Maryknoll Society Explained

Maryknoll Society
Abbreviation:M.M.
Headquarters:(Fathers and Brothers) P.O. Box 303, Maryknoll, NY 10545-0303
Membership:317 (268 Priests)
Type:Society of Apostolic Life of Pontifical Right (for Men)
Membership Year:2017

The Maryknoll Society is (also known as the Maryknoll Fathers and Brothers and officially as Catholic Foreign Mission Society of America; Latin: Societas de Maryknoll pro missionibus exteris) is a Catholic society of apostolic life for men founded in the United States to serve as missionaries to the poor and marginalized.

The society was founded in 1911 by Thomas Frederick Price, James Anthony Walsh, and Mary Joseph Rogers. The name Maryknoll comes from the hill outside the Village of Ossining, Westchester County, New York, which houses the headquarters of all three.[1] Members of the societies are usually called Maryknollers.

Maryknollers are sometimes known as the "Marines of the Catholic Church" for their reputation of moving into rough areas, living side-by-side with the indigenous peoples and learning the language.[2] [3] Maryknollers focus on "combating poverty, providing healthcare, building communities and advancing peace and social justice" in the countries they serve and have built numerous orphanages, primary schools and secondary schools.[4] Because of the way in which Maryknollers have especially engaged in social justice, Maryknoll is also sometimes seen as a movement that represents missionary service concerned with positive action for indigenous people.[5] [6] [7] In the mid-20th century, this movement came to be associated with liberation theology.

The Christophers and The Maryknoll Affiliates[8] are both associated with the Maryknoll Movement. Maryknoll is also the current name of the semi-monthly magazine which the Maryknoll Fathers and Brothers publish.[9]

The Maryknoll name is shared by a number of related Catholic organizations, including the Maryknoll Sisters, and the Maryknoll Lay Missioners. The organizations are independent entities with shared history that work closely together in the joint focus of the overseas mission activity of the Catholic Church particularly in East Asia, the United States, Latin America, and Africa.

History

Background

See main article: James Anthony Walsh.

Prior to 1906, the United States was on a roster of Catholic mission territories compiled by the Vatican. It was part of an era of heavy migrations of European Catholics to the United States and there was a cultural hostility to Roman Catholicism. The establishment of Maryknoll for foreign missions came at a time when the Catholic church was focusing its energies on that anti-Catholic bias within the United States. "Out of the 17,000 Americans serving as Catholic priests at the time, for example, the number serving in foreign missions was 14."

In 1907, Father James Walsh of Boston began publishing The Field Afar, a mission magazine that would later become Maryknoll. The following year, Mary "Mollie" Josephine Rogers (later Mother Mary Joseph, MM) began helping Walsh with editing, translating and writing.[10]

In 1910, Father Thomas Price was facing the failure of his attempt to begin a Catholic order for domestic mission work in the South. Price was overwhelmed with fundraising on top of his actual mission work and the many responsibilities he had as the order Superior.[11] Price and Walsh had corresponded and met in person that year at a conference in Montreal, Quebec, Canada. The pair immediately began planning a national foreign mission seminary. They were complementary in character; Walsh had a knack for organization and planning things on a grand scale while Price was a "Tarheel" from North Carolina who was personable and charismatic.[12]

Foundation of the Maryknoll Fathers and Brothers: 1911–1919

The two received permission to travel to Rome, where Pope Pius X granted their request to found a new society on June 29, 1911.[13]

Walsh immediately put an ad in The Field Afar: "Youths or young men who feel a strong desire to toil for the souls of heathen people and who are willing to go afar with no hope of earthly recompense and with no guarantee of a return to their native land are encouraged to write."[14] In 1912, The Catholic Foreign Mission Society of America (CFMSA) was launched in a rented property Hawthorne, New York, with a total of six men.[15] Thomas McCann was the first candidate to become a full brother member of the Maryknoll Society on November 21, 1912.[16]

That September, Rogers had relocated to New York to continue work on the magazine. She and five other women "secretaries" began living together at Hawthorne. Rogers emerged as their natural leader and envisioned the women as missioners in their own right and not merely serving in supportive roles to the men.[17] [18]

