| Masbateño | |
| Also Known As: | Masbatenyo |
| Nativename: | Minasbate |
| States: | Philippines |
| Region: | Masbate province (almost whole portion of Masbate island proper, entire Ticao island and southern half of Burias island) |
| Ethnicity: | Masbateño people |
| Speakers: | 680,000 |
| Date: | 2010 |
| Ref: | [1] |
| Familycolor: | Austronesian |
| Fam2: | Malayo-Polynesian |
| Fam3: | Philippine |
| Fam4: | Greater Central Philippine |
| Fam5: | Central Philippine |
| Fam6: | Bisayan |
| Fam7: | Central Bisayan |
| Fam8: | Masbate-Sorsogon |
| Iso3: | msb |
| Glotto: | masb1238 |
| Glottorefname: | Masbatenyo |
| Map: | Masbatenyo language map.png |
| Mapcaption: | Areas where Masbateño is spoken |
| Notice: | IPA |
Masbateño or Minasbate is a member of Central Philippine languages and of the Bisayan subgroup of the Austronesian language family spoken by more than 724,000 people[2] in the province of Masbate and some parts of Sorsogon in the Philippines. Masbatenyo (sometimes written as Masbateño) is the name used by the speakers of the language and for themselves, although the term Minásbate is sometimes also used to distinguish the language from the people.[3] It has 350,000 speakers, with 50,000 who speak it as their first language. About 250,000 speakers use it as their second language.
Masbatenyo is closely related to Capiznon, with 79% lexical similarity, and Hiligaynon, with 76% lexical similarity. Waray language is closely related and significantly similar to Masbatenyo as well. It is also closely related to Waray Sorsogon language, the language of Sorsogon. This is because Masbate was once part of Sorsogon Province and was governed from Sorsogon City until the 1920s. It has three major dialects: the western dialect centered around the town of Balud on the western coast which is close to Capiz, the southern dialect centered about the town of Cataingan in the southeastern part of Masbate, and the northern dialect covering the whole northern half of Masbate and centered on Masbate City.
There are several accounts on the origins of the word Masbate. One account says that it came from the words 'to mix' and 'to beat'. The other account says it came from 'heard better' as in 'Get down here and get closer so that we can hear better whatever you're saying.' Another account further says that it came from the term that Cebuano migrants used to describe the place,, which means 'a place where living condition is worse'.[4]
According to a certain Fray Martin de Rada,[5] Masbate took its name from or which means 'having many gold mines'. Another claims that the name Masbate came from Masbad. The term Masbad possibly originated from Masbaranon, a barrio that used to be part of the jurisdiction of the Municipality of Placer but is now under the Municipality of Esperanza. This barrio used to be called Surosimbahan because it looks like a church. Its name was then changed Agoho from the tree called agoho. Then, for the third time, its name was changed to Masbaranon because of the supposed abundance of small fish called .[6] [5]
Wolfenden[7] identified three major dialects of Masbatenyo: the western dialect centered around the town of Balud on the western coast which is close to Capiz, the southern dialect centered about the town of Cataingan in the southeastern part of Masbate and the northern dialect covering the whole northern half of Masbate and centered on Masbate City, the capital.
