-East Coast Line. Ministry of Transport. 15 January 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200115233437/https://www.mot.gov.sg/news-centre/news/Detail/oral-reply-by-minister-for-transport-khaw-boon-wan-to-parliamentary-question-on-government-subsidies-for-operating-costs-for-the-thomson-east-coast-line/. 15 January 2020. live.
  23. News: Almost $100b earmarked for land transport projects. The Straits Times. 28 March 2020. Tan. Christopher.
  24. [North–South MRT line|NSL]
  25. News: Réseau express métropolitain. 11 July 2017. CDPQ Infra. 9 February 2018. en. https://web.archive.org/web/20180209122256/https://www.cdpqinfra.com/en/reseau_electrique_metropolitain. 9 February 2018. live.
  26. News: Automated metros set to reach 2200 km by 2025. Briginshaw. David. 10 February 2018. en-gb. https://web.archive.org/web/20180415174521/http://www.railjournal.com/index.php/metros/uitp-forecasts-2200km-of-automated-metros-by-2025.html. 15 April 2018. dead.
  27. Book: Seah C. M.. Southeast Asian Affairs.. 1981. Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies. 293.
  28. [#sharp2005|Sharp 2005]
  29. 10.1.1.119.9246. Fwa Tien Fang. Sustainable Urban Transportation Planning and Development — Issues and Challenges for Singapore. 4 September 2004. Department of Civil Engineering, National University of Singapore.
  30. Book: Mass transit system study by two US firms . 20 July 1972 . The Straits Times .
  31. News: Mai Yun. Wong. Foolish to build MRT now: Tony Tan. 24 July 2020. The Straits Times. 17 December 1981.
  32. Web site: 1982 – The Year Work Began. Land Transport Authority. 16 November 2013. https://web.archive.org/web/20130929173053/http://www.lta.gov.sg/content/ltaweb/en/about-lta/our-history/1980s.html. 29 September 2013. live.
  33. News: Lee Siew Hoon. Chandra Mohan. amp. In Memoriam — Ong Teng Cheong: A Profile. https://web.archive.org/web/20020223222029/http://www.channelnewsasia.com/cna/obituaries/ongtengcheong/special2.htm. 23 February 2002. CNA. Mediacorp. Singapore. 26 November 2007.
  34. Web site: New Rail Financing Framework. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20200114202059/https://www.lta.gov.sg/content/ltagov/en/who_we_are/our_work/public_transport_system/rail/new_rail_financing_framework.html. 14 January 2020. 14 January 2020.
  35. News: 2023-12-25 . De Leuw Cather Wins Singapore Railway Bid . 2024-06-10 . Washington Post . en-US . 0190-8286.
  36. Book: Annual report 1984.. 1084. Singapore: Mass Rapid Transit Corporation. 5.
  37. News: 4 August 1989. MRT eastern line to start operating on Nov 18. The Business Times.
  38. News: On right track. 4 November 1989. The Straits Times.
  39. News: MRT Trains to Pasir Ris from Dec 16. Dhaliwal. Rav. 5 November 1986. The Straits Times.
  40. [#mrt1988|Mass Rapid Transit Corporation, Singapore 1988]
  41. [#sharp2005|Sharp 2005]
  42. News: Bukit Panjang to get S'pore's first light rail train. Lim Seng Tiong. 11 February 1996. The Straits Times. Singapore. 1.
  43. [#sharp2005|Sharp 2005]
  44. News: Bukit Panjang LRT to begin operating on Nov 6. Karamjit Kaur. 26 July 1999. The Straits Times. Singapore. 3.
  45. Web site: Opening of the Expo MRT Station. MOT. 1 August 2019. 10 January 2001. 10 July 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210710080149/https://www.mot.gov.sg/news-centre/news/Detail/Speech%20by%20Mr%20Yeo%20Cheow%20Tong%20at%20the%20Opening%20of%20the%20Expo%20MRT%20Station%20on%2010%20January%202001/. dead.
  46. News: Next stop: Changi Airport; New MRT station at airport opens. With wider fare gates and a futuristic design, it promises to be a hit with commuters. Karamjit Kaur. 30 August 2019. 9 February 2002. The Straits Times (retrieved from NLB). https://web.archive.org/web/20190830083529/http://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/Digitised/Article/straitstimes20020209-1.2.7.1. 30 August 2019. live.
  47. Web site: Dover Station Is Open!. LTA. 6 September 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20030811093042/http://app.internet.gov.sg/scripts/lta/3_press_content.asp?start=355. 11 August 2003. 23 October 2001. dead.
  48. Web site: Speech By Deputy Prime Minister Mr Lee Hsien Loong At The Official Opening Of The North East Line And Sengkang LRT System on 28 August 2003. www.mot.gov.sg. en. 25 April 2020. 10 September 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200910103738/https://www.mot.gov.sg/news-centre/news/Detail/Speech%20By%20Deputy%20Prime%20Minister%20Mr%20Lee%20Hsien%20Loong%20At%20The%20Official%20Opening%20Of%20The%20North%20East%20Line%20And%20Sengkang%20LRT%20System%20on%2028%20August%202003/. dead.
  49. Web site: Speech By Mr Khaw Boon Wan At The Launch Of The North East Line Art In Transit Programme On 6 June 2003. www.mot.gov.sg. en. 25 April 2020. 10 September 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200910103739/https://www.mot.gov.sg/news-centre/news/Detail/Speech%20By%20Mr%20Khaw%20Boon%20Wan%20At%20The%20Launch%20Of%20The%20North%20East%20Line%20Art%20In%20Transit%20Programme%20On%206%20June%202003/. dead.
  50. News: All aboard at 'white elephant' station. The Straits Times. 16 January 2006. 3. 24 August 2017. https://web.archive.org/web/20170822183624/http://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/Digitised/Article/straitstimes20060116-1.2.8.3. 22 August 2017. live.
  51. News: Residents bring up 'white elephant' Buangkok MRT during minister's visit. 28 August 2005. Channel NewsAsia/ SafeTrolley. Hasnita A Majid. 22 April 2007. https://web.archive.org/web/20130502054602/http://www.channelnewsasia.com/stories/singaporelocalnews/view/165384/1/.html. 2 May 2013. live.
  52. News: Yvonne Cheong. Grassroots leaders plan celebration for Buangkok MRT station opening. https://archive.today/20080202003214/http://www.channelnewsasia.com/stories/singaporelocalnews/view/178318/1/.html. dead. 2 February 2008. CNA. Mediacorp. 12 November 2005.
  53. Web site: SBS Transit Opens Woodleigh and Damai Stations. . 8 March 2011. sbstransit.com.sg. SBS Transit. 12 December 2017. Woodleigh, the last unopened station along the North East Line, will begin revenue service on Monday, 20 June 2011.... https://web.archive.org/web/20170707111530/http://www.sbstransit.com.sg/press/2011-03-08-01.aspx. 7 July 2017. live.
  54. News: Boon for Boon Lay. Yeo Ghim Lay. Goh Yi Han. 28 February 2009. The Straits Times. Singapore. 32.
  55. News: Boon Lay MRT extension offers shorter journey times. https://archive.today/20120724015741/http://www.channelnewsasia.com/stories/singaporelocalnews/view/410603/1/.html. dead. 24 July 2012. Cheryl Lim. 21 February 2009. Channel NewsAsia.
  56. Early opening for Circle Line from Bartley to Marymount. Land Transport Authority. 30 August 2019. 16 April 2009. https://web.archive.org/web/20180528051751/https://www.lta.gov.sg/apps/news/page.aspx?c=2&id=2110. 28 May 2018. live.
  57. Web site: Circle Line from Bartley to Dhoby Ghaut to Open 17 April. LTA. 6 September 2019. 26 January 2010.
  58. Web site: 12 Circle line Stations, from Marymount to HarbourFront, to Open on 8 October. LTA. 6 September 2019. 1 August 2011. https://web.archive.org/web/20171017151218/https://www.lta.gov.sg/apps/news/page.aspx?c=2&id=pharbnd879bjz9ota7rrl6r7150ytjs8g7wf2n00qbcz29b005. 17 October 2017. live.
  59. Web site: Factsheet on Circle line Extension. LTA. 6 September 2019. 28 November 2011.
  60. Web site: Downtown line. https://web.archive.org/web/20191101093904/https://www.lta.gov.sg/content/ltagov/en/getting_around/public_transport/rail_network/downtown_line.html. 1 November 2019. Land Transport Authority. 17 December 2013. 27 December 2019.
  61. Web site: Downtown Line Stage 1 officially opened by PM Lee. The Straits Times. Singapore. 21 December 2013. 22 December 2013. https://web.archive.org/web/20151019010221/http://www.straitstimes.com/singapore/downtown-line-stage-1-officially-opened-by-pm-lee. 19 October 2015. live.