"Mary's Knoll" and Foundation of the Teresians

Walsh and Price had immediately begun a search for a permanent home for their new society. They contracted for a parcel in Pocantico Hills in July, 1912 but John D. Rockefeller, who owned the property on the other side and did not want a seminary as a neighbor, contested the purchase in court. In August, CFMSA gave up the parcel in return for a financial arrangement. Walsh and Price found a 93-acre hill in Ossining that included three houses and a barn and was now affordable due to the Rockefeller windfall. Wary of another incident of bias, Rogers, dressed as a "Lady from Boston" and accompanied by a lawyer, negotiated the sale. Walsh, dressed as her chauffeur, waited for two hours with the car.[19]

They made the purchase on August 20, 1912, for $44,500, a lower price than what had been offered for the previous parcel. Price dedicated the property to the Blessed Virgin Mary and the name "Mary's Knoll" was coined.[20] The hilltop had two homesteads at a distance from each other, the larger one became the first Seminary and the other was set aside for the "secretaries". A carriage house with quarters was converted into the chapel. The barn was allocated to the brothers and seminary students.

A few weeks later, Walsh asked the "secretaries" how they wished to be organized after the move to Maryknoll. They had been paid $25 a month by Walsh and Price for their work, which Walsh promised to continue, but he now asked them to make a decision if they wanted to continue as laywomen or to transform into a community living under Religious vows. "Do you wish Mollie to direct you, i.e., under my direction?… Write me on this subject…"[21] [22] [23] Each of the women responded affirmatively. Rogers replied to her colleagues, "I want you to know how wholly I belong to you in every hour of the day and night, to serve you, to love you, to watch over you and with you, under the guidance of the Holy Spirit, for of myself I can do nothing."

On October 15, 1912, the women joined Rogers, who had moved to Maryknoll directly after the purchase to cook and help organize. They dubbed their building at Maryknoll "St. Teresa's Lodge". A postcard from a traveling priest in England was addressed to them as the Teresians, and the nickname stuck.[24] [25] The Teresians began studying with the Scranton Sisters of the Immaculate Heart of Mary as they planned to petition for official recognition from Rome. They designed uniforms with the Chi Rho symbol but rarely wore them and, under the advice of a retreat leader, used the Missal for their prayers – a rare occurrence among women at that time.

Maryknoll now had nine men serving as brothers in addition to McCann. They named their building at Maryknoll "St. Michael's" Residence and themselves "The Brothers of St. Michael". Like the Teresians, most brothers spent much of those early years building, maintaining and updating the buildings at Maryknoll.[26]

Michael Hoban, bishop of Scranton, Pennsylvania, invited Maryknoll to establish a school in the city. In 1913, Maryknoll Preparatory Seminary was founded on Clay Avenue and students attended classes at St. Thomas College. Raymond Lane, who made his profession that year in the inaugural class, wrote that the success of the venture was greatly due to residents of Scranton who supported the new seminary with meals, transportation, and donations.[27] In 1915 the lease expired and the students joined the community outside Ossining for a year. In 1916, Walsh, after some difficulty, acquired 179 acres in Clarks Summit, PA and a school set up in an old farm house on the property. It became known as the Venard for Théophane Vénard. Price took charge of the Venard its first year, taking one of the Teresians to assist the new community.[28] [29]

First and second departures to China

World War I ended in 1918 and three Maryknoll priests were ready to make the first Maryknoll mission to China.[30] James Edward Walsh, Francis X. Ford, and Bernard F. Meyer along with Price as Mission Superior departed for China on September 7, 1918.[31]

Walsh and Meyer arrived first, Price and Ford some weeks later. Their first stop in Asia was Hong Kong (a British colony at the time), to acclimate briefly with the Paris Foreign Missions Society, which was the predominant Catholic organization in China.[32] From Hong Kong, they went to Yeungkong and started their missionary work in China from there. Although he was only successful at learning a few words in the local dialects, Price quickly set the tone for the mission and those that would follow;

Daniel Leo McShane led the second Departure Group in 1919.[33] McShanes's first assignment was to assist Meyer. When the Maryknollers arrived, they discovered that Chinese orphanages did not accept infants or sick children. An orphanage was begun in Yeungkong in 1920. McShane was then sent to be the pastor of Luoding and immediately set up an orphanage for abandoned children there, as well, despite local opposition.[34] The abandoned babies were almost all female and traditionally drowned before the Maryknollers built facilities and began offering a few cents for every child. Soon the Yeungkong orphanage was averaging 450 baptisms a year and the Luoding facility close to a thousand.