| Burias Island, First Congressional District | |
|---|---|
| Claveria | Masbatenyo |
| Masbatenyo with strong Cebuano influence | |
| Masbatenyo with Bikol influence | |
| San Pascual | Cebuano with Masbatenyo influence |
| Bikol with Masbatenyo influence | |
| Masbatenyo with strong Cebuano influence | |
| Ticao Island, Second Congressional District | |
| Batuan | Masbatenyo with strong Waray influence |
| Monreal | Masbatenyo with strong Waray influence |
| San Fernando | Masbatenyo with strong Waray influence |
| San Jacinto | Masbatenyo with strong Waray influence |
| Second Congressional District | |
| Aroroy | Masbatenyo |
| Baleno | Masbatenyo |
| Balud | Hiligaynon with Masbatenyo influence |
| Mandaon | Masbatenyo with strong Hiligaynon influence |
| Hiligaynon with Masbatenyo influence | |
| Masbate City | Masbatenyo |
| Milagros | Masbatenyo |
| Mobo | Masbatenyo |
| Third Congressional District | |
| Cawayan | Cebuano with Masbatenyo influence |
| Cataingan | Cebuano with Masbatenyo influence |
| Masbatenyo with strong Waray influence | |
| Masbatenyo with strong Cebuano influence | |
| Dimasalang | Cebuano with Masbatenyo influence |
| Masbatenyo with strong Waray influence | |
| Masbatenyo with strong Cebuano influence | |
| Masbatenyo | |
| Esperanza | Cebuano with Masbatenyo influence |
| Palanas | Cebuano with Masbatenyo influence |
| Masbatenyo with strong Waray influence | |
| Masbatenyo with strong Cebuano influence | |
| Masbatenyo | |
| Pio V. Corpuz | Cebuano with Masbatenyo influence |
| Placer | Cebuano |
| Uson | Cebuano with Masbatenyo influence |
| Masbatenyo with strong Cebuano influence | |
| Masbatenyo | |
Wolfenden reported that although Sorsogon (the southernmost province of Bicol) and Masbate are very much closer to Bicol Peninsula, Sorsoganon and Masbatenyo shared the same grammatical systems which are rather closer to those of Waray and Hiligaynon, the trade languages in the Visayas, rather than that of Bicol.
The presence of competing grammatical and lexical subsystems in the language is the most striking characteristic of Masbatenyo. This has probably been brought on by the influx of settlers from surrounding major language groups who mixed in elements of their language with and alongside of the Masbatenyo. This results to a number of semantic concepts that can be expressed by two to five alternate different words for a single concept.
This led Wolfenden to think that Masbatenyo is unique in the sense of its being a mixed-up language. Speakers of the language often thought that their language is just a mixture of its neighboring languages which are Bikol, Waray-Waray, Cebuano, Hiligaynon and Tagalog. There are still who refer to their own speech as 'Bisaya'.
Masbatenyo shares different types of mutual intelligibility with its neighboring languages. Speakers of Masbatenyo can easily and conveniently converse with speakers of the neighboring languages using their own language. However, speakers of Cebuano, Waray or Hiligaynon would sometimes find it difficult to understand Masbatenyo because of its lexicon. Furthermore, Zorc [8] considered Masbatenyo, together with Kinaray-a, Bulalakaw, Hiligayon, Waray, and Surigaonon, as "linking dialects" because they serve as "centers of dialect complexes".
McFarland[9] presented different views on the classification of the language spoken in Masbate. One view excluded Masbate and the southern part of Sorsogon from the Bikol area on the grounds that the language spoken in these areas was not Bikol. The other view considered the language as dialect of Bikol.
Other claim on the language of Masbate was that 'the language and dialects of Masbate are basically Visayan, with the major influence being Cebuano.' Zorc made a subgrouping and reconstruction of the Bisayan dialects and included Masbatenyo in his work. He stated that while it is true that there are immigrants from the areas that speak Bikol, Cebuano and Hiligaynon languages, the "native dialect" throughout the island is Masbatenyo.
Zorc presented four types of intelligibility among the Bisayan languages and dialects: a) natural or primary intelligibility, where speakers of different dialects can communicate freely, even they never hear the other dialect before (e.g. Bulalakawnon and Ratagnon, Capiznon and Hiligaynon); b) learned or secondary intelligibility, where speakers can adjust to another dialect in a matter of time (e.g. Bulalakawnon and Aklanon); c) sesquilingualism, whereby a speaker is fluent in his native language (dialect), but can only understand (not speak) another (Waray and Cebuano, where speakers of both languages can understand both perfectly but speakers of Cebuano understand Waray poorly); and d) one-way intelligibility, whereby A understands B but B does not understand A.
Masbatenyo speakers in the town of Masbate belong to the fourth kind. The residents of the town can readily understand the speech of the outsiders but the outsiders cannot understand the speech of the local residents. Speakers can understand Sorsoganon, Capiznon, Hiligaynon, and Cebuano but the latter experience varying degrees of difficulty in understanding Masbatenyo.
