Masjid al-Haram explained

The Sacred Mosque of Mecca
Native Name: (Arabic: ٱَلْمَسْجِدُ ٱلْحَرَام)
Religious Affiliation:Islam
Map Type:Saudi Arabia#Middle East
Coordinates:21.4225°N 39.8261°W
Map Size:250
Map Relief:1
Location:Mecca, Hejaz (present-day)[1]
Tradition:Muslims
Administration:General Presidency of Haramain
Leadership:Abd ar-Raḥman as-Sudais (as President of the Affairs of the Two Holy Mosques and Chief Imam)
Ali Ahmed Mullah (Chief Mu'athin)
Architecture Type:Mosque
Capacity:3.0million[2]
Site Area:356,000 square metres (88 acres) [3]
Minaret Quantity:7, (6 more under construction)

Masjid al-Haram (Arabic: {{Script|Arab|ٱَلْمَسْجِدُ ٱلْحَرَام),[4] also known as the Sacred Mosque or the Great Mosque of Mecca,[5] is considered to be the most significant mosque in Islam.[6] [7] It encloses the vicinity of the Kaaba in Mecca, in the Mecca Province of Saudi Arabia. It is among the pilgrimage sites associated with the Hajj, which every Muslim must perform at least once in their lives if able. It is also the main site for the performance of ʿUmrah, the lesser pilgrimage that can be undertaken any time of the year. The rites of both pilgrimages include circumambulating the Kaaba within the mosque. The Great Mosque includes other important significant sites, such as the Black Stone, the Zamzam Well, Maqam Ibrahim, and the hills of Safa and Marwa.[8]

the Great Mosque is both the largest mosque in the world, and the most expensive building in the world. It has undergone major renovations and expansions through the years.[9] It has passed through the control of various caliphs, sultans and kings, and is now under the control of the King of Saudi Arabia who is titled the Custodian of the Two Holy Mosques.[10]

History

The Great Mosque contends with the Masjid As-Sahabah in the Eritrean city of Massawa[11] and Quba Mosque in Medina as the oldest mosque.[12] According to Islamic tradition, Islam as a religion precedes Muhammad,[13] [14] [15] representing previous prophets such as Abraham.[16] Abraham is credited by Muslims with having built the Kaaba in Mecca, and consequently its sanctuary, which according to the Muslim view is seen as the first mosque[17] that ever existed.[18] [19] [20] According to other scholars, Islam started during the lifetime of Muhammad in the 7th century CE,[21] and so did architectural components such as the mosque. In that case, either the Mosque of the Companions[22] or Quba Mosque would be the first mosque that was built in the history of Islam.[17]

Era of Abraham and Ismael

According to Islamic tradition in the Quran, Abraham, together with his son Ismael, raised the foundations of a house,[23] which has been identified by commentators as the Kaaba. It is believed that God showed Abraham the exact site, which was previously built by Adam, very near to what is now the Well of Zamzam, where Abraham and Ishmael began work on the construction of the Kaaba. After Abraham had built the Kaaba, an angel is said to have brought him the Black Stone, a celestial stone that, according to tradition, had fallen from Heaven on the nearby hill Abu Qubays. The Black Stone is believed by Islamic scholars to be the only remnant of the original structure made by Abraham.

After placing the Black Stone in the Eastern corner of the Kaaba, Abraham reportedly received a revelation in which God told the aged prophet that he should now go and proclaim the pilgrimage to mankind, so that men may come both from Arabia and from lands far away, on camel and on foot.[24]

Era of Muhammad

Upon Muhammad's victorious return to Mecca in 630 CE, he broke the idols in and around the Kaaba,[25] similar to what, according to the Quran, Abraham did in his homeland. Thus ended polytheistic use of the Kaaba, and began monotheistic rule over it and its sanctuary.[26] [27] [28] [29]

Umayyad era

The first major renovation to the mosque took place in 692, on the orders of Abd al-Malik ibn Marwan.[30] Before this renovation, which included the mosque's outer walls being raised and decoration added to the ceiling, the mosque was a small open area with the Kaaba at the center. By the end of the 8th century, the mosque's old wooden columns had been replaced with marble columns and the wings of the prayer hall had been extended on both sides along with the addition of a minaret on the orders of Al-Walid I.[31] [32] The spread of Islam in the Middle East and the influx of pilgrims required an almost complete rebuilding of the site which included adding more marble and three more minarets.