  62. Web site: DTL2 is a key step towards a car-lite Singapore, says PM Lee as he opens the new line. The Straits Times. Singapore. 26 December 2015. 26 December 2015. https://web.archive.org/web/20151227101615/http://www.straitstimes.com/singapore/transport/dtl2-is-a-key-step-towards-a-car-lite-singapore-says-pm-lee-as-he-opens-the-new. 27 December 2015. live.
  63. Web site: Tuas West Extension Opens On 18 June 2017. 27 April 2017. lta.gov.sg. Land Transport Authority. 27 December 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20191227134450/https://www.lta.gov.sg/content/ltagov/en/newsroom/2017/4/2/tuas-west-extension-opens-on-18-june-2017.html. 27 December 2019. live.
  64. News: Downtown Line 3 officially opens; Khaw Boon Wan announces review of fares incurred when switching between stations. The Straits Times. 20 October 2017. 20 October 2017. https://web.archive.org/web/20171021005252/http://www.straitstimes.com/singapore/transport/downtown-line-3-officially-opened-khaw-announces-plans-to-make-transfers-between. 21 October 2017. live.
  65. Web site: Canberra MRT station to open on Nov 2. 20 May 2019. CNA. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20190520150011/https://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/singapore/canberra-mrt-station-open-nov-2-lta-11548606. 20 May 2019. 20 May 2019.
  66. News: Wong. Kai Yi. 3 stations on Thomson-East Coast Line begin operations. The Straits Times. Singapore. SPH Media Trust. 15 January 2020. 31 January 2020.
  67. News: Commuters on first trains at new TEL2 stations reminisce about inaugural 1980s MRT rides. Begum. Shabana. The Straits Times. Singapore. SPH Media Trust. 28 August 2021.
  68. Canberra infill station
  69. Brickland infill station
  70. Web site: North-South line. Land Transport Authority. 27 December 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20191101093902/https://www.lta.gov.sg/content/ltagov/en/getting_around/public_transport/rail_network/north_south_line.html. 1 November 2019. live.
  71. NSEWL: S$12.0 billion
    NSEWL asset renewal (excluding CR151 asset cost, including CR151 service support cost): >S$1.68 billion
  72. Tuas West extension
  73. Web site: East-West line. Land Transport Authority. 29 January 2014. 27 December 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20191101093903/https://www.lta.gov.sg/content/ltagov/en/getting_around/public_transport/rail_network/east_west_line.html. 1 November 2019. live.
  74. Woodleigh station
  75. North East Line extension towards Punggol Coast
  76. Web site: Overview – North East Line. SBS Transit. 23 June 2014. https://web.archive.org/web/20140608063521/http://www.sbstransit.com.sg/transport/trpt_nel_overview.aspx. 8 June 2014. live.
  77. NEL: S$4.6 billion
    NEL asset renewal: S$117 million
  78. Circle Line extension
  79. Circle line Stage 6
  80. Web site: Our Business. SMRT Corporation. 24 April 2015. https://web.archive.org/web/20150423123925/http://www.smrt.com.sg/Corporate/Our-Business. 23 April 2015. live.
  81. Excluding Bukit Brown MRT station, which is not in operation
  82. Stages 1-5: S$10.0 billion
    CCLe (Bayfront; cost shared with Downtown Line): S$463 million
    CCLe (Marina Bay): S$348.4 million
  83. Downtown Line Stage 3
  84. Hume infill station
  85. Thomson–East Coast Line Stage 4
  86. Thomson–East Coast Line Stage 5
  87. Out of a total cost of >S$25.0 billion
  88. News: Names of MRT lines reflect public choice. The Straits Times. 20 April 2001.
  89. [#mrt1988|Mass Rapid Transit Corporation, Singapore 1988]
  90. Web site: Civil Defence Shelter Programme. Singapore Civil Defence Force. 1 January 2007. https://web.archive.org/web/20061230165753/http://www.scdf.gov.sg/Building_Professionals/CD_Shelter/shelter_programme.html. 30 December 2006.
  91. Kwan Cheng Fai. April 1987. Architecture of Singapore MRT Underground Stations Concept Layout and Planning. MRTC & IES 1987. 29–33.
  92. News: Eoin Licken. New Frontier for Mobile-Phone Operators Lies Underground. The New York Times. 1 July 1999. 17 February 2017. https://web.archive.org/web/20160526223737/http://www.nytimes.com/1999/07/01/news/01iht-ttmetro.2.t.html. 26 May 2016. live.
  93. Pang Kia Seng. Michael T W Grant. Tom Curley. Scott Danielson. April 1987. Architectural Aspects of Singapore's Mass Rapid Transit Elevated Stations. MRTC & IES 1987. 13–27.
  94. News: MRT shops: What works and why. Geraldine Yeo. 8 February 1996. The Straits Times. Singapore. 43.
  95. News: Dual speeds planned for escalators at MRT stations. 7 August 2016. The Straits Times. Singapore. https://web.archive.org/web/20190406132020/https://www.straitstimes.com/singapore/dual-speeds-planned-for-escalators-at-mrt-stations. 6 April 2019. live. 6 April 2019.
  96. News: Public transport can't cater to all disabled (Letter to the editor). Toh Su Fen (Land Transport Authority). 2 July 1998. The Straits Times. https://web.archive.org/web/20060925084031/http://www.dpa.org.sg/news/news_july_1998-1.htm. 25 September 2006. Singapore. 49. Disabled People's Association.
  97. Web site: Accessibility. Ministry of Transport. https://web.archive.org/web/20190406132000/https://www.mot.gov.sg/about-mot/land-transport/accessibility. 6 April 2019. live. 6 April 2019.
  98. [#sharp2005|Sharp 2005]
  99. Land Transport Authority et al., Journeys Issue 42 (Jan/Feb 2003), "Get a Lift-up!", p. 10.
  100. LTA Completes Barrier Free Accessibility Enhancement. 23 October 2011. Land Transport Authority. 6 April 2019.
  101. News: Wong Kai Yi. 9 January 2020. Thomson-East Coast Line stations to get 2 lifts, ticket machines with video capabilities. The Straits Times. Singapore. 11 June 2022.
  102. News: Tammy Tan (SBS Transit). Measures in place to ensure safe ride on NEL (Letter to the editor). The Straits Times. 24 December 2005. 12.
  103. Y C Siew. J P Copsey. amp. April 1987. Singapore Mass Rapid Transit System Design for Fire and Emergency. MRTC & IES 1987. 131–139.
  104. http://www.platformscreendoors.com/psd/projects/massrapid.php Westinghouse Platform Screen Doors – Completed Projects
  105. Safety at MRT and LRT Stations — Respect The Yellow line. Land Transport Authority. 20 November 2005. dead. https://web.archive.org/web/20070927182635/http://app.lta.gov.sg/corp_press_content.asp?start=1090. 27 September 2007.
  106. News: The Straits Times. Platform screen doors for all above-ground MRT stations by 2012. 25 January 2008. https://web.archive.org/web/20080128072930/http://www.straitstimes.com/Latest+News/Singapore/STIStory_199958.html. 28 January 2008.
  107. Speech by Mr Raymond Lim, Minister for Transport, at the Visit to Kim Chuan Depot, 25 January 2008, 9.00am. Ministry of Transport. 25 January 2008. 11 January 2015. https://web.archive.org/web/20150112142646/http://www.mot.gov.sg/News-Centre/News/2008/Speech-By-Mr-Raymond-Lim-At-The-Visit-To-Kim-Chuan-Depot-on-25-January-2008/. 12 January 2015. dead.
  108. News: The Straits Times. Platform screen doors for all above-ground MRT stations by 2012. 25 January 2008. https://web.archive.org/web/20080128072930/http://www.straitstimes.com/Latest%2BNews/Singapore/STIStory_199958.html. 28 January 2008. dead.
  109. News: Platform doors for elevated MRT stations. Yeo Ghim Lay. 3 September 2008. The Straits Times. 26.
  110. Web site: LTA Completes Installation of Half Height Platform Screen Doors. Land Transport Authority. 14 March 2012. 16 November 2013. dead. https://web.archive.org/web/20140202201544/http://app.lta.gov.sg/apps/news/page.aspx?c=2&id=c5vt4cu2rdq2830rqy7436d0l5leacbpr223gyg5g67rvnb7ns. 2 February 2014.
  111. Web site: Rapid Transit Systems Act (Chapter 263A, Section 42). Singapore Statutes Online. 7 December 2005. https://web.archive.org/web/20040823110800/http://statutes.agc.gov.sg/non_version/cgi-bin/cgi_retrieve.pl?actno=REVED-263A&doctitle=RAPID%20TRANSIT%20SYSTEMS%20ACT%0a&date=latest&method=part. 23 August 2004. live.
  112. News: Fine for eating sweets too strict?. Teh Jen Lee. 27 July 2009. The New Paper. 28 March 2014. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20140328131924/http://news.asiaone.com/News/The+New+Paper/Story/A1Story20090726-157162.html. 28 March 2014.