Regarding the duration of the Bisayan occupancy of the Central Philippines, Zorc reported that there are no pre-Hispanic writings that would account for their existence in the area. Zorc stipulated that current speakers of many of the Bisayan languages and dialects could have given up their original languages long ago in favor of an intrusive or more prestigious language, or in favor of the language already spoken in the region that they invaded and conquered.
In 2016, researchers from the Dr. Emilio B. Espinosa Sr. Memorial State College of Agriculture and Technology (DEBESMSCAT) together with the members of newly established Minasbate Language Society, composed of various stakeholders from Masbate, developed a working orthography on the language based on the discussions in the 1st Minasbate Orthography Congress.
The Minasbate Working Orthography[10] distinguishes between the native Minasbate orthography and the extended working orthography.
Aa, Bb, Dd, Gg, Hh, Ii, Kk, Ll, Mm, Nn, NGng, Pp, Rr, Ss, Tt, Uu, Ww, Yy, ` (for glottal stop)
The inclusion of borrowed terms in native Minasbaté vocabulary has resulted in the change in the structure of the language. There is a need to develop an extended orthography to accommodate these words.
Aa "ey", Bb "bi", Cc "si", Dd "di", Ee "I", Ff "ef", Gg "ji", Hh "eych", Ii "ay", Jj "jey", Kk "key", Ll "el", Mm "em", Nn "en", Ññ "enye", NGng "en ji", Oo "o", Pp "pi", Qq "kyu", Rr "ar", Ss "es", Tt "ti", Uu "yu", Vv "vi", Ww "dobol yu", Xx "eks", Yy "way", Zz "zi", ` (for glottal stop)
| Borrowed letters | Minasbaté letters | Examples | |
|---|---|---|---|
| c when followed by o, u, or a | k | for | |
| c when followed by i or e | s | for | |
| ch | ts | for | |
| f | p | for | |
| j | h | for | |
| ll | y or ly | for | |
| ñ | ny | for | |
| q | k | vs question | |
| v | b | for | |
| x | ks | for taxi | |
| z | S | for zigzag |
| Consonant Clusters | Examples | |
|---|---|---|
| pl | ||
| pr | ||
| pw | ||
| py | ||
| tr | ||
| tw | ||
| ty | ||
| kl | ||
| kr | ||
| kw | ||
| bl | ||
| br | ||
| bw | ||
| by | ||
| dr | ||
| dw | ||
| dy | ||
| gl | ||
| gr | ||
| gw | ||
| my | ||
| sw | ||
| sy | ||
| hw |
Masbatenyo has 19 segmental phonemes: 16 consonant sounds pronounced as //p, t, k, b, d, g, m, n, ŋ, l, r, w, j, s, h, ʔ// and three vowel sounds pronounced as //a, ɪ, ʊ//. Post-alveolar sounds pronounced as //ʃ, tʃ, dʒ// are also present as a result of loanwords. pronounced as //ɪ// has the mid front unrounded, lax vowel pronounced as /[ɛ]/ (written orthographically as e) as its variant; pronounced as //ʊ// has the mid back rounded lax pronounced as /[ɔ]/ (written orthographically as o) as its variant. The sound pronounced as /[ɛ]/ only appears in loan words from English and Spanish and occurs in free variation with pronounced as /[ɪ]/. Similarly, the sound pronounced as /[ɔ]/ is a variant of pronounced as /[ʊ]/ and its occurrence might have been brought by the interaction with the Tagalog language and the incorporation of Spanish and English loan words in Masbatenyo language.
The glottal stop pronounced as //ʔ// is the conventional onset of the orthographically vowel-initial words, thus vowels cannot occur in initial position. They only occur in medial and final position.