Ottoman era

In 1570, Sultan Selim II commissioned the chief architect Mimar Sinan to renovate the mosque. This renovation resulted in the replacement of the flat roof with domes decorated with calligraphy internally, and the placement of new support columns which are acknowledged as the earliest architectural features of the present mosque. These features are the oldest surviving parts of the building.

During heavy rains and flash floods in 1621 and 1629, the walls of the Kaaba and the mosque suffered extensive damage.[33] In 1629, during the reign of Sultan Murad IV, the mosque was renovated. In the renovation of the mosque, a new stone arcade was added, three more minarets (bringing the total to seven) were built, and the marble flooring was retiled. This was the unaltered state of the mosque for nearly three centuries.

The Saudi era

First Saudi expansion

The first major renovation under the Saudi kings was done between 1955 and 1973. In this renovation, four more minarets were added, the ceiling was refurnished, and the floor was replaced with artificial stone and marble. The Mas'a gallery (As-Safa and Al-Marwah) is included in the Mosque, via roofing and enclosures. During this renovation many of the historical features built by the Ottomans, particularly the support columns, were demolished.

On 20 November 1979, the Great Mosque was seized by extremist insurgents who called for the overthrow of the Saudi dynasty. They took hostages and in the ensuing siege hundreds were killed. These events came as a shock to the Islamic world, as violence is strictly forbidden within the mosque.

Second Saudi expansion

The second Saudi renovations under King Fahd, added a new wing and an outdoor prayer area to the mosque. The new wing, which is also for prayers, is reached through the King Fahd Gate. This extension was performed between 1982 and 1988.[34]

1987 to 2005 saw the building of more minarets, the erecting of a King's residence overlooking the mosque and more prayer area in and around the mosque itself. These developments took place simultaneously with those in Arafat, Mina and Muzdalifah. This extension also added 18 more gates, three domes corresponding in position to each gate and the installation of nearly 500 marble columns. Other modern developments added heated floors, air conditioning, escalators and a drainage system.

In addition, the King Fahd expansion includes 6 dedicated prayer halls for people with disabilities. These halls have ramps to facilitate entry and exit with wheelchairs, as well as dedicated paths and free electric and manual carts for their use.[35]

Third Saudi expansion

In 2008, the Saudi government under King Abdullah Ibn Abdulaziz announced an expansion[36] of the mosque, involving the expropriation of land to the north and northwest of the mosque covering . At that time, the mosque covered an area of including indoor and outdoor praying spaces. 40 billion riyals (US$10.6 billion) was allocated for the expansion project.[37]

In August 2011, the government under King Abdullah announced further details of the expansion. It would cover an area of and accommodate 1.2 million worshippers, including a multi-level extension on the north side of the complex, new stairways and tunnels, a gate named after King Abdullah, and two minarets, bringing the total number of minarets to eleven. The circumambulation areas (Mataf) around the Kaaba would be expanded and all closed spaces receive air conditioning. After completion, it would raise the mosque's capacity from 770,000 to over 2.5 million worshippers.[38] [39] His successor, King Salman launched five megaprojects as part of the overall King Abdullah Expansion Project in July 2015, covering an area of . The project was carried out by the Saudi Binladin Group.[40] In 2012, the Abraj Al Bait complex was completed along with the 601 meter tall Makkah Royal Clock Tower.