  113. News: Matthew Pereira. Branden Pereira. MRT Trains collide at Clementi: 132 hurt. The Straits Times. 6 August 1993. 1 & 25.
  114. Book: A. M. Puzrin. E. E. Alonso. N. M. Pinyol. Geomechanics of Failures . Braced Excavation Collapse: Nicoll Highway, Singapore . 2010. 151–181. 10.1007/978-90-481-3531-8_6. Springer. 978-90-481-3530-1.
  115. News: MRT train collides with stationary train at Joo Koon station; 29 people hurt. Channel NewsAsia. 17 November 2017. en-US. 19 September 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200919193041/https://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/singapore/mrt-train-collides-with-stationary-train-at-joo-koon-station-29-9407266. dead.
  116. News: Joo Koon train collision: Total number of injured rises to 38. Channel NewsAsia. 6 January 2018. en-GB. https://web.archive.org/web/20180106063810/https://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/singapore/joo-koon-train-collision-total-number-of-injured-rises-to-38-9420752. 6 January 2018. live.
  117. News: 23 March 2020. Social distancing needed on buses and trains, too. TODAYonline. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20200325160546/https://www.todayonline.com/voices/social-distancing-needed-buses-and-trains-too. 25 March 2020.
  118. Web site: Coronavirus: Commuters must wear masks on buses, trains and refrain from talking. hermes. 20 May 2020. The Straits Times. en. 31 May 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200527165836/https://www.straitstimes.com/singapore/transport/commuters-must-wear-masks-on-buses-trains. 27 May 2020. live.
  119. Web site: Wearing of masks to be made compulsory on public transport: Khaw Boon Wan. CNA. en. 30 May 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200418105836/https://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/singapore/covid-19-face-mask-compulsory-public-transport-khaw-boon-wan-12633738. 18 April 2020. live.
  120. Web site: LTA's Measures for COVID-19. www.lta.gov.sg. 30 May 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200405074114/https://www.lta.gov.sg/content/ltagov/en/industry_innovations/industry_matters/LTA%27s%20Measures%20for%20COVID-19.html. 5 April 2020. live.
  121. Web site: Elevated Safe Distancing Measures on Public Transport. www.lta.gov.sg. 30 May 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200530082926/https://www.lta.gov.sg/content/ltagov/en/newsroom/2020/april/news-releases/Elevated_safe_distancing_measures_on_public_transport.html. 30 May 2020. live.
  122. Web site: Changes to Public Bus and Train Operating Hours and Frequency. www.lta.gov.sg. 30 May 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200417141400/https://www.lta.gov.sg/content/ltagov/en/newsroom/2020/april/news-releases/Changes_to_public_bus_and_train_operating_hours.html. 17 April 2020. live.
  123. Web site: MRT trains to run less frequently, some bus services will be suspended amid COVID-19 circuit breaker period. CNA. en. 30 May 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200418045926/https://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/singapore/mrt-train-operating-hours-bus-services-suspended-covid-19-lta-12640448. 18 April 2020. live.
  124. Web site: COVID-19: Additional safe distancing measures implemented on public transport. CNA. en. 30 May 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200412055408/https://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/singapore/lta-safe-distancing-covid-19-public-transport-12623902. 12 April 2020. live.
  125. News: LTA modifies MRT frequency to address crowding. hermesauto. 21 April 2020. The Straits Times. en. 1 June 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200421084847/https://www.straitstimes.com/singapore/transport/lta-modifies-mrt-frequency-to-address-crowding. 21 April 2020. live.
  126. News: Coronavirus: Khaw tells LTA to look into crowded trains as they compromise safe distancing. hermesauto. 18 April 2020. The Straits Times. en. 1 June 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200520000339/https://www.straitstimes.com/singapore/transport/coronavirus-khaw-tells-lta-to-look-into-crowded-trains-as-they-compromise-safe. 20 May 2020. live.
  127. News: Coronavirus: Reduced frequency of trains leads to crowding on some. hermes. 19 April 2020. The Straits Times. en. 1 June 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200504050804/https://www.straitstimes.com/singapore/transport/reduced-frequency-of-trains-leads-to-crowding-on-some. 4 May 2020. live.
  128. Web site: PTC COVID-19. www.ptc.gov.sg. 30 May 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200530084658/https://www.ptc.gov.sg/covid-19. 30 May 2020. live.
  129. News: Train, bus runs. 24 December 2007. The Straits Times. Singapore. 18.
  130. Shortened Operational Hours for January to Continue Until First Weekend of February, Shortened Operational Hours in March Along All 35 East – West Line MRT Stations. 19 January 2018. SMRT Corporation.
  131. Audrey Teo-Loh. Patrick de Labrusse. amp. April 1987. Orchard Station Architectural Works. MRTC & IES 1987. 53–63.
  132. Speech at Launch of Art in Transit. Khaw Boon Wan. Ministry of Information, Communications and the Arts. 6 June 2003. https://web.archive.org/web/20071129221707/http://www.mica.gov.sg/pressroom/press_030606.html. 29 November 2007.
  133. News: 13 April 1987. MRT station roofs to show Singapore's cultural mix. The Straits Times. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20200515124455/https://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/Digitised/Article/straitstimes19870413-1.2.25.11. 15 May 2020.
  134. News: 16 September 1985. Ethnic touch for MRT stations. The Straits Times. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20200221130554/https://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/Digitised/Article/straitstimes19850916-1.2.23.23. 21 February 2020.
  135. News: Changi Airport MRT station designed for travellers. Karamjit Kaur. 11 February 1998. The Straits Times. 1.
  136. Web site: EXPO Station, Singapore, 1997–2000. Foster and Partners. 20 September 2007. dead. https://web.archive.org/web/20070918050311/http://www.fosterandpartners.com/Projects/0966/Default.aspx. 18 September 2007.
  137. Web site: 15 of the Most Beautiful Subway Stops in the World – BootsnAll Travel Articles. 31 July 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20190517115407/https://www.bootsnall.com/articles/15-of-the-coolest-subway-stops-in-the-world.html. 17 May 2019. live.
  138. Web site: Speech By Mr Yeo Cheow Tong At The Opening Of The Changi Airport MRT Extension on 27 February 2002. www.mot.gov.sg. en. 9 April 2020. 21 August 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200821064817/https://www.mot.gov.sg/news-centre/news/Detail/Speech%20By%20Mr%20Yeo%20Cheow%20Tong%20At%20The%20Opening%20Of%20The%20Changi%20Airport%20MRT%20Extension%20on%2027%20February%202002/. dead.
  139. Book: Goh, Sushma. RE:think – Designing For Wayfinding. Land Transport Authority. 2018. 25.
  140. Web site: Bras Basah Mass Rapid Transit Station. World Buildings Directory. 2009. dead. https://web.archive.org/web/20120220170044/http://www.worldbuildingsdirectory.com/project.cfm?id=1780. 20 February 2012.
  141. Web site: 7 April 2020. Getting Around – Public Transport – A Better Public Transport Experience – Art in Transit. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20200421081559/https://www.lta.gov.sg/content/ltagov/en/getting_around/public_transport/a_better_public_transport_experience/art_in_transit.html. 21 April 2020. 21 April 2020. LTA.
  142. Web site: Art in Transit brochure. dead. https://web.archive.org/web/20050830161228/http://www.lta.gov.sg/public_transport/doc/Art%20in%20Transit%20brochure.pdf. 30 August 2005. 7 December 2005. Land Transport Authority.
  143. News: Lim. Melanie. 19 November 2019. LTA looking for artists to spruce up Punggol Coast MRT station, applications close Dec. 19, 2019. 1 November 2021. Mothership. Bridgewater Holdings Pte Ltd. en. To date, more than 300 artworks can be found across 80 stations..
  144. Web site: Naidu Ratnala Thulaja. Woodlands MRT Station. dead. https://web.archive.org/web/20120225050715/http://infopedia.nl.sg/articles/SIP_366_2005-01-10.html. 25 February 2012. 26 November 2007. National Library Board Infopedia.
  145. Web site: Hyogo Works History. Kawasaki Heavy Industries. 19 March 2006. https://web.archive.org/web/20051118155122/http://www.khi.co.jp/sharyo/since_final/since_e.html . 18 November 2005.
  146. News: Kawasaki wins major Singapore metro contract. Chris Sherwell. Financial Times. London. 12 April 1984. 1.
  147. Web site: References — Metro System, MRTC, Six-Car Units, Singapore. Siemens. 7 December 2005. https://web.archive.org/web/20080131192553/http://references.transportation.siemens.com/refdb/showReference.do?r=455&div=5&l=en. 31 January 2008.