There are two major syllable patterns in Masbatenyo, namely, open syllable /C(C)V, (C(C)VC)/ and closed syllable /CVC/. Most root words in Masbatenyo are disyllabic (they are composed of two syllables) and follows the CV(C).CV(C) pattern. There are monosyllabic words; however, most of them are functors that have no lexical meaning. Most of the disyllabic words contain an affix, reduplicated or compound.
Masbatenyo also has a suprasegmental phoneme, the stress, which is characterized by vowel length. The acoustic analysis of stress correlates using Praat showed that duration is the most consistent factor that characterizes stress. Stressed syllables are longer than their unstressed counterparts.
The diphthongs in Masbatenyo are: pronounced as /[aw]/ in 'soup', pronounced as /[ɪw]/ in 'soot', pronounced as /[aj]/ in 'house', and pronounced as /[ʊj]/ or pronounced as /[ɔj]/ in 'pig'.
Consonant clusters are non-native to Masbatenyo phonology. Their occurrence in the language is brought by the entry of borrowed words from Spanish and English.
The form of a morpheme can change when they are combined to form words or phrases. Such changes are called mophophonemic changes. Among these changes are: vowel deletion; contraction of particles and, assimilation, metathesis, epenthesis and degemination.
Masbatenyo provides support for the claim that root words are pre-categorial or neutral by themselves.[11] Take the following examples: 'big (size, abstract)' is a root which can express a property or state, as seen in: 'His house is big'. But it can also be combined with certain affixes to form a process verb in: 'His pet has grown already.' It can also combine with a determiner,, to form a noun in the context: 'I didn't see his child growing up.'
is considered a verb when used in command form: 'Run!' But it can be analyzed as a noun in forms such as . 'His truck runs slowly.'
Masbatenyo employs the following operations in deriving new words:
However, the existence of bare root forms of modifiers (adjectives and adverbs) in Masbatenyo can also provide evidence that root forms also have lexical properties. Examples of this are 'fresh (fish)' versus 'rotten', 'raw' versus 'cooked'.
Proper and common nouns are distinguishable from each other because they have their respective determiners; proper nouns are marked by,, and while common nouns are accompanied by,, and .
In Masbatenyo, there is a subgroup of common nouns that can be inflected as imitative. The imitative affix can be the reduplicative or the 'imitative/diminutive'. The reduplicative affix – the reduplication of the whole word – is applicable to a stem that is disyllabic and has open penult (CV). Regardless of the original position of the stress, the stress of the reduplicated form is always in the penult, such as in 'man' > 'toy'
The is attached to a stem that has more than two syllables. It also attaches to a stem that has a close penult (CVC). The stress does not shift after reduplication. An example of this is 'boat' > 'mini-boat'
Temporal nouns can also be reduplicated and affixed with . The meaning, however, is no longer imitative. It means 'every …' as illustrated in 'day' > 'everyday'.
Nouns can also be derived from other word classes by adding nominalizing morphemes or voice affixes.
| N, V | occupation/profession | 'vendor' | 'to sell' | ||
| V | reciprocal action | 'companion' | 'accompany' | ||
| N | result of the action | 'piece' | 'cut' | ||
| N, V | one who regularly does the action occupation/profession | 'laundry washer' 'teacher' | 'wash (laundry)' 'teach' | ||
| N, V | nature, essence of ... | 'human-ness | 'human' | ||
| V | abstract entity/concept | 'food' | 'to eat' | ||
| V | abstract entity/concept | 'feeling' | 'to feel' | ||
| N | native of a certain place | 'native of Manila' | 'Manila | ||
| V | doer of a definite action | 'harvester' | 'harvest' | ||
| V | almost happening | 'will rain' | 'rain' | ||
| N | season/time of | 'rainy season | 'rain' | ||
| N | owner of | 'owner of the house' | 'house' | ||
| N | distributive | 'one each' | 'one' |
| -(h)an | N, V | location of a thing, action or process | 'in front of' | 'front' | |
| V | Instrument | 'toy' | 'play | ||
| V | someone addicted to a particular action | 'thief' | 'to steal' | ||
| ka-STEM + -an | V | degree, quantity | 'ugliness' | 'ugly' | |
| N | collection or group | 'brothers' | 'relative/brother' | ||
| N | place for N | 'kingdom' | 'king' | ||
| -in- | V | resultant state | 'smoked fish/meat' | 'to smoke fish/meat' | |
| N | in the manner of | 'Masbate style' | 'Masbate' | ||
| -(h)un | N, V | made of/ has the quality of | 'heavenly' | 'heaven' | |
| N, V | something to be V-ed | '(crop) to be harvested' | 'harvest' | ||
| V | inherently V | 'mischievous' | 'mischief' |
Masbatenyo employs three types of possession strategies:
Masbatenyo verbs, like verbs in other Philippine languages, are marked for their voice, aspect and modality. Further, as Nolasco observed in Philippine languages, voice and tense/aspect/mode often interact and it is sometimes difficult to tease them apart.