Death of founder Thomas Price: 1919

In August 1919, Price became seriously ill. With no adequate medical facilities in the area, he was transported to St. Paul's Hospital, Hong Kong. It was a long and arduous journey from Yeungkong by primitive means. Price was admitted on August 19, 1919 and underwent an operation in early September. The treatment was too late and Price died as a result of a burst appendix on September 12, 1919. His body was buried in the priests' plot in St. Michael's Cemetery in Happy Valley, Hong Kong. In 1936, his body was exhumed and transferred to the cemetery at Maryknoll, New York. James E Walsh was named Superior of the mission following Price's death.

Maryknolls Today

As of 2008, there are over 475 Maryknoll priests and brothers serving in countries around the world, principally in Africa, Asia and Latin America. Throughout their history, especially in the first half of the 20th century, Maryknoll missioners played a large role in the Catholic Church in East Asia where some missioners still work. Maryknoll also has extensive connections with many Latin American countries, where it has long worked to help alleviate poverty and bring constructive changes to the life of Latin America's poor.[35]

Maryknoll Seminary Building

The Maryknoll Seminary Building is located in Ossining, Westchester County, New York. The building currently houses the headquarters of Maryknoll missions. The building has distinctive design, specifically with pagodas built into its architecture, to honor its founding purpose as a mission order to the Far East.[36]

Martyrs

Other notable Maryknollers

An ex-Maryknoll priest, now deceased, recently was reported to have sexually abused a young boy for about eight years during the 1960s when he was assigned to parishes in Westchester County. This filing was reported in the June 13, 2019 issue of The Journal News. [49]

Another former Maryknoll priest, also deceased, has been cited for child sex abuse allegations in the Virginia Diocese of Richmond. He is one of six clergy recently added to the list priests from the diocese cited for 'credible and substantiated' allegations of sexual abuse against a minor. The announcement was made during June 2019.[50]

A deceased Maryknoll priest, was accused of abuse in a claim filed during 2019 by the son of lay missioners who lived close to the Maryknoll campus in Ossining, New York. The family ate their meals at the Maryknoll dining room. The claim was reported in the January 13, 2020 issue of The Journal News.[51]

Schools in Hong Kong

Several notable schools in Hong Kong were founded by Maryknollers; and several are still run by them.

Founded by the Maryknollers

The last three schools were in fact founded by the Maryknoll Sisters. Maryknoll Convent School is still managed by them in Hong Kong. However, sponsorship of the two Marymount schools was transferred to Christian Life Community. Nevertheless, these three schools are frequently viewed as members of the Maryknoll family in Hong Kong.

(The first school managed by the Maryknollers in Hong Kong was called St. Louis Industrial School, between 1921 and 1927, run by Fr Raymond Lane and Brother Albert Staubli. Management of the school was handed over to the Salesians in 1927 and later renamed as St Louis School.Likewise, the first school founded by the Maryknollers in China was called St. Thomas School, a primary school in Yangjiang (previously known as Yeungkong) with the first graduation held in July 1923.The second school founded by the Maryknollers in China was called Sacred Heart School, also a primary school, set up by Fr Bernard F. Meyer in Gaozhou (previously known as Kochow), with inauguration held on 5 October 1923. and first graduation in 1926 Fr Adolph John Paschang once served in this Sacred Heart School in Gaozhou.[52])

Still run by Maryknoll Fathers and Brothers

See also

References

52 "School History Maryhill.