  148. News: Improved MRT train for a better ride arrives. 21 September 1994. The Straits Times. Singapore. 3.
  149. Web site: Woodlands MRT line Infopedia. Singapore. National Library Board. eresources.nlb.gov.sg. 6 January 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20180101140912/http://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/infopedia/articles/SIP_364_2005-01-28.html. 1 January 2018. live.
  150. News: Soon, a shorter wait for MRT trains. The Straits Times. 31. 9 May 2000. Singapore.
  151. Both orders for Singapore Subway Train 132 LTA. 29 August 2012. 5 September 2012. https://web.archive.org/web/20121023071443/http://www.khi.co.jp/news/detail/20120829_1.html. 23 October 2012. dead.
  152. News: LTA awards $368m train supply job. 7 May 2009. The Business Times. Singapore.
  153. Web site: AWARD OF CONTRACT 151A; 22 NEW TRAINS FOR NORTH-SOUTH/ EAST-WEST LINES. 6 May 2009. 6 May 2009. dead. https://web.archive.org/web/20140715000417/http://app.lta.gov.sg/apps/news/page.aspx?c=2&id=2125. 15 July 2014.
  154. Web site: Trains for North–South/East–West lines and Tuas West Extension. https://archive.today/20131116030607/http://app.lta.gov.sg/apps/tender/?scr=yes&pgno=124. dead. 16 November 2013. Land Transport Authority. 28 August 2012.
  155. Web site: New MRT trains with tip-up seats now in service. 30 September 2018. The Straits Times. en. 30 March 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20190330150825/https://www.straitstimes.com/singapore/transport/new-mrt-trains-with-tip-up-seats-now-in-service. 30 March 2019. live.
  156. Web site: 12 More Trains to Boost Capacity of North-South and East-West lines. Land Transport Authority. 22 September 2015. 27 December 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20191227140330/https://www.lta.gov.sg/content/ltagov/en/newsroom/2015/9/2/12-more-trains-to-boost-capacity-of-north-south-and-east-west-lines.html. 27 December 2019. live.
  157. News: Tan. Christopher. Kawasaki clinches contract for final batch of new MRT trains. 22 September 2015. Straits Times. 22 September 2015. https://web.archive.org/web/20150925002330/http://www.straitstimes.com/singapore/transport/kawasaki-clinches-contract-for-final-batch-of-new-mrt-trains. 25 September 2015. live.
  158. Web site: 40 ageing trains on North-South, East-West MRT lines to be replaced. 28 September 2020. channelnewsasia.com. en.
  159. News: North South and East West line renewal works are going smoothly, New MRT trains to be put into service next year. Li Jingyi. 31 October 2022. Lianhe Zaobao. 31 October 2022. zh. 26 November 2022. https://web.archive.org/web/20221126105013/https://www.zaobao.com.sg/news/singapore/story20221031-1328084. live.
  160. News: New fleet to replace 66 oldest MRT trains from 2021. Channel NewsAsia. 25 July 2018. en-US. https://web.archive.org/web/20180725183703/https://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/singapore/new-fleet-to-replace-66-oldest-mrt-trains-from-2021-10561652. 25 July 2018. live.
  161. Web site: 28 March 2013 . Shorter Waiting Time With 15 More Trains For Downtown line . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20130411044401/http://app.lta.gov.sg/apps/news/page.aspx?c=2&id=e09e1b35-7714-4701-a370-88699e32543c . 11 April 2013 . 28 March 2013 . Land Transport Authority.
  162. Web site: 7 November 2008 . LTA Awards 6 Downtown line Contracts Totalling $1.13 Billion . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20130411044401/http://app.lta.gov.sg/apps/news/page.aspx?c=2&id=e09e1b35-7714-4701-a370-88699e32543c . 11 April 2013 . 7 November 2008 . Land Transport Authority.
  163. Alstom to supply 34 Metropolis trains and signaling upgrade to Singapore metro. 1 February 2012. 8 April 2012. Alstom. Paris. https://web.archive.org/web/20120510154214/http://www.alstom.com/press-centre/2012/2/alstom-to-supply-34-metropolis-trains-and-signaling-upgrade-to-singapore-metro/. 10 May 2012. dead.
  164. Web site: Tender information. www.lta.gov.sg. en. 26 July 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20180726072028/https://www.lta.gov.sg/apps/tender/default.aspx?scr=yes&Ref=851E. 26 July 2018. live.
  165. Web site: Alstom to Supply 17 New Trains for North East Line Extension and Circle line 6. Land Transport Authority. 23 November 2019. 30 April 2018.
  166. Web site: Joint News Release by the Land Transport Authority (LTA) & SMRT – Upgrading the Circle line in Preparation for Circle line 6. Land Transport Authority. 23 November 2019. 25 July 2019.
  167. Xavier Champaud. 24 October 2005. CCL — The Longest Automatic Metro line in the World. Institution of Railway Signal Engineers, Singapore. IRSE Technical Convention, Singapore. 6. 18 December 2008. dead. https://web.archive.org/web/20090225144520/http://www.irse.org.sg/reference_documents/Convention%20Papers/IRSE%20Paper%2012%20-%20X%20Champaud.pdf. 25 February 2009.
  168. Web site: First Downtown line train lands in Singapore. Land Transport Authority. 16 November 2013. https://web.archive.org/web/20130929160044/http://www.lta.gov.sg/content/ltaweb/en/public-transport/projects/downtown-line/project-milestones.html. 29 September 2013. live.
  169. Award of Electrical and Mechanical Systems Contract 830 for the Marina line. 28 December 2000. 12 July 2014. Land Transport Authority. dead. https://web.archive.org/web/20030811130056/http://app.internet.gov.sg/scripts/lta/3_press_content.asp?start=172. 11 August 2003.
  170. Web site: LTA and SMRT Award Contracts for New Trains and Re-Signalling Project. 1 February 2012. 16 November 2013. Land Transport Authority. dead. https://web.archive.org/web/20130929162504/http://app.lta.gov.sg/apps/news/page.aspx?c=2&id=5qmktlgi52sor9rc5r00c6xm8pg371lwhgx5hvtwu8381p6o95. 29 September 2013.
  171. Web site: Contract T251. Land Transport Authority. 28 May 2014. dead. https://web.archive.org/web/20140529065653/http://app.lta.gov.sg/apps/news/page.aspx?c=2&id=f0b205a6-69ab-49b0-b94d-65384ee5e5c0. 29 May 2014.
  172. Web site: Hyundai Rotem Company awarded Contract for 62 Jurong Region Line. Land Transport Authority. 6 February 2020. 6 February 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200206033106/https://www.lta.gov.sg/content/ltagov/en/newsroom/2020/february/news-releases/Hyundai_Rotem_company_awarded_contract.html. 6 February 2020. live.
  173. Web site: Purchase of 44 New Trains for the Cross Island Line. 14 June 2023. 23 June 2023.
  174. [#mrt1988|Mass Rapid Transit Corporation, Singapore 1988]
  175. Web site: Train and System Information (Trains). SMRT Corporation. Archive. 2 January 2007. https://web.archive.org/web/20010401005819/http://www.smrt.com.sg/smrt/train_sys.htm#trains. 1 April 2001.
  176. I J Mortimer. M Ishizuka. amp. April 1987. Mechanical Features of Singapore MRT Rolling Stock. MRTC & IES 1987. 411–419.
  177. Web site: Woodland. Daniel. August 2004. Optimisation of Automatic Train Protection Systems. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20200615155037/http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/14543/1/531116.pdf. 15 June 2020. 15 June 2020. Appendix C, Page 32, Page 33.
  178. News: Ching Li Tor. Fair grounds for fare hikes?. Today. Singapore. 4 May 2005.
  179. News: MRT trains get $145m overhaul. T. Rajan. 5 November 2006. The Straits Times. Singapore. 1.
  180. News: Driverless MRT trains on new line will be safe; The North East MRT line will have safety features like CCTVs and smoke detectors to protect commuters, says LTA. Karamjit Kaur. 20 November 2002. The Straits Times. 10.
  181. Land Transport Authority et al., Journeys Issue 42 (Jan/Feb 2003), "Safe, Sound and Fully Automated", pp. 8–9.
  182. Commencement of revenue service at Changi Airport Station. SMRT Corporation. 6 February 2002. dead. https://web.archive.org/web/20081003121412/http://www.smrt.com.sg/Upload/200712202113259920.pdf. 3 October 2008.
  183. News: Board MRT to airport from Tanah Merah. 18 July 2003. The Straits Times. 2.
  184. News: MRT slow-down as trains are taken off for checks; SMRT pulls out 21 trains after detecting gear fault; longer wait for commuters, direct service to Changi Airport affected. Karamjit Kaur. Shahida Ariff. 24 April 2002. The Straits Times. 6.
  185. Web site: Joint Team on Track to Meet COI Recommendations to Improve Rail Reliability. Land Transport Authority. 14 May 2013. 27 December 2019. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20191227141014/https://www.lta.gov.sg/content/ltagov/en/newsroom/2013/5/2/joint-team-on-track-to-meet-coi-recommendations-to-improve-rail-reliability.html. 27 December 2019.