Masbatenyo is marked for aspect to show the condition of the action; whether it has begun or not, and whether it is viewed as a process or in a static state. What is important to the speakers is not a temporal relation of the activity to the moment of speaking, but the internal stages of the activity. It is not marked for tense since its action is not correlated with time.
Masbatenyo has the five aspects: infinitive or neutral, perfective, imperfective, prospective and recent perfective.
Mode describes the speakers' attitude toward a situation, including the speakers' belief in its reality, or likelihood (Payne 1997). It describes the view of the speaker as to how the action is done. The term mode, mood and modality are often used interchangeably. There are at least six types of mode that occur in Masbatenyo:
| Indicative | um, m-, -an, -on, i- | action is performed | |
| Imperative | -on, -an, -a, -i | request or command | |
| Aptative | paka- | possibility/ accidental | |
| Reciprocal | paki(g) | action is done together by the actor and the goal of the action; exchange of actions between two or more actors | |
| Causative | pa- | the actor is the reason why the action is done but the actor is not doing the action | |
| Distributive | pang- | plurality of an action or that an action is done repeatedly |
In Masbatenyo, the so-called "adjectives" and "adverbs" are similar morphologically; hence, there exists no persuasive reasons for separating the modifiers of verbs and non-verbs.
Modifiers can either occur in their root forms or they can be inflected by affixes. The first type belongs to a class of unaffixed form of statives. These forms denote that the properties they exhibit are not derived from a process or those that are possessed innately by the thing being described. Examples are 'fresh (fish)' versus 'rotten', 'raw' versus 'cooked'.
Affixed forms of the statives are classified according to the affix that attaches to their root forms. There are three types of affixed forms in Masbaenyo:
| -an | N, V | personal character | 'coward' | 'cowardice' | |
| V | person performing action | 'thief' | 'to steal' | ||
| N | manner | 'Masbatenyo style' | 'Masbate' | ||
| ma- + -on | V | mental or physical qualities | 'joker' | 'joke' | |
| maka-V1r | Stative | making one become | 'embarrassing' | 'shame' | |
| -(a)-n-on | N | state /human modifier | 'heavenly' | 'heaven' | |
| -on | N, V | quality; description of a person | 'liar' 'person suffering from tuberculosis' | 'lie' 'tuberculosis' | |
| para- | V | fond of habitual action | 'joker' | 'to joke' |
In Masbatenyo, intensive degree is expressed by the affix ka- accompanied by the non-obligatory particle attached to bare forms (roots), e.g. 'Tinne's voice is so beautiful.'
Intensive degree may also be expressed by reduplication. ka- intensification also co-occurs with the Curu intensification. 'This rice cake is very sweet.'
Adverbial properties in Masbatenyo are rather expressed by clitic particles such as 'already', 'still', 'really', 'reportedly', etc.
In Philippine-type languages, pronouns replace the full noun phrases in a clause. Pronouns, however, do not take the place of nouns in most expressions (e.g. >, not), but do so in oblique phrases (e.g. 'to the child' > 'to him/her').
There are five important types of pronouns in Philippine languages: personal pronouns, interrogative pronouns, demonstrative pronouns, reflexive pronouns and indefinite pronouns.