External links

Notes and References

  1. News: Kashuba. Cheryl. Local History: Maryknoll Fathers trace roots to Hill Section. 8 June 2014. The Scranton Times-Tribune. October 12, 2012. Scranton, PA. The Catholic Foreign Mission Society of America, commonly known as the Maryknoll Fathers, was in its infancy. In 1911, deeply convinced of the need to train Catholic priests for foreign missions, Father Thomas Price, a native of North Carolina, and Father James Walsh of Boston received permission to travel to Rome, where Pope Pius X granted their request to found their new society. The following year, 1912, the Maryknoll Fathers opened their first major seminary at Maryknoll, a hill on the outskirts of Ossining, N.Y., dedicated to Mary, Mother of God. .
  2. News: deChillo . Suzanne . March 19, 1985 . Maryknoll Pursues Its Vision of Mission . The New York Times . 15 June 2014 . Located across the road from each other, the Maryknoll Sisters of St. Dominic, as they are officially called, and the Maryknoll Society – which is officially known as the Catholic Foreign Mission Society of America and includes priests, brothers and lay missionaries – are separate organizations but often cooperate on projects. Their work in 27 countries – in churches, schools and orphanages and with lepers, factory workers, farmers and the homeless – rarely makes the headlines. Founded in 1911, the Maryknoll Society was the first Catholic Church missionary society in the United States;...The members of the society quickly became known as the Marines of the Church..
  3. News: Fraser. Barbara J.. The church's Marines: Maryknollers older, fewer, but still going strong. 15 June 2014. Catholic News Service. Catholic News Service. September 28, 2011. dead. https://web.archive.org/web/20111017205909/http://www.catholicnews.com/data/stories/cns/1103842.htm. 17 October 2011.
  4. Web site: Maryknoll Fathers and Brothers. The Maryknoll Society. 15 June 2014.
  5. Web site: Maryknoll Lay Missioners – Our Mission. Maryknoll Lay Missioners. 11 June 2014.
  6. Web site: Maryknoll . 10 February 2023 . Maryknoll.
  7. Book: Powers. George C.. The Maryknoll movement. 1926. Catholic foreign mission society of America. 1st US. 11 June 2014.
  8. Web site: The Maryknoll Affiliates. 11 June 2014.
  9. Web site: Maryknoll Magazine. Maryknoll Magazine/. Maryknoll. 12 June 2014.
  10. Book: LaVerdiere. Claudette. On the threshold of the future: the life and spirituality of Mother Mary Joseph Rogers, founder of the Maryknoll Sisters. 2011. Orbis Books. Maryknoll, N.Y.. 978-1570759420.
  11. Book: Byrne. Patrick James. Father Price of Maryknoll: A short sketch of the life of Reverend Thomas Frederick Price, missioner in North Carolina, co-founder of Maryknoll. June 1923. Catholic foreign mission society of America. Maryknoll, N.Y.. 1149364084. 40–55. 1ST. 12 June 2014. Several reasons conspired to defeat Father Price's plan of a religious order for the South, but we may say, in a word, that he was so overwhelmed with the labor of build- ing and money-getting that he could not give to the rising Society the minute attention it demanded. His labors were gigantic, since he had to be superior, builder, money-getter, editor, and missioner, all in one. Then, too, in his ardent zeal he wanted big results quickly...When two souls animated by the same spirit and purpose come together, it is to be ex- pected that they should desire and plan to join forces. Such was the decision of these two apostolic workers, and then and there was conceived the idea of supplying what they considered America's greatest spiritual need, a national foreign mission seminary, which would not only take away our reproach.
  12. Web site: Marie. Andre. Back to the Roots: Examining Maryknoll's Heroic Beginnings (The Evangelical Vision of Father Thomas Fredrick Price). Catholic Online. June 30, 2011. 11 June 2014.
  13. Web site: Maryknoll priests visit grave of Fr. Thomas F. Price in Hong Kong, China, 1923.. 2011-05-14.