  186. Web site: Engineering Trains in SMRT. SMRT. 30 August 2015. 6 October 2019. dead. https://web.archive.org/web/20160405020125/http://blog.smrt.com.sg/?p=653. 5 April 2016.
  187. Web site:
    1. Allabouttrains Engineering Vehicles
    . SMRT. Facebook. 5 December 2016.
  188. Web site: THALES Urban Rail Signalling Singapore – North-South/ East-West Lines. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20200615163959/http://tda-armements.com/sites/default/files/asset/document/seltracr_in_singapore.pdf. 15 June 2020. 16 June 2020.
  189. Web site: Singapore Northeast Line: will soon be the largest, fully automatic metro system in the world. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20200615162321/http://tsdtemp.turnlav.net/cbtc/projects/SIG_Singapore_AutomaticMetro_en.pdf. 15 June 2020. 16 June 2020. 4 to 8.
  190. Web site: URBALIS Evolution: Controlling the Performance. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20200615162738/http://www.sanprotechwriting.com/translation/URBALIS_May14_rev.pdf. 15 June 2020. 16 June 2020. 4.
  191. Web site: 2020-01-31T15:53:00+00:00. Singapore's Thomson–East Coast metro line opens. 15 June 2020. Railway Gazette International. en. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20200615163518/https://www.railwaygazette.com/projects-and-planning/singapores-thomson-east-coast-metro-line-opens/55682.article. 15 June 2020.
  192. Web site: Woodland. Daniel. August 2004. Optimisation of Automatic Train Protection Systemstion Systems. Appendix C Page 32 to Page 33. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20200615155037/http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/14543/1/531116.pdf. 15 June 2020. 15 June 2020.
  193. News: Rav Dhaliwal. Getting to know the network and how it will work. The Straits Times. 28 April 1987. 19.
  194. Web site: Metro automation facts, figures and trends. International Association of Public Transport. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20160501034433/http://www.uitp.org/sites/default/files/Metro%20automation%20-%20facts%20and%20figures.pdf. 1 May 2016.
  195. Web site: Thales awarded signalling contracts for Singapore North–South, East–West lines and Tuas West Extension. 6 February 2012. Thales Group. dead. https://web.archive.org/web/20150630183155/https://www.thalesgroup.com/en/content/thales-awarded-signalling-contracts-singapore-north-south-east-west-lines-and-tuas-west. 30 June 2015. dmy-all.
  196. Web site: Live testing of East-West line signalling system likely to take place every day in June. 14 May 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20180514213640/https://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/singapore/live-testing-of-east-west-line-signalling-system-likely-to-take-10223644. 14 May 2018. live.
  197. Web site: Thales awarded signalling contracts for Singapore North–South, East–West lines and Tuas West Extension Thales Group. www.thalesgroup.com. en. 4 July 2017. https://web.archive.org/web/20170820160452/https://www.thalesgroup.com/en/press-release/thales-awarded-signalling-contracts-singapore-north-south-east-west-lines-and-tuas. 20 August 2017. dead.
  198. Web site: Communications-based train control (CBTC). Land Transport Guru. 14 April 2017 . 3 December 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20191203081753/https://landtransportguru.net/train-cbtc/. 3 December 2019. live.
  199. Web site: 7 Questions about SMRT Trains' New Signalling System – SMRT Blog. blog.smrt.com.sg. 6 June 2017 . en-GB. 11 October 2017. https://web.archive.org/web/20171011182458/http://blog.smrt.com.sg/7-questions-about-smrt-trains-new-signalling-system/. 11 October 2017. live.
  200. Web site: All MRT lines now on new signalling system. Tan. Christopher. 29 May 2018. The Straits Times. en. 1 June 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200221124409/https://www.straitstimes.com/singapore/transport/all-mrt-lines-now-on-new-signalling-system. 21 February 2020. live.
  201. Web site: LTA Getting Around Public Transport Rail Network North East Line. www.lta.gov.sg. 1 June 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20191101093900/https://www.lta.gov.sg/content/ltagov/en/getting_around/public_transport/rail_network/north_east_line.html. 1 November 2019. live.
  202. Web site: Alstom and SMRT Trains sign services partnership for driverless train control system for the Circle Line in Singapore. Alstom. en. 1 June 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200521175629/https://www.alstom.com/press-releases-news/2020/5/alstom-and-smrt-trains-sign-services-partnership-driverless-train. 21 May 2020. live.
  203. Web site: Press Releases > Siemens-equipped driverless underground metro line in Singapore starts operations for Downtown Line 1 > Siemens-equipped driverless underground metro line in Singapore starts operations for Downtown Line 1. 21 August 2016. https://web.archive.org/web/20160304063525/http://www.siemens.asia/sg/en/Press/Press-Releases/Siemens-equipped_driverless_underground_metro_line_in_Singapore_starts_operations_for_Downtown_Line_1.aspx. 4 March 2016. live.
  204. [#mrt1988|Mass Rapid Transit Corporation, Singapore 1988]
  205. B B Broms. J N Shirlaw ix. amp. April 1987. Depot Sites. MRTC & IES 1987. 71–77.
  206. Web site: Tuas Depot would take pressure off existing depot, boost power capacity: Khaw. 13 November 2017. 26 May 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20190526055412/https://www.todayonline.com/singapore/tuas-depot-would-take-pressure-existing-depot-boost-power-capacity-khaw. 26 May 2019. live.
  207. Web site: Factsheet: Thomson-East Coast Line – Mandai Depot. 19 September 2019. www.lta.gov.sg. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20190919073300/https://www.lta.gov.sg/content/ltagov/en/newsroom/2019/9/2/20190919_factsheet_telmandaidepot.html. 19 September 2019. 11 March 2020.
  208. News: Room to develop at new Circle MRT line depot. 28 October 2003. 116. The Straits Times.
  209. Web site: Award Of Contracts For Circle Line. www.lta.gov.sg. https://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/webarchives/2010-04-23%2022:29:02.000/wp/details/http://app.lta.gov.sg/corp_press_content.asp?start=525. 23 April 2010. dead.
  210. Web site: Speech by Minister Lui Tuck Yew at the Visit to Gali Batu Depot (Downtown Line) on 6 August 2015. www.mot.gov.sg. http://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/webarchives/wayback/20160910121414/http://www.mot.gov.sg/News-Centre/News/2015/Speech-by-Minister-Lui-Tuck-Yew-at-the-Visit-To-Gali-Batu-Depot-(Downtown-Line)-on-6-August-2015/. 10 September 2016. 23 August 2020. live.
  211. Web site: Factsheet : Gali Batu MRT Depot Press Room Land Transport Authority. www.lta.gov.sg. https://web.archive.org/web/20180301164551/https://www.lta.gov.sg/apps/news/page.aspx?c=2&id=2a085a5d-6d2f-46e1-bafc-39cf5340898b. 1 March 2018. 23 August 2020. dead.
  212. News: New MRT line in east by 2020; will have 10 stops. Royston Sim. Maria Almenoar. amp. 14 August 2012. The Straits Times. Singapore.
  213. Web site: Joint News Release by the Land Transport Authority & Singapore Land Authority – Thomson–East Coast Links. Land Transport Authority. 15 August 2014. dead. https://web.archive.org/web/20140819084445/http://app.lta.gov.sg/apps/news/page.aspx?c=2&id=3cc2e460-06ea-4245-a37f-df11b602ec7d. 19 August 2014.
  214. Web site: Joint News Release by the Land Transport Authority (LTA) & SLA – Jurong Region line: Enhancing Connectivity in the West. Land Transport Authority. 27 December 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20191227141245/https://www.lta.gov.sg/content/ltagov/en/newsroom/2018/5/2/joint-news-release-by-the-land-transport-authority-lta-sla---jurong-region-line-enhancing-connectivity-in-the-west.html. 27 December 2019. live.
  215. Web site: 早上尖峰时段公交乘客比率提高. 联合早报. 17 June 2017. zh. 13 May 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20180428123307/http://www.zaobao.com.sg/znews/singapore/story20170617-771801. 28 April 2018. live.
  216. Web site: Cross Island line. www.lta.gov.sg. https://web.archive.org/web/20191227141602/https://www.lta.gov.sg/content/ltagov/en/upcoming_projects/rail_expansion/cross_island_line.html. 27 December 2019. live. 27 December 2019.
  217. Web site: LTA News Room news-releases LTA Awards Civil Contract to Construct Integrated Train Testing Centre. www.lta.gov.sg. 8 May 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200508100024/https://www.lta.gov.sg/content/ltagov/en/newsroom/2020/april/news-releases/lta-awards-civil-contract-to-construct-integrated-train-testing-.html. 8 May 2020. live.