Personal pronouns refer to entities already mentioned in the discourse or known to the hearer. They are classified according to person, case and number.
| Gloss | Absolutive | Ergative | Genitive/ Oblique | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| free | clitic | free | clitic | free | ||||
| 1st person | singular | ako | {{= | ákon | {{= | ákon | ||
| plural | + | kami | {{= | ámon | {{= | ámon | ||
| + | kita | {{= | áton | {{= | áton | |||
| 2nd person | singular | ikaw | {{= | ímo | {{= | ímo | ||
| plural | kamo | {{= | íyo | {{= | íyo | |||
| 3rd person | singular | siya | {{= | íya | {{= | íya | ||
| plural | sinda | {{= | índa | {{= | índa | |||
Demonstrative pronouns or deictics refer to entities in relation to distance, and space and also refer to their location on a timeline. In discourse, demonstratives are also used to track reference across clauses. They sometimes take the place of third personal pronouns.
Interrogative pronouns are those that take place of the nouns in questions. Interrogatives are used when a concept is being questioned and to elicit information so that an item can be identified. The interrogative pronouns are 'who', 'what', 'how', 'when', 'how much', 'where', and 'where'.
'why' differs from the rest of interrogative words since it does not replace a noun phrase but an entire clause. It consists of the interrogative pronoun and the reason particle .
Reflexive pronouns are special words which refer to the same referent in a construction. It is made up of the word plus the relevant pronoun, as in the phrase or .
Indefinite pronouns refer to entities, persons, places or times which cannot be clearly established. The indefinite pronouns can either be expressed in two ways:
is a general pro-form that can be used to replace any noun, verb, modifier, or even whole clauses. Wolfenden refers to as the universal substitute. is also used to track an antecedent in a previous sentence.
Masbatenyo has native terms for numbers. However, in the domain of money and time, Spanish terms are used. Numerals typically go with nouns to specify the number of items talked about. They can also modify verbs and other predicates to indicate degree and quantity of action.
| one | |||||
| two | |||||
| three | |||||
| four | |||||
| five | |||||
| six | |||||
| seven | |||||
| eight | |||||
| nine | |||||
| ten | |||||
| eleven | |||||
| twelve | |||||
| thirteen | |||||
| twenty | |||||
| thirty | |||||
| one-hundred | |||||
| one thousand |
The following are basic mathematical operations in Masbateño:[12]
The following are advanced algebraic operations in Masbateño:
| English | Tagalog | Masbatenyo | IPA Transcription | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| ankle | pronounced as /[tɪ'kɔd]/ | |||
| arm | pronounced as /[bʊt'kʊn]/ | |||
| armpit | pronounced as /[kɪlɪˈkɪlɪ]/ | |||
| back | pronounced as /[lɪ'kɔd]/ | |||