  14. Book: Keane. James T.. Outward Bound. June 20, 2011. AMERICA: The National Catholic Review. America Press Inc.. 11 June 2014. That year, 1911, was far from the heyday of American Catholic missionary enterprises; rather, the editor, James A. Walsh, M.M., was addressing readers in the United States, whose church had been removed from the Vatican's roster of mission territories only three years before and for whom the notion of sending missionaries abroad was a foreign one indeed. In the words of the historian Msgr. John Tracy Ellis, the first decade of the 20th century was a time when the Catholic Church in the United States finally "attained ecclesiastical adulthood." The great migrations of European Catholics to the United States were ongoing, and Catholics were trying to take root in a culture more or less hostile to "popery." As a result, the energies of the institutional church were often directed inward. Out of the 17,000 Americans serving as Catholic priests at the time, for example, the number serving in foreign missions was 14..
  15. Web site: Moorman. Dennis. Cherishing Maryknoll's History – as we reach 100 years. The Maryknoll Society. 9 June 2014.
  16. Web site: Maryknoll History. Maryknoll Vocations. Maryknoll Missionary Vocations. 9 June 2014. In 1912 the young missionary Society established their headquarters on a hilltop farm above Ossining, N.Y. The founders dedicated the hill, or knoll, to the Blessed Virgin. Thus, Mary's Knoll was born. In 1918 Maryknoll sent its first members to China, including Father Price, who died the following year. Three years later, six Maryknoll Sisters sent their first missioners to South China. The mission soon expanded to include northern China and Korea...The Society did not hesitate to try new approaches to attract and include as many people as possible. Before it had its first seminarian, one young man applied who felt called to mission but not priesthood. Thomas McCann became the first Maryknoll Brother in 1912..
  17. Book: Whitehead. Kate. Documentary on the Maryknoll nuns sets its director on new path. 11 March 2014. South China Morning Post. 9 June 2014. In 1912, the Maryknoll Sisters were the first group of Catholic nuns in the United States to found an overseas mission. When six sisters arrived in Hong Kong 10 years later, they had few resources at their disposal aside from their faith, determination to succeed and brains – what comes across clearly through the documentary is that these women, who traveled all over the world, were very well educated..
  18. Web site: Tang. Nancy. Brief History of the Maryknoll Sisters. Trailblazers in Habits. Fishtailsoup Productions Inc.. 9 June 2014. In 1912, the Maryknoll Sisters were the first group of Catholic Sisters in the United States founded for overseas mission. Ten years later in 1922, a group of six Sisters in sweeping grey habits arrived by steamer in Hong Kong to begin their mission. They had few resources other than their own faith, dedication, and what can only be described as a divinely-inspired ingenuity. Over the next nine decades, the Maryknoll Sisters established six thriving schools and a hospital in Hong Kong, and basically laid the foundation for Hong Kong's social welfare system..
  19. Munch. Janet Butler. How the "Sidewalks of New York" Came to Maryknoll. The Hudson Valley Regional Review. September 1992. 11. 93–97. 9 June 2014. Hudson River Valley Institute. The Rockefeller Family, which had its estate just south of Mr. Oussani's property did not want to see the seminary relocate to the area. The Rockefellers' in fact, wanted this very same 52 acre property and contested the Society's claim on the land. Litigation upheld the Society's right to the property. On August 14, 1912 a satisfactory financial arrangement was reached with the Rockefeller Family and the Society relinquished its claim on the Oussani property. This financial windfall enabled the Society to purchase an even larger parcel of land further up the river. On August 20, 1912, this 93 acre property became the present day headquarters of Matyknoll.
  20. Book: Armstrong. Richard. Out to change the world: a life of Father James Keller of the Christophers. 1984. Crossroad. New York. 0824506510.
  21. Book: Jones. Penny Lernoux; with Arthur. Ellsberg. Robert. Hearts on fire: the story of the Maryknoll Sisters. 2012. Orbis Books. Maryknoll, N.Y.. 978-1570759345. 31. Centenary.