On 11 September 2015, at least 111 people died and 394 were injured when a crane collapsed onto the mosque.[41] [42] [43] [44] [45] Construction work was suspended after the incident, and remained on hold due to financial issues during the 2010s oil glut. Development was eventually restarted two years later in September 2017.[46]

COVID-19 Pandemic

On 5 March 2020, during the COVID-19 pandemic, the mosque began to be closed at night and the Umrah pilgrimage was suspended to limit attendance.[47] The resumption of Umrah service began on 4 October 2020 with the first phase of a gradual resumption that was limited to Saudi citizens and expatriates from within the Kingdom at a rate of 30 percent.[48] Only 10,000 people were given Hajj visas in 2020 while 60,000 people were given visas in 2021.

List of current and former Imams

Current Imams

Former Imams

Imams

[52]

Pilgrimage

See main article: Hajj and Umrah.

The Great Mosque is the main setting for the Hajj and Umrah pilgrimages[54] that occur in the month of Dhu al-Hijja in the Islamic calendar and at any time of the year, respectively. The Hajj pilgrimage is one of the Pillars of Islam, required of all able-bodied Muslims who can afford the trip. In recent times, over 5 million Muslims perform the Hajj every year.[55]

Structures

Destruction of heritage sites

See main article: Destruction of early Islamic heritage sites in Saudi Arabia.

There has been some controversy that the expansion projects of the mosque and Mecca itself are causing harm to early Islamic heritage. Many ancient buildings, some more than a thousand years old, have been demolished to make room for the expansion. Some examples are:[64] [65]