| beard | pronounced as /[bar'bas]/ | |||
| belly | pronounced as /[tɪ'jan]/ | |||
| bile | pronounced as /[ʔapˈdʊʔ]/ | |||
| blood | pronounced as /[dʊ'gɔʔ]/ | |||
| body | pronounced as /['lawas]/ | |||
| breast | pronounced as /['dʊdʊ]/ | |||
| buttocks | pronounced as /[bʊˈbɔt]/ | |||
| cheek | pronounced as /[pɪs'ŋɪ]/ | |||
| chest | pronounced as /[dʊg'han]/ | |||
| chin | pronounced as /['babaʔ]/, pronounced as /[sʊˈlan]/, pronounced as /['sʊˈlaɪ̯]/ | |||
| curly hair | pronounced as /[kʊˈrʊŋ]/ | |||
| ear | pronounced as /[ta'lɪŋa]/ | |||
| elbow | pronounced as /['sɪkɔ]/ | |||
| eye | pronounced as /[maˈta]/ | |||
| eyebrow | pronounced as /['kɪɾaɪ̯]/ | |||
| face | pronounced as /[bajˈhɔn]/ | |||
| finger | pronounced as /[tʊd'lʊʔ]/ | |||
| fingernail | pronounced as /[kʊ'kɔ]/ | |||
| forehead | pronounced as /[ʔagˈtaŋ]/ | |||
| foot | pronounced as /[tɪˈʔɪl]/ | |||
| gray hair | pronounced as /['ʔʊban]/ | |||
| hair | pronounced as /[bʊ'hɔk]/ | |||
| hand | pronounced as /[kaˈmʊt]/ | |||
| head | pronounced as /['ʔʊlɔ]/ | |||
| heart | pronounced as /[pʊsɔʔ]/ | |||
| intestines | pronounced as /[tɪ'naʔɪ]/ | |||
| jaw | pronounced as /[pa'ŋa]/ | |||
| knee | pronounced as /['tʊhɔd]/ | |||
| left (hand) | pronounced as /[wa'la]/ | |||
| lip | pronounced as /[ŋa'wɪt]/ | |||
| liver | pronounced as /[ʔa'taɪ̯]/ | |||
| lungs | pronounced as /['bagaʔ]/ | |||
| mouth | pronounced as /[bɪˈbɪg]/ | |||
| nail (finger or toe) | pronounced as /[kʊ'kɔ]/ | |||
| nape | pronounced as /[lʊ'ʔɔŋ]/ | |||
| navel | pronounced as /['pʊsɔd]/ | |||
| neck | pronounced as /['lɪʔʊg]/ | |||
| nose | pronounced as /[ʔɪ'rʊŋ]/ | |||
| palm (hand) | pronounced as /['palad]/ | |||
| penis | pronounced as /['bʊtʊʔ]/ | |||
| rib | pronounced as /['gʊsɔk]/ | |||
| right (hand) | pronounced as /[tʊ'ʔɔ]/ | |||
| shoulder | pronounced as /[ʔa'baga]/ | |||
| skull | pronounced as /[bʊ'ŋɔʔ]/, pronounced as /[ʔalɪmpaˈtakan]/ | |||
| stomach | pronounced as /[tɪ'jan]/ | |||
| thigh | pronounced as /['hɪtaʔ]/ | |||
| throat | pronounced as /[tʊtʊnˈlan]/ | |||
| toe | pronounced as /['tʊdlɔʔ]/ | |||
| tooth | pronounced as /['ŋɪpɔn]/ | |||
| vagina | pronounced as /[pʊ'taɪ̯]/ |
| English | Tagalog | Masbatenyo | IPA Transcription | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| ant | , | pronounced as /['gʊjɔm]/
| ||
| bird | pronounced as /[sa'pat]/ | |||
| butterfly | pronounced as /[ʔalɪˈbaŋbaŋ]/ | |||
| cat | pronounced as /[mɪjaʔ]/ | |||
| chick | pronounced as /[pɪ'sʊʔ]/ | |||
| chicken | pronounced as /[ma'nɔk]/ | |||
| cockroach | pronounced as /[kʊ'ratsa]/ | |||
| carabao | pronounced as /[karaˈbaʊ̯]/ | |||
| crocodile | pronounced as /[bʊ'waja]/ | |||
| crow | pronounced as /[ʔʊ'wak]/ | |||
| deer | pronounced as /['ʔʊsa]/ | |||
| dog | , | pronounced as /[ʔɪdʊʔ]/, pronounced as /['ʔajam]/ | ||
| eel | (freshwater) (saltwater) | pronounced as /[pa'lɔs]/ | ||
| fish | pronounced as /[ʔɪs'daʔ]/ | |||