  22. Book: Marie. Jeanne. Maryknoll's first lady. Dodd Publishers. New York, NY. 327.
  23. Web site: Mollie's Legacy of Love Summer – 2012. Maryknoll Affiliates. Maryknoll. 11 June 2014. Summer 1912. On September 14, Father Walsh wrote to Mary Louise, Sara, Mary Augustine, and Nora asking: " On September 18, 1912, the Fathers, Students and Brothers moved from Hawthorne to Maryknoll, as Father Walsh was already calling his farm on the hill above Ossining. After a period of straightening up and settling down, which Father Walsh crisply defined as "chaos," and just as things were becoming normal, they woke up one morning to find that their cook had departed and left them breakfastless. Father Walsh had only to tell Mollie what had happened. After consulting the secretaries, she set out immediately for Maryknoll from Hawthorne. Hannah, who had been cooking for the secretaries, joined Mollie the following day, and together they turned out three robust meals a day, with occasional evidence of Mollie's special touches. They also cleaned all the pots and pans, stocked the empty shelves, met the usual situations of unexpected guests, late and early dinners, and the lack or delay of supplies! They slept in the old farmhouse down the hill from the seminary ~ later St. Teresa's Lodge.. https://archive.today/20140611050621/http://www.maryknollaffiliates.org/news-and-information-70/maryknoll-news/sisterscentennialreflections/577-summer1912.html. 11 June 2014.
  24. Book: Rogers. Mary. The Teresians of Maryknoll. The Field Afar, Maryknoll. 9 June 2014. 319. February 20, 1920.
  25. Book: Yik-yi Chu. Cindy. Maryknoll sisters in Hong Kong, 1921–1969: in love with the chinese.. 2007. Palgrave Macmillan. [S.l.]. 978-0230602311. 15. 11 June 2014.
  26. Web site: Duggan, MM. Michael. Maryknoll at 100. CMCS. CMSM. 11 June 2014. Fall 2011. In 1912 three young men arrived at Maryknoll to become auxiliary Brothers of St. Michael. These numbers 3 increased, so that in one period of twenty years 380 Brothers were professed. These were the years after World War II and the Korean Conflict when the U.S. Church was seeing a great growth in vocations to the priesthood and religious life. A third person, Mary Josephine Rogers, who would become the foundress of the Maryknoll Sisters and take the name Mother Mary Joseph, was truly a mother to the Society that was being born in the minds of Frs. Walsh and Price. She met Fr. Walsh in 1906 and volunteered to help publish his magazine. She gathered a few women to help and they and other women eventually became the Maryknoll Sisters of St. Dominic with Molly Rogers as their superior and foundress. From the very beginning the founders relied on the help and experience of others realizing that they could not accomplish anything productive and long standing as a missionary society if they did not. Fr. Walsh, the manager and director of the venture, was particularly aware of the need to rely on others' expertise and experience in the mission field. Perhaps it was this realization that inspired Fr. Walsh to look beyond the needs of the Society and help those who did not have the access he had to sustain themselves."Be bigger than your Society" was one instruction he gave to his young seminarians. He insisted despite the observation that there was not always enough money to meet demands of daily living that there always be some money for the people who came to the door asking for help. https://web.archive.org/web/20150923204948/http://www.cmsm.org/forum/pdf/Maryknoll_at_100.pdf. 23 September 2015.
  27. Book: Lane. Raymond. The Early Days of Maryknoll. January 1961. Literary Licensing, LLC (May 5, 2012). 1258327260. 310.
  28. Price. Thomas. The Pioneer's Log, Fr. Superior's Knolligram. The Field Afar. October 1917. 11. 151–152. 10 June 2014.