  218. [#lta1996|Land Transport Authority, Singapore 1996]
  219. Web site: Other Rail Projects. Land Transport Authority. 7 December 2005. https://web.archive.org/web/20051213210345/http://www.lta.gov.sg/projects/index_proj_rail.htm. 13 December 2005.
  220. Web site: Land Transport Masterplan. 10 May 2014. https://web.archive.org/web/20140328060313/http://www.lta.gov.sg/content/dam/ltaweb/corp/PublicationsResearch/files/ReportNewsletter/LTMP2013Report.pdf. 28 March 2014. dead.
  221. Web site: New Sungei Kadut MRT station linking North-South and Downtown lines could shorten trips by 30 mins. The Straits Times. 25 May 2019 . 25 May 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20190525105557/https://www.straitstimes.com/singapore/transport/new-sungei-kadut-mrt-station-linking-north-south-and-downtown-lines-could. 25 May 2019. live.
  222. Web site: Land Transport Master Plan 2040. www.mot.gov.sg. 11 December 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20190713174806/https://www.mot.gov.sg/ltmp2040/. 13 July 2019. dead.
  223. News: Hume MRT station to open by 2025, says Janil Puthucheary. The Straits Times. 7 March 2019. 12 March 2019.
  224. Web site: Downtown line 3 Extension. www.lta.gov.sg. https://web.archive.org/web/20191227142532/https://www.lta.gov.sg/content/ltagov/en/upcoming_projects/rail_expansion/downtown_line_3_extension.html. 27 December 2019. live. 27 December 2019.
  225. Web site: Thomson-East Coast line to have station at Founders' Memorial in Marina Bay. The Straits Times. 28 April 2019. 7 January 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20190107124635/https://www.straitstimes.com/singapore/transport/founders-memorial-station-to-be-added-to-thomson-east-coast-mrt-line. 7 January 2019. live.
  226. News: Singapore aims for fully cashless transport system by 2020: LTA. Channel NewsAsia. 14 August 2017. en-US. https://web.archive.org/web/20170814174624/http://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/singapore/singapore-aims-for-fully-cashless-transport-system-by-2020-lta-9114728. 14 August 2017. live.
  227. Web site: Wei. Toh Ting. 4 September 2020. Parliament: Thomson-East Coast Line Stage 2 to be delayed by 3 months, will open in first quarter of next year. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20200905043623/https://www.straitstimes.com/politics/parliament-thomson-east-coast-line-stage-2-to-be-delayed-by-3-months-will-open-in-first. 5 September 2020. 5 September 2020. The Straits Times.
  228. Web site: Tan. Christopher. 23 March 2020. Stage 2 of Thomson-East Coast Line likely to open after July; operating hours shortened to prepare for it. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20200905043919/https://www.straitstimes.com/singapore/transport/tel-to-shorten-operating-hours-from-april-to-july-to-prepare-for-opening-of-new. 5 September 2020. 5 September 2020. The Straits Times.
  229. Web site: Ng. Charmaine. 30 July 2020. Works for Stage 2 of Thomson-East Coast Line progressing at slower pace due to constraints: LTA. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20200731032852/https://www.straitstimes.com/singapore/transport/works-for-stage-2-of-thomson-east-coast-line-progressing-at-slower-pace-due-to. 31 July 2020. 5 September 2020. The Straits Times.
  230. Web site: 23 March 2020. News Room – news-releases – Joint News Release by the Land Transport Authority (LTA) & SMRT: Shorter Operating Hours for Thomson-East Coast Line from April to July 2020. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20200905044258/https://www.lta.gov.sg/content/ltagov/en/newsroom/2020/march/news-releases/Shorter_operating_hours_for_Thomson_East_Coast_Line.html. 5 September 2020. 5 September 2020. www.lta.gov.sg.
  231. Web site: 17 January 2020. News Room – news-releases – Factsheet: Progress Update on Thomson-East Coast Line Stage 2. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20200824134709/https://www.lta.gov.sg/content/ltagov/en/newsroom/2020/january/news-releases/Factsheet_progress_update_TEL_stage_two.html. 24 August 2020. 5 September 2020. www.lta.gov.sg.
  232. Web site: New MRT stations, line extensions and a possible new rail line: LTA's 2040 blueprint. 25 May 2019. TODAYonline. https://web.archive.org/web/20190525081451/https://www.todayonline.com/singapore/new-mrt-stations-tel-extension-and-possible-new-rail-line-lta-2040-blueprint. 25 May 2019. live.
  233. Web site: Studies for West Coast extension ongoing. 24 July 2019. The Straits Times. en. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20190724134304/https://www.straitstimes.com/forum/letters-in-print/studies-for-west-coast-extension-ongoing. 24 July 2019. 11 December 2019.
  234. Web site: Jurong line may be extended to link with Circle line. todayonline.com. 25 August 2015. 4 November 2017. https://web.archive.org/web/20171005152312/http://www.todayonline.com/singapore/opening-pedestrian-link-bridges-clementi-mrt-station. 5 October 2017. live.
  235. Web site: LTA News Room News Releases LTA Awards Civil Contract for the Cross Island Line Phase 1. 8 March 2021. www.lta.gov.sg.
  236. Web site: The 10 most expensive rail construction projects in 2022 . Nilson . Peter . Future Rail . 16 March 2023 . Net Resources International.
  237. Web site: 跨岛线将衔接白沙和榜鹅 车程时间减半. 10 March 2020. Zaobao. 10 March 2020. zh. https://web.archive.org/web/20200310054628/https://www.zaobao.com.sg/realtime/singapore/story20200310-1035858. 10 March 2020. live.
  238. Web site: Wong. Kai Yi. Punggol residents to get four more train stations by 2031. The Straits Times. 10 March 2020. 10 March 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200310040222/https://www.straitstimes.com/singapore/transport/punggol-residents-to-get-four-more-train-stations-by-2031. 10 March 2020. live.
  239. Web site: Punggol extension on Cross Island Line to begin construction in 2022. CNA. en. 10 March 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200310042859/https://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/singapore/punggol-extension-cross-island-line-mrt-stations-construction-12521038. 10 March 2020.
  240. Web site: Two New Rail lines and Three New Extensions to Expand Rail Network by 2030. Land Transport Authority. 17 January 2013. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20191227142404/https://www.lta.gov.sg/content/ltagov/en/newsroom/2013/1/2/two-new-rail-lines-and-three-new-extensions-to-expand-rail-network-by-2030.html. 27 December 2019.
  241. News: New train station in Punggol North by 2023. 7 June 2017. Channel NewsAsia. 7 June 2017. https://web.archive.org/web/20170607052527/http://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/singapore/new-train-station-in-punggol-north-by-2023-8923824. 7 June 2017. live.
  242. News: North-East line extension to open in 2023 instead of 2030; to cater to developments in the Punggol area. 7 June 2017. The Straits Times. 7 June 2017. https://web.archive.org/web/20170611020750/http://www.straitstimes.com/singapore/transport/north-east-line-extension-to-open-in-2023-instead-of-2030-to-cater-to. 11 June 2017. live.
  243. News: North-East line extension serving Punggol North to open in 2023 instead of 2030, to cater to developments in the Punggol North area. The Straits Times. 7 June 2017. 7 June 2017. https://web.archive.org/web/20170611020750/http://www.straitstimes.com/singapore/transport/north-east-line-extension-to-open-in-2023-instead-of-2030-to-cater-to. 11 June 2017. live.
  244. Web site: Yong. Clement. Punggol Coast MRT station ready by 2024, 40% of work completed. The Straits Times. 13 November 2020. 13 November 2020.
  245. Web site: Abdullah. Zhaki. Opening of new Punggol Coast MRT station to be delayed to 2024. CNA. 15 November 2020. 13 November 2020.
  246. R C Longden. E W Finch. amp. April 1987. Automatic Fare Collection — Serving the Commuter. MRTC & IES 1987. 319–324.
  247. Web site: Pilot Run of the Account-Based Ticketing . TransitLink.
  248. Web site: Transit Link Product & Services. Transit Link. 23 August 2020.
  249. Web site: Transit Link Travel Information. Transit Link. 23 August 2020. 17 July 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20190717024450/https://www.transitlink.com.sg/TIdetail.aspx?ty=art&Id=83. dead.
  250. [#lta1996|Land Transport Authority, Singapore 1996]
  251. [#sharp2005|Sharp 2005]
  252. Web site: Transit Link Travel Information. Transit Link. 29 December 2018. 23 August 2020.
  253. Web site: Fare Structure. PTC. 28 December 2019. 23 August 2020.
  254. Web site: Transport Tools – Fare Calculator. LTA. 17 August 2020. 23 August 2020.
  255. News: Tricky balance in fare changes. 17 September 2007. The Straits Times. 21.
  256. News: Yvonne Cheong. Public transport fare hike not justified as SMRT still profitable: CASE. https://archive.today/20080202003159/http://www.channelnewsasia.com/stories/singaporelocalnews/view/145571/1/.html. dead. 2 February 2008. Channel NewsAsia. Singapore. 14 April 2005.