| fly (the insect) | (small), (big) | pronounced as /['laŋaʊ̯]/ | ||
| frog | pronounced as /[pa'kaʔ]/ | |||
| mosquito | pronounced as /[la'mʊk]/ | |||
| octopus | pronounced as /[pʊˈgɪta]/ | |||
| pig | pronounced as /['babɔɪ̯]/ | |||
| snake | pronounced as /[sa'wa]/ | |||
| spider | pronounced as /['lawaʔ]/ |
| English | Tagalog | Masbatenyo | IPA Transcription | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| alive | pronounced as /[bʊˈhaɪ̯]/ | |||
| all | pronounced as /[ta'nan]/ | |||
| awake | pronounced as /[ma'ta]/ | |||
| bald | pronounced as /[kalbɔ]/ | |||
| beautiful | pronounced as /[maganˈda]/ | |||
| big | pronounced as /[daˈkʊʔ]/ | |||
| bitter | pronounced as /[mapaʔɪt]/ | |||
| black | , | , | pronounced as /[ʔɪ'tʊm]/, pronounced as /[maʔɪ'tʊm]/ | |
| clean | , | pronounced as /[ma'lɪnɪs]/, pronounced as /['lɪmpjɔ]/ | ||
| cold (objects) | pronounced as /[maˈtʊgnaʊ̯]/ | |||
| cold (weather) | , | pronounced as /[ma'hagkɔt]/ | ||
| curly hair | pronounced as /[kʊˈrʊŋ]/ | |||
| dark, dim | pronounced as /[madʊ'lʊm]/ | |||
| deaf | pronounced as /[bʊˈŋɔl]/ | |||
| deep | pronounced as /[mada'lʊm]/ | |||
| dumb (mute) | pronounced as /[ʔa'paʔ]/ | |||
| far | pronounced as /[hara'jʊʔ]/ | |||
| fast | pronounced as /[madag'mɪt]/ | |||
| few | , | pronounced as /[djʊ'taɪ̯]/ | ||
| first | , | pronounced as /['ʔʊna]/, pronounced as /[prɪ'merɔ]/ | ||
| foul-smelling | pronounced as /[ma'bahʊʔ]/ | |||
| fragrant | pronounced as /[maˈhʊmɔt]/ | |||
| full (after eating) | pronounced as /[bʊˈsɔg]/ | |||
| full (not empty) | pronounced as /[pʊ'nʊʔ]/ | |||
| good | , | pronounced as /[ma'bʊʔɔt]/, pronounced as /[maˈʔajʊ]/ | ||
| healthy | pronounced as /[ma'baskog]/ | |||
| heavy | pronounced as /[mabʊgˈʔat]/ | |||
| hungry | pronounced as /[gʊ'tɔm]/ | |||
| last | pronounced as /[ʔʊrˈhɪ]/ | |||
| light | pronounced as /[maga'ʔan]/ | |||
| many | pronounced as /[daˈmʊʔ]/ | |||
| narrow | pronounced as /[mapiot]/ | |||
| rotten (as fruit) | pronounced as /[lu'pâ]/ | |||
| rotten (log) | pronounced as /[lʊb'ʔɔk]/ | |||
| shallow | pronounced as /[haˈmabaʊ̯]/ | |||
| sharp (knife) | , | pronounced as /[mata'rʊm]/ | ||
| short | (size),, (length), (height) | , | pronounced as /[djʊ'taɪ̯]/, pronounced as /[pʊ'tɔt]/ | |
| sleepy | pronounced as /[gɪnapɪˈraʊ̯]/ | |||
| slow | pronounced as /[maˈhɪnaɪ̯]/ | |||
| small | pronounced as /[djʊˈtaɪ̯]/ | |||
| sweet | pronounced as /[matam'ʔɪs]/ | |||
| thick | pronounced as /[dakˈmɔl]/ | |||
| thin | pronounced as /[manɪ'pɪs]/ | |||
| thin (human) | pronounced as /[ma'nɪwaŋ]/ | |||
| thirsty | pronounced as /[ʔʊ'haʊ̯]/ | |||
| tight | pronounced as /[gʊ'tɔk]/ | |||
| ugly | pronounced as /[mara'ʔɔt]/ | |||
| warm (weather), warm (humid) | , | pronounced as /[ma'ʔɪnɪt]/ | ||
| weak | pronounced as /[maˈlʊja]/ | |||
| wet | pronounced as /[ba'saʔ]/ | |||
| wide | pronounced as /[haˈlapad]/ | |||
| wrong | pronounced as /[ma'lɪʔ]/ |