Mary of Burgundy explained

Mary
Succession:Duchess of Burgundy
Moretext:(more..)
Predecessor:Charles I
Successor:Philip IV
Reg-Type:Alongside
Regent:Maximilian
Issue:
Issue-Link:
  1. Family
Issue-Pipe:more...
House:Valois-Burgundy
Father:Charles the Bold
Mother:Isabella of Bourbon
Birth Date:13 February 1457
Birth Place:Brussels, Brabant, Burgundian Netherlands
Death Place:Wijnendale Castle, Flanders, Burgundian Netherlands
Burial Place:Church of Our Lady, Bruges, Belgium

Mary of Burgundy (French: Marie de Bourgogne; Dutch; Flemish: Maria van Bourgondië; 13 February 1457 – 27 March 1482), nicknamed the Rich, was a member of the House of Valois-Burgundy who ruled a collection of states that included the duchies of Limburg, Brabant, Luxembourg, the counties of Namur, Holland, Hainaut and other territories, from 1477 until her death in 1482.[1] [2] [3]

As the only child of Charles the Bold, Duke of Burgundy, and his wife Isabella of Bourbon, Mary inherited the Burgundian lands at the age of 19 upon the death of her father in the Battle of Nancy on 5 January 1477. In order to counter the appetite of the French king Louis XI for her lands, she married Maximilian of Austria, with whom she had two children. The marriage kept large parts of the Burgundian lands from disintegration, but also changed the dynasty from Valois to Habsburg (the Duchy of Burgundy itself soon became a French possession).[4] [5] This was a turning point in European politics, leading to a French–Habsburg rivalry that would endure for centuries. Long after Mary's death, her husband became Holy Roman Emperor. Their son became King Philip I of Castile, and their daughter, Margaret, became Duchess of Savoy.

Early years

Mary of Burgundy was born in Brussels at the ducal castle of Coudenberg, to Charles the Bold, then known as the Count of Charolais, and his wife Isabella of Bourbon. Her birth, according to the court chronicler Georges Chastellain, was attended by a clap of thunder ringing from the otherwise clear twilight sky. Her godfather was Louis, Dauphin of France, in exile in Burgundy at that time; he named her for his mother Marie of Anjou. Reactions to the child's birth were mixed: the baby's grandfather, Duke Philip the Good, was unimpressed, and "chose not to attend the [<nowiki/>[[baptism]]] as it was only for a girl", whereas her grandmother Isabella of Portugal was delighted at the birth of a granddaughter. Her illegitimate aunt Anne was assigned to be responsible for Mary's education and assigned Jeanne de Clito to be her governess. Jeanne remained a friend to Mary later in life and was one of her most constant companions.

Heir presumptive

Philip the Good died in 1467 and Mary's father assumed control of the Burgundian State. Since her father had no living sons at the time of his accession, Mary became his heir presumptive. Her father controlled a vast and wealthy domain made up of the Duchy of Burgundy, the Free County of Burgundy, and the majority of the Low Countries. As a result, her hand in marriage was eagerly sought by a number of princes. The first proposal was received by her father when she was only five years old, in this case to marry the future King Ferdinand II of Aragon. Later she was approached by Charles, Duke of Berry; his older brother, King Louis XI of France, was intensely annoyed by Charles's move and attempted to prevent the necessary papal dispensation for consanguinity.

As soon as Louis succeeded in producing a male heir who survived infancy, the future King Charles VIII of France, Louis wanted him to be the one to marry Mary, even though he was thirteen years younger than Mary. Nicholas I, Duke of Lorraine, was a few years older than Mary and controlled a duchy that lay alongside Burgundian territory, but his plan to combine his domain with hers was ended by his death in 1473 (he started having stomach pains three days before his death; poison was suspected).[6] Another suitor was George Plantagenet, Duke of Clarence (supported by his sister Margaret of York), but his brother Edward IV, King of England, prevented the match for both political and personal reasons (he initially wanted to support his brother-in-law Anthony Woodville). The king's move angered the duke, who seemed to lose control and restarted conflicts with his brother, which ultimately led to his death.[7] [8]

Reign

Mary assumed the rule of her father's domains upon his defeat in battle and death on 5 January 1477. King Louis XI of France seized the opportunity to attempt to take possession of the Duchy of Burgundy proper and also the regions of Franche-Comté, Picardy and Artois.