  257. News: Bus and MRT fares to go up from Oct 1. Christopher Tan. 13 September 2008. The Straits Times. 1.
  258. Web site: Public transport fares may be standardised. 10 October 2016. The Straits Times. en. https://web.archive.org/web/20190406131955/https://www.straitstimes.com/singapore/public-transport-fares-may-be-standardised. 6 April 2019. live. 6 April 2019.
  259. Web site: Public transport fares to fall by 4.2% from Dec 30 due to lower energy prices. CNA. en. 6 April 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20190406131958/https://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/singapore/public-transport-fares-to-fall-by-4-2-from-dec-30-due-to-lower-e-7751976. 6 April 2019. live.
  260. News: PTC to review fares incurred when switching between MRT stations, says Khaw.. 22 October 2017. Channel NewsAsia. https://web.archive.org/web/20171023052138/http://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/singapore/ptc-to-review-fares-incurred-when-switching-between-mrt-stations-9327622. 23 October 2017. live.
  261. News: Review underway to address additional fares when switching between MRT lines: Khaw. Koh. Valerie. 20 October 2017. TODAY Online. https://web.archive.org/web/20171023064301/http://www.todayonline.com/singapore/review-underway-address-additional-fares-when-switching-between-mrt-lines-khaw. 23 October 2017. live.
  262. Web site: Commuters can exit and re-enter rail system without penalty. 22 March 2018. The Straits Times. en. 11 March 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20180326175958/http://www.straitstimes.com/singapore/transport/commuters-can-exit-and-re-enter-rail-system-without-penalty. 26 March 2018. live.
  263. News: SimplyGo with new transport payment option. Abdullah. Zhaki. The Straits Times. SPH Media. 5 April 2019.
  264. Web site: LTA Getting Around Public Transport Plan Your Journey. Land Transport Authority. 30 May 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200503070438/https://www.lta.gov.sg/content/ltagov/en/getting_around/public_transport/plan_your_journey.html. 3 May 2020. live.
  265. News: Free replacement exercise on till Sept 30. https://archive.today/20130105051306/http://www.straitstimes.com/print/Breaking%2BNews/Singapore/Story/STIStory_323895.html. 5 January 2013. Maria Almenoar. 9 January 2009. The Straits Times. 20 July 2009.
  266. News: LTA shelves plan to replace older public transport payment cards with SimplyGo by June . The Straits Times. SPH Media. 22 January 2024.
  267. Web site: Ez-link card . 2024-01-12 . National Library Board . 2016 . Shereen . Tay.
  268. News: Commentary: SimplyGo Ez-link woes — why contactless card payments haven't taken off in S'pore as they have elsewhere . Siew. Alfred. 19 January 2024 . Today . MediaCorp.
  269. Web site: Singapore Account Based Ticketing (ABT) System Development & Maintenance . MSI Global . 2024-01-12 . en-US.
  270. Web site: SimplyGo . SimplyGo.
  271. Web site: LTA launches digital payment scheme for public transport. 4 April 2019. The Straits Times. en. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20190405083247/https://www.straitstimes.com/singapore/transport/lta-launches-digital-payment-scheme-for-public-transport. 5 April 2019. 5 April 2019.
  272. Web site: Visa contactless cards can be used to pay train, bus fares from June 6. 16 May 2019. The Straits Times. 25 May 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20190525114545/https://www.straitstimes.com/singapore/visa-card-users-can-pay-train-bus-fares-using-simplygo-contactless-system-from-june-6. 25 May 2019. live.
  273. Web site: Commuters to be able to pay for public transport rides with Nets cards from next Saturday. 7 November 2019. The Straits Times. en. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20191211112950/https://www.straitstimes.com/singapore/commuters-to-be-able-to-pay-for-public-transport-rides-with-nets-cards-from-next-saturday. 11 December 2019. 11 December 2019.
  274. Web site: 1 September 2020. SimplyGo pilot programme to expand use of adult EZ-Link cards. 4 September 2020. CNA. en.
  275. Web site: LTA | Sale of Standard Tickets at General Ticketing Machines to be progressively phased out from 1 January 2022. Land Transport Authority. 14 August 2021. 6 August 2021.
  276. News: New unlimited travel pass for visitors. Maria Almenoar. 13 December 2007. The Straits Times. 35.
  277. Web site: Type of Passes. The Singapore Tourist Pass. en-US. 30 May 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200513222123/https://thesingaporetouristpass.com.sg/type-of-passes/. 13 May 2020. live.
  278. Web site: Faulty train, supervision system behind major NSL, DTL disruptions. 17 August 2017. TODAYonline. 31 July 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20190520044834/https://www.todayonline.com/singapore/signalling-faults-bring-down-entire-downtown-line-and-cause-delays-north-south-line-friday. 20 May 2019. live.
  279. Web site: Ex-SMRT engineer speaks out about the frequent breakdowns. 13 July 2015. 13 March 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20180128150725/https://www.theonlinecitizen.com/2015/07/13/ex-smrt-engineer-speaks-out-about-the-frequent-breakdowns/. 28 January 2018. live.
  280. News: Govt shares some blame for Dec's MRT breakdowns: Lui. Hetty Musfirah. Abdul Khamid. amp. 28 March 2014. Channel NewsAsia. 10 July 2012. dead. https://web.archive.org/web/20140328115036/http://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/singapore/govt-shares-some-blame-fo/281696.html. 28 March 2014.
  281. Web site: SMRT to be Fined $2 million for December 2011 Train Service Disruptions along the North South line. Land Transport Authority. 16 July 2012. dead. https://web.archive.org/web/20120728090843/http://app.lta.gov.sg/corp_press_content.asp?start=d2ll0vrq3cz96cef5wj42dh8j1q3efyo7fup731j33uhs19s6m. 28 July 2012. dmy-all.
  282. Web site: SMRT chief executive resigns. Asiaone. SPH. 2 November 2017. https://web.archive.org/web/20171030011214/http://www.asiaone.com/News/Latest%2BNews/Singapore/Story/A1Story20120106-320357.html. 30 October 2017. live.
  283. News: Singapore's subway suffers massive breakdown in rush hour. Reuters. 7 July 2015. 1 July 2017. https://web.archive.org/web/20170919234054/https://af.reuters.com/article/commoditiesNews/idAFL3N0ZN4RJ20150707. 19 September 2017. dead.
  284. News: Massive SMRT disruption due to leak on rail insulator. The Star (Malaysia). 30 July 2015. 26 September 2015. https://web.archive.org/web/20150927111900/http://www.thestar.com.my/News/Regional/2015/07/30/Massive-SMRT-disruption-due-to-leak-on-rail-insulator/. 27 September 2015. live.
  285. News: SMRT to be fined a record S$5.4m for July 7 MRT breakdown. 28 September 2015. Channel NewsAsia. 23 September 2015. https://web.archive.org/web/20150928212709/http://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/singapore/smrt-to-be-fined-s-5-4m/2146104.html. 28 September 2015. live.
  286. News: SMRT accident: 2 men were part of group of 15 led by supervisor and walking facing oncoming train. Seow Bei Yi. Lim, Adrian. Driscoll, Shea. 23 March 2016. The Straits Times. Singapore. 16 December 2016. https://web.archive.org/web/20170309160615/http://www.straitstimes.com/singapore/transport/smrt-accident-2-men-were-part-of-group-of-15-led-by-supervisor-and-walking. 9 March 2017. live.
  287. News: SMRT acknowledges safety procedure not followed before fatal accident. 23 March 2016. Channel NewsAsia. Singapore. 16 December 2016. https://web.archive.org/web/20161018043650/http://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/singapore/smrt-acknowledges-lapse/2630038.html. 18 October 2016. live.
  288. News: 2 SMRT staff dead in accident near Pasir Ris station. Channel NewsAsia. Singapore. 22 March 2016. 24 March 2016. https://web.archive.org/web/20160326053636/http://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/singapore/2-smrt-staff-dead-in/2625352.html?cx_tag=undefined&cid=tg:recos:undefined:standard#cxrecs_s. 26 March 2016. live.
  289. Web site: Flooded tunnel causes disruption. TodayOnline. 8 October 2017. 21 October 2017. https://web.archive.org/web/20171021215718/http://m.todayonline.com/singapore/bishan-braddell-mrt-stations-among-35-flood-proofed-recent-years. 21 October 2017. live.
  290. Web site: Citizens take issues with Transport Minister's statement on maintenance lapses of SMRT. The Online Citizen. 18 October 2017 . Neyla Zannia. 2 November 2017. https://web.archive.org/web/20171107005134/https://www.theonlinecitizen.com/2017/10/18/citizens-take-issue-with-transport-ministers-statement-on-maintenance-lapses-of-smrt/. 7 November 2017. live.