See also

Further reading

Online

External links

Notes and References

  1. Web site: Location of Masjid al-Haram . Google Maps . 24 September 2013 . 25 May 2014 . https://web.archive.org/web/20140525232703/https://maps.google.com/maps?f=q . live .
  2. Web site: AL HARAM. makkah-madinah.accor.com.
  3. Web site: Grand Mosque Expansion Highlights Growth of Saudi Arabian Tourism Industry (6 mins) . Daye . Ali . 21 March 2018 . Cornell Real Estate Review . en-US . 9 February 2019 . 9 February 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190209180524/https://blog.realestate.cornell.edu/2018/03/21/grandmosqueexpansion/ . live .
  4. Book: Denny, Frederick M. . Sainthood: Its Manifestations in World Religions . 69 . Kieckhefer . Richard . Bond . George D. . University of California Press . 9 August 1990 . 9780520071896 . 18 August 2019 . 18 September 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210918143013/https://books.google.com/books?id=7jj4QLAN2coC&pg=PA69 . live .
  5. Web site: Great Mosque of Mecca History, Expansion, & Facts . 2020-08-08 . Encyclopedia Britannica . en . 11 December 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20191211000810/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Great-Mosque-of-Mecca . live .
  6. Book: Holy Lands of Abrahamic Religions: A Brief History and Pilgrimage . 979-8-88869-631-6 . Ravindran . K. . 5 January 2023 . Notion Press .
  7. Book: Illustrated Dictionary of the Muslim World . 15 January 2011 . Cavendish Square Publishing, LLC . 978-0-7614-9966-4 .
  8. y . ns.
  9. News: Mecca crane collapse: Saudi inquiry into Grand Mosque disaster . BBC News . 12 September 2015 . 12 February 2019 . 12 September 2015 . https://web.archive.org/web/20150912214722/http://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-34231620 . live .
  10. Web site: Is Saudi Arabia Ready for Moderate Islam? – Latest Gulf News . www.fairobserver.com . 3 November 2017 . en-US . 2017-11-25 . 1 December 2017 . https://web.archive.org/web/20171201044324/https://www.fairobserver.com/region/middle_east_north_africa/mohammad-bin-salman-moderate-islam-saudi-arabia-reform-news-10621/ . live .
  11. Book: Reid, Richard J. . A History of Modern Africa: 1800 to the Present . 12 January 2012 . . 978-0470658987 . 106 . The Islamic Frontier in Eastern Africa . 15 March 2015 . 5 March 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210305080106/https://books.google.com/books?id=US6RQtYwasUC . live .
  12. Book: Historical Dictionary of Architecture . Palmer, A. L. . 2016-05-26 . . 978-1442263093 . 2 . 185–236 . 22 October 2018 . 1 August 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200801023854/https://books.google.com/books?id=aMsvDAAAQBAJ . live .
  13. Book: Esposito, John . Islam: The Straight Path (3rd ed.) . Oxford University Press . 1998 . 978-0-19-511234-4 . 9, 12.
  14. Esposito (2002b), pp. 4–5.
  15. Book: Peters, F.E. . Islam: A Guide for Jews and Christians . Princeton University Press . 2003 . 978-0-691-11553-5 . 9 .
  16. Book: Alli, Irfan . 25 Prophets of Islam . 2013-02-26 . eBookIt.com . 978-1456613075 . 9 February 2019 . 14 April 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210414010428/https://books.google.com/books?id=5nRJK9sLjLsC . live .
  17. Book: Historical Dictionary of Architecture . Palmer, A. L. . 2016-05-26 . . 978-1442263093 . 2nd . 185–236 . 22 October 2018 . 1 August 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200801023854/https://books.google.com/books?id=aMsvDAAAQBAJ . live .
  18. Book: The Meeting of Two Worlds: Cultural Exchange Between East and West During the Period of the Crusades . Michigan Consortium for Medieval and Early Modern Studies . Medieval Institute Publications, Western Michigan University . 1986 . 978-0918720580 . Goss, V. P. . 21 . 208 . Bornstein, C. V. . 9 February 2019 . 20 November 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20201120141313/https://books.google.com/books?id=p44kAQAAMAAJ . live .
  19. News: The Holy Land, Jerusalem and Al-Aqsa Mosque in the Qur'an, Sunnah and other Islamic Literary Source . Mustafa Abu Sway . https://web.archive.org/web/20110728001911/http://www.wcfia.harvard.edu/sites/default/files/Abusway_0.pdf . 2011-07-28 . dead . Central Conference of American Rabbis.
  20. Book: Senses of Devotion: Interfaith Aesthetics in Buddhist and Muslim Communities . Dyrness, W. A. . 2013-05-29 . Wipf and Stock Publishers . 978-1620321362 . 7 . 25 . 9 February 2019 . 13 April 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210413224454/https://books.google.com/books?id=inJNAwAAQBAJ . live .