  29. Web site: Sisters Centennial Reflections. Maryknoll Affiliates. Maryknoll Affiliates. 11 June 2014. 5 July 2011. We will need at Scranton a woman to assist Fr. John I. Lane: (1.) As supervising housekeeper, (2.) As secretary and accountant, and we have decided that, although our numbers are few at Maryknoll, one of our own should be at Scranton. I do not wish to ask any one of you to go, but I do ask for volunteers. Please read this note to all your flock, instruct them not to act hastily, but to say a prayer and leave a note in my basket before next Monday. On July 31, Father Walsh returned from a long trip. After supper on August 1, he visited the Teresians, giving an interesting account of his trip, including his visits to Detroit, Notre Dame in Indiana, Chicago, Des Moines, St. Louis and Scranton, where he encountered difficulty in leasing a house for the Apostolic School. Finally came the announcement that Mary Augustine Dwyer was chosen to go to Scranton. Father Walsh said he considered the position a very responsible one, a possible beginning of a series of foundations of the same kind. On September 8 Mary Augustine left for the Venard in Scranton. https://web.archive.org/web/20140714124218/http://www.maryknollaffiliates.org/news-and-information-70/maryknoll-news/sisterscentennialreflections/637-someeventsatmaryknoll.html. 14 July 2014.
  30. Book: Wiest. Jean-Paul. Maryknoll in China: a history, 1918–1955. 1988. M.E. Sharpe. Armonk, N.Y.. 0873324188. Paperback.
  31. The Departure. The Field Afar. October 1918. 12. 160–162. The date set for their leaving was September 7, the eve of the Nativity of the Blessed Virgin Mary... Immediately after the Superior's address the four missioners read in his hearing their Propositum, a purpose to remain for life in the service of the Society, and each received a Missioner's Crucifix. As the Veni Creator began, the Pax was given by the Superior to each of the missioners, before whom then filed priests, students, and auxiliaries, in turn receiving the kiss of peace in a farewell embrace..
  32. Book: Young. Ernest P.. Ecclesiastical colony: China's Catholic Church and the French religious protectorate. 2013. Oxford University Press. New York. 9780199924622. 175–177.
  33. Book: Walsh. James Edwward. The Man on Joss Stick Alley. [The biography of Father Daniel L. McShane. With plates, including a portrait.]. 1947. Longmans, Green & Co.. New York, Toronto. B0006AR8A4. 146.
  34. Book: Mungello. D.E.. Drowning girls in China: female infanticide in China since 1650. 2008. Rowman & Littlefield. Lanham, MD [etc.]. 978-0742555310. 117.
  35. Web site: 100 Years of History.
  36. Web site: Maryknoll Seminary, Ossining, NY HV-Rob. 2021-11-10. en-US.
  37. Web site: A Brief History – The sending of missioners from the U.S. Church was seen as a sign of the U.S. Catholic Church finally coming of age. . 2011-05-01.
  38. Book: M.E. Sharpe Inc, Armonk, NY. Maryknoll In China – A history, 1918 – 1955. Jean-Paul WIEST. 1988. 0-87332-418-8.
  39. Web site: Bishop Ford Memorial School official web page. 2011-04-30.
  40. News: Sadowski. Dennis. Maryknoller dismissed from priesthood for supporting women's ordination. 21 November 2012. Catholic News Service. 19 November 2012. dead. https://web.archive.org/web/20121127182030/http://catholicnews.com/data/stories/cns/1204900.htm. 27 November 2012.
  41. Conor Cruise O'Brien, Passion and Cunning, p.95
  42. Book: Calvary in China. January 1953. G P Putnam & Sons.
  43. Web site: Father Robert W. Greene, MM . 2023-02-10 . Archives . en-US.
  44. Web site: Astor. Maggie. Their Protest Helped End the Draft. 50 Years Later, It's Still Controversial . The New York Times. 19 May 2018 . 7 February 2019.
  45. Web site: Bishop Paschang Catholic School official web page. 2011-04-28.
  46. Web site: Thomas Frederick Price – A devout Catholic in the tar heel state of North Carolina, Rev. Thomas Frederick Price found a natural calling to share his faith in the midst of antipathy.. 2011-05-01.
  47. Web site: Rev. James E. Walsh M.M.. 2011-05-14.
  48. Web site: Bishop Walsh Primary School official web page. 2011-04-30.
  49. Web site: Ex-Maryknoll priest faces sexual abuse allegation in religious order previously cited. /
  50. Web site: Catholic Diocese of Richmond adds names to list of priests facing 'credible' child sex abuse allegations. 27 June 2019. /
  51. Web site: Maryknoll priest accused of sexually abusing the son of a missionary. /
  52. Web site: Fr. Paschang and graduating class at Gaozhou, China, 1926. 2011-05-01.

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