  291. Web site: Negligence by SMRT crew tantamount to criminal offence, analyst says. TodayOnline. MediaCorp. 1 November 2017. https://web.archive.org/web/20171103135917/http://www.todayonline.com/singapore/negligence-smrt-crew-tantamount-criminal-offence-analyst-says. 3 November 2017. live.
  292. News: On track to solve public transport woes?. Sim. Royston. 3 May 2014. Straits Times. 28 September 2015. https://web.archive.org/web/20150929085906/http://lkyspp.nus.edu.sg/ips/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2013/04/ST-On-track-to-solve-public-transport-woes-030514.pdf. 29 September 2015. dead.
  293. Web site: Public Transport Overall Satisfaction Dips in 2012; Measures to Address Areas of Dissatisfaction will be Taken. Land Transport Authority. 27 December 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20191227142917/https://www.lta.gov.sg/content/ltagov/en/newsroom/2013/3/2/public-transport-overall-satisfaction-dips-in-2012-measures-to-address-areas-of-dissatisfaction-will-be-taken.html. 27 December 2019. live.
  294. Web site: Free bus services during extended MRT disruption. Ministry of Transport Singapore. 28 September 2015. https://web.archive.org/web/20150929213812/http://www.mot.gov.sg/News-Centre/Viewpoint/Free-bus-services-during-extended-MRT-disruption/. 29 September 2015. dead.
  295. Web site: MRT network hit new high in measure of reliability. The New Paper. Singapore Press Holdings. 12 February 2019. 12 September 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20190212221630/https://www.tnp.sg/news/singapore/mrt-network-hit-new-high-measure-reliability. 12 February 2019. live.
  296. Web site: North-South line's train reliability now on par with Hong Kong, Taipei systems: Khaw Boon Wan. Channel News Asia. Mediacorp. 5 July 2019. 12 September 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20191117070426/https://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/singapore/north-south-line-train-rail-reliability-on-par-hong-kong-taipei-11694564. 17 November 2019. live.
  297. Web site: Singapore's MRT railway revival bodes well for ruling PAP, but can it last?. South China Morning Post. 14 October 2019. 14 October 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20191014033831/https://www.scmp.com/week-asia/economics/article/3032573/singapores-mrt-railway-revival-bodes-well-ruling-pap-can-it. 14 October 2019. live.
  298. López, M.J.J. (1996), Den Haag: RCM-advies, "Crime Prevention Guidelines for the Construction & Management of Metro Systems" , pp. 35–39.
  299. The Link of the Yishun Videotape. Minister for Home Affairs (Singapore). 24 January 2002. dead. https://web.archive.org/web/20121205141210/http://www.mha.gov.sg/news_details.aspx?nid=Mjkw-%2BOcL7QaKank%3D. 5 December 2012.
  300. News: Security guards start MRT patrols. Goh Chin Lian. 1 June 2004. The Straits Times. 4.
  301. News: Johnson Choo. CCTVs at 35 elevated MRT stations to have recording capability by Oct 2004. https://web.archive.org/web/20041113184133/http://www.channelnewsasia.com/stories/singaporelocalnews/view/99715/1/.html. dead. 13 November 2004. Channel NewsAsia. 7 August 2004.
  302. News: Goh Chin Lian. Buses, trains get security cameras. The Straits Times. 6 June 2006. 5.
  303. News: Postboxes moved out of MRT, LRT stations. Goh Chin Lian. 13 May 2005. The Straits Times. Singapore. 5.
  304. News: Karen Chow (SMRT Corporation). Why no photos at MRT stations... (Letter to the editor). The Straits Times. 4 September 2007. 29.
  305. News: Dominique Loh. MRT stations to have armed police officers on patrol. https://archive.today/20080202003154/http://www.channelnewsasia.com/stories/singaporelocalnews/view/142602/1/.html. dead. 2 February 2008. Channel NewsAsia. 2 May 2005.
  306. Web site: Mahmud. Aqil Haziq. Not just about screening people: TransCom police officers trying to be friendly too, commander says. CNA. 27 November 2019. 12 August 2020.
  307. News: Armed police patrol trains. Khushwant Singh. Asad Latif. 16 August 2005. The Straits Times. 1.
  308. News: Johnson Choo. Special armed police unit begins MRT patrols. https://archive.today/20080202003209/http://www.channelnewsasia.com/stories/singaporelocalnews/view/163270/1/.html. dead. 2 February 2008. Channel NewsAsia. 15 August 2005.
  309. News: Singapore holds largest-ever terror attack response drill. Channel NewsAsia. 8 January 2006. http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20060117061315/http%3A//www%2Echannelnewsasia%2Ecom/stories/singaporelocalnews/view/187113/1/%2Ehtml. 17 January 2006.
  310. Web site: Joint News Release by the Land Transport Authority & SBST – Ground Deployment Exercise to Improve Incident Management. Land Transport Authority. 22 August 2013. 27 December 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20191227143156/https://www.lta.gov.sg/content/ltagov/en/newsroom/2013/8/2/joint-news-release-by-the-land-transport-authority-sbst---ground-deployment-exercise-to-improve-incident-management.html. 27 December 2019. live.
  311. News: MRT graffiti read: 'Jet Setter's'. Joy Fang. my paper. Singapore. 19 August 2011. 19 September 2011. https://web.archive.org/web/20120601075436/http://news.asiaone.com/News/AsiaOne+News/Singapore/Story/A1Story20110819-295140.html. 1 June 2012. dead.
  312. News: MRT train vandalised at Bishan depot. AsiaOne. Singapore. 17 August 2011. 19 September 2011. https://web.archive.org/web/20110825152626/http://www.asiaone.com/News/AsiaOne%2BNews/Singapore/Story/A1Story20110817-294968.html. 25 August 2011. live.
  313. News: SMRT says staff mistook graffiti on train for advert. Imelda Saad. Channel NewsAsia. 8 June 2010. 19 September 2011. https://web.archive.org/web/20111229092713/http://www.channelnewsasia.com/stories/singaporelocalnews/view/1061853/1/.html. 29 December 2011. live.
  314. News: SMRT given maximum fine. Evelyn Choo. Channel NewsAsia. 14 February 2011. 19 September 2011. https://web.archive.org/web/20110831155623/http://www.channelnewsasia.com/stories/singaporelocalnews/view/1110605/1/.html. 31 August 2011. live.
  315. Web site: Accessibility . 2023-10-29 . www.smrttrains.com.sg.
  316. News: 2022-10-19 . Forum: A young person may have good reason to need MRTpriority seat . en . The Straits Times . 2023-10-29 . 0585-3923.
  317. Web site: Another S'pore woman shamed online for allegedly not giving up priority seat to elderly man . 2023-10-29 . mothership.sg . en.
  318. News: 2022-10-17 . Forum: People ignore sign and occupy priority seats on MRT . en . The Straits Times . 2023-10-29 . 0585-3923.
  319. Web site: "May I have a seat please?" Sticker / Lanyard and Card . 2023-10-29 . Caring SG Commuters . en.
  320. Web site: LTA An Inclusive Public Transport System . 2023-10-29 . www.lta.gov.sg.
  321. Web site: All stares and no offers to sit: Travelling on public transport with a 'May I have a seat please?' lanyard . 2023-10-29 . CNA . en.
  322. Web site: Rapid Transit Systems Regulations - Singapore Statutes Online . 2023-10-29 . sso.agc.gov.sg . en.
  323. Web site: Rapid Transit Systems Regulations - Singapore Statutes Online . 2023-10-29 . sso.agc.gov.sg . en.
  324. Web site: 17 July 2009 . Fined $30 for eating sweet . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20090718224218if_/http://www.straitstimes.com/Breaking+News/Singapore/Story/STIStory_404559.html . 18 July 2009 . The Straits Times.
  325. Web site: FAQs - Food and Drink in the network . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20230606103534/https://smrttrains.com.sg/Journey-with-Us/Travel-Information/FAQs#9279129-can-i-eat-and-drink-in-trains-and-stations . 6 June 2023 . 29 October 2023 . SMRT.
  326. Web site: Yeo Wee Kiat . Alvin . 26 June 2012 . Reconsider ban on drinking water in MRT . 2023-10-29 . NewspaperSG . Today_(Singapore_newspaper).
  327. Web site: 9 September 2002 . Ban on water in trains inconsiderate . 2023-10-29 . NewspaperSG.
  328. Web site: 25 May 2001 . Why can't I drink mineral water on MRT? . 2023-10-29 . NewspaperSG.

This article is licensed under the GNU Free Documentation License. It uses material from the Wikipedia article "Mass Rapid Transit (Singapore)".

Except where otherwise indicated, Everything.Explained.Today is © Copyright 2009-2024, A B Cryer, All Rights Reserved. Cookie policy.