  21. Book: Watt, William Montgomery . Islam and the Integration of Society . Psychology Press . 2003 . 978-0-415-17587-6 . 5 . W. Montgomery Watt . 9 February 2019 . 6 August 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200806062823/https://books.google.com/books?id=AQUZ6BGyohQC . live .
  22. Book: Reid, Richard J. . A History of Modern Africa: 1800 to the Present . 12 January 2012 . . 978-0470658987 . 106 . The Islamic Frontier in Eastern Africa . 15 March 2015 . https://books.google.com/books?id=US6RQtYwasUC . 5 March 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210305080106/https://books.google.com/books?id=US6RQtYwasUC . live .
  23. y. ns.
  24. Web site: Quran 22:27 . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20161003073536/http://legacy.quran.com/22/27-39 . 3 October 2016 . 1 October 2016.
  25. 58 . ns.
  26. Mecca: From Before Genesis Until Now, M. Lings, pg. 39, Archetype
  27. Concise Encyclopedia of Islam, C. Glasse, Kaaba, Suhail Academy
  28. Book: Ibn Ishaq, Muhammad . Ibn Ishaq's Sirat Rasul Allah – The Life of Muhammad Translated by A. Guillaume . Oxford University Press . Oxford . 88–9 . 1955 . 9780196360331.
  29. Book: 11 . Islam: A Short History . limited . Karen Armstrong . 0-8129-6618-X . 2002.
  30. Book: Guidetti, Mattia . In the Shadow of the Church: The Building of Mosques in Early Medieval Syria: The Building of Mosques in Early Medieval Syria . 2016 . . 9789004328839 . 113 . 17 September 2017 . en . 20 November 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20211120051251/https://books.google.com/books?id=3n5yDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA113 . live .
  31. Book: Petersen . Andrew . Dictionary of Islamic Architecture . 2002 . Routledge . 9781134613656 . 17 September 2017 . en . 20 November 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20211120051315/https://books.google.com/books?id=9A-EAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA180 . live .
  32. Book: Ali . Wijdan . Wijdan Ali . The Arab Contribution to Islamic Art: From the Seventh to the Fifteenth Centuries . 1999 . American Univ in Cairo Press . 9789774244766 . 17 September 2017 . en . 20 November 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20211120051252/https://books.google.com/books?id=rpUuqLPPKK4C . live .
  33. Book: James Wynbrandt . A Brief History of Saudi Arabia . 12 June 2013 . 2010 . Infobase Publishing . 978-0-8160-7876-9 . 101 . 3 January 2014 . https://web.archive.org/web/20140103080820/http://books.google.com/books?id=eZkIXdsZpPsC&pg=PA101 . live .
  34. Web site: Gates of Masjid al-Haram . Madain Project . 17 March 2018 . 18 March 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20180318054614/http://madainproject.com/gates_of_masjid_al_haram . live .
  35. News: Presidency of the Two Holy Mosques. (2023, August 3). 6 dedicated prayer halls for people with disabilities in the King Fahd expansion of the Grand Mosque. Tweet. .
  36. Web site: King 'Abdullah Extension of Masjid al-Haram . Madain Project . 20 September 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200920043613/https://madainproject.com/king_abdullah_expansion . 20 September 2020.
  37. News: Riyadh Expands Masjid al-Haram . 6 January 2008 . OnIslam.net . https://web.archive.org/web/20131228064216/http://www.onislam.net/english/news/global/436921.html . 28 December 2013.
  38. News: Historic Masjid Al-Haram Extension Launched . 20 August 2011 . onislam . 17 November 2011 . https://web.archive.org/web/20120512045113/http://www.onislam.net/english/news/global/453578-historic-masjid-al-haram-extension-launched.html . 12 May 2012.
  39. News: Saudi Arabia starts Mecca mosque expansion . reuters.com . 20 August 2011 . 26 June 2012 . 20 June 2017 . https://web.archive.org/web/20170620021934/http://ca.reuters.com/article/topNews/idCATRE77J0W520110820?sp=true . live .
  40. News: King launches key Grand Mosque expansion projects . 12 July 2015 . Saudi Gazette . 9 February 2019 . 9 February 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190209180554/http://saudigazette.com.sa/article/129324/King-launches-key-Grand-Mosque-expansion-projects . live .
  41. News: Makkah crane crash report submitted . . . 15 September 2015 . 14 September 2015 . 26 December 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20181226082034/http://english.alarabiya.net/en/News/middle-east/2015/09/14/Makkah-crane-crash-report-submitted-to-King-Salman.html%20 . live .
  42. News: King Salman to make findings of Makkah crane collapse probe public . Arabian Business . 14 September 2015 . 2015-09-14 . 18 August 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20180818052219/https://www.arabianbusiness.com/king-salman-make-findings-of-makkah-crane-collapse-probe-public-606166.html . live .
  43. Web site: Number of casualties of Turkish Haji candidates at the Kaaba accident reach 8… . 13 September 2015 . . 15 September 2015 . https://web.archive.org/web/20150926041627/http://www.diyanet.gov.tr/en/content/number-of-casualties-of-turkish-haji-candidates-at-the-kaaba-accident-reach-8%E2%80%A6/29131 . 26 September 2015 . dead . dmy-all.
  44. News: Six Nigerians among victims of Saudi crane accident: official . . . 16 September 2015 . 16 September 2015 . 26 December 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20181226082050/https://news.yahoo.com/six-nigerians-among-victims-saudi-crane-accident-official-212950610.html%20 . live .
  45. News: Two Brits dead and three injured in Mecca Grand Mosque crane tragedy that killed 107 people l . Ruth . Halkon . Sam . Webb . . 16 September 2015 . 13 September 2015 . 16 September 2015 . https://web.archive.org/web/20150916002621/http://www.mirror.co.uk/news/world-news/two-brits-dead-three-injured-6436848 . live .
  46. News: Saudi Arabia to restart work on $26.6 bln Grand Mosque expansion . 2017-08-17 . Reuters . 2019-02-14 . en . 15 February 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190215050929/https://www.reuters.com/article/saudi-construction-idUSL8N1L32DS . live .
  47. Web site: Saudi Arabia announces extraordinary measures to protect Mecca and Medina from coronavirus . Middle East Eye . en . 2020-03-08 . 8 March 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200308230922/https://www.middleeasteye.net/news/coronavirus-saudi-arabia-mosques-mecca-medina . live .
  48. Web site: COVID-19: 60,000 worshipers allowed to pray at Grand Mosque, Saudi Arabia, from Sunday . 2020-10-30 . gulfnews.com . 29 October 2020 . en . 30 October 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20201030193130/https://gulfnews.com/world/gulf/saudi/covid-19-60000-worshipers-allowed-to-pray-at-grand-mosque-saudi-arabia-from-sunday-1.74914041 . live .
  49. Web site: List of 10 Imams of Masjid al Haram | Who is the Current Imam? | . 28 April 2022 .
  50. Web site: 2019-05-17 . Sheikh Dr. Faisal Jameel Ghazzawi, Makkah Grand Mosque imam . 2021-08-28 . Arab News . en . 28 August 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210828021815/https://www.arabnews.com/node/1498501/saudi-arabia . live .
  51. Web site: 2021-07-19 . Who's Who: Sheikh Bandar Baleelah, imam at the Grand Mosque in Makkah . 2021-08-28 . Arab News . en . 20 November 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20211120051420/https://www.arabnews.com/node/1897011/saudi-arabia . live .
  52. Web site: Names of Former Imams 1345–1435 Ah . 3 May 2018 . 18 May 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20180518123059/http://www.saaid.net/Doat/gamdi/25.htm . live .
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  54. Book: Mohammed, Mamdouh N. . Hajj to Umrah: From A to Z . 1996 . Mamdouh Mohammed . 0-915957-54-X .
  55. General statistics of the Umrah season of 1436 A.H. until 24:00 hours, 28/09/1436 A.H. Total Number of the Mu`tamirs: 5,715,051 Web site: General statistics of the Umrah season of 1436 A.H. . The Ministry of Hajj, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia . https://web.archive.org/web/20150813004502/http://www.haj.gov.sa/en-us/Pages/default.aspx . 13 August 2015 . dead . dmy-all.
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  64. News: Mecca for the Rich: Islam's holiest site turning into Vegas . The Independent . Jerome . Taylor . 24 September 2011 . 5 December 2017 . 16 June 2017 . https://web.archive.org/web/20170616174556/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/mecca-for-the-rich-islams-holiest-site-turning-into-vegas-2360114.html . live .
  65. Web site: Dr.Sami Angawi on Wahhabi Desecration of Makkah . 28 November 2010 . Abou-Ragheb . Laith . 12 July 2005 . Center for Islamic Pluralism . 22 July 2016 . https://web.archive.org/web/20160722073326/http://www.islamicpluralism.org/467/dr-sami-angawi-on-wahhabi-desecration-of-makkah . live .
  66. Web site: 2020-07-19 . Ottoman Portico Demonstrates Kurşun's Lack of Knowledge of Historical Sources . 2021-03-08 . Al Arabiya English . en . 24 April 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210424235103/https://english.alarabiya.net/in-translation/2020/07/19/Arabs-and-Turkey-Anti-Ottomanism-and-Stockholm-syndrome . live .

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