She called on her people to stay loyal to the house of Burgundy (there are still extant letters that Mary wrote to the Duchy of Burgundy and Arras asking for their support).[9] Louis XI took over Arras, but the people refused to submit without her approval. Eighteen burgesses were decapitated by the king as they were discovered trying to go to see her. He ordered a mass expulsion and renamed the town Franchise.[10]

The king of France was anxious that Mary should marry his son Charles and thus secure the inheritance of the Low Countries for his heirs, by force of arms if necessary. By February 1477, neither her advisors nor the States General imagined that they could resist the French army. Chancellor Hugonet led a delegation to discuss the prospect of Mary's marriage to the six-year-old Dauphin (later King Charles VIII). The negotiation ended in failure as Louis XI demanded unacceptable terms, including the surrender of the Duchy of Burgundy and the French territories acquired by Philip the Good and Charles the Bold. The king then betrayed her secret letters to the burghers of Ghent, who then seized two men who were named in those letters – Hugonet and the Sire d'Humbercourt, two of her father's most influential councilors, and despite her pleadings, executed them on 3 April 1477. They then took away her other advisors too.[11] [12] Koenigsberger suspects that Louis XI might have forged the letters.

The Great Privilege

Mary was compelled to sign a charter of rights known as the Great Privilege in Ghent on 10 February 1477, the occasion of her formal recognition as her father's heir (the "Joyous Entry"). Under this agreement, the provinces and towns of Flanders, Brabant, Hainaut, and Holland recovered all the local and communal rights that had been abolished by the decrees of the dukes of Burgundy in their efforts to create a centralised state on the French model out of their disparate holdings in the Low Countries. In particular, the Parliament of Mechelen (established formally by Charles the Bold in 1470) was abolished and replaced with the pre-existing authority of the Parlement of Paris, which was considered an amenable counterweight to the encroaching centralisation undertaken by both Charles the Bold and Philip the Good. The duchess also had to undertake not to declare war, make peace, or raise taxes without the consent of these provinces and towns and only to employ native residents in official posts. The Great Privilege also determined that Nederlands would be the language of the joint States-General.

Marriage

Mary soon made her choice among the many suitors for her hand by selecting Archduke Maximilian of Austria (future Holy Roman Emperor Maximilian I), who became her co-ruler. The marriage took place at Ghent on 19 August 1477, she was 20 years old, while he was two years younger. Mary's marriage into the House of Habsburg initiated two centuries of contention between France and the Habsburgs, a struggle that climaxed with the War of the Spanish Succession in the years 1701–1714.

When they had time, the couple indulged themselves with dancing, hunting, music and the love for animals. Mary tried to teach him iceskating, which he struggled to master. They read romances together.[13] [14] Soon after the wedding, she brought falcons into their bedroom (which they shared instead of living in separate apartments, and which already had a dog).[15] Mary nursed the children herself, ordered the menus and dined out with merchants from Dijon.[16] [17] Mary cheered for her husband in tournaments, during which he proved a magnificent jouster, not just in feats of strength but in the luxury he lavished on the equipments, horses, accessories and ornaments as well.[18] At first, they talked to each other in Latin.

According to Haemers and Sutch, the original marriage contract stipulated that Maximilian could not inherit her Burgundian lands if they had children – this means that, the fact the couple produced heirs would give Maximilian troubles later.[19] [20] Some report that the original marriage contract stipulated that only common children of Mary and Maximilian could claim her Burgundian inheritance after her death. But one month after their marriage, she made an amendment that designated Maximilian as the heir in the case they had no children - a clause that the estates would try to repudiate after her death.[21] [22]

Co-rule with Maximilian

With Maximilian by her side, Mary's position became stronger, politically and militarily. Although he came with no money nor army, nor support from the Empire, and no prior experience in governance, his competence in military matters and his prestige as the son of an emperor boosted the stability of her realms. He took over the war effort, concerning both military and financial details.[23]

By this time, the Burgundian side had lost a lot of military captains owing to defections to France both before and after Charles the Bold's death. The loss of the Duchy of Burgundy cut down the whole government's backbone, consisting of high administrators and military commanders who came from the French-speaking nobility in Burgundy and Picardy.[24] Philip of Cleves, her cousin and childhood friend (who had been put forth as a bridegroom candidate for Mary by his father Adolf of Cleves; Mary and Philip were rumoured to be former love interests, although this is disputed by Arie de Fouw), whom she appointed as Stadtholder-General in 1477, now acted as Maximilian's lieutenant as Admiral of the Netherlands.[25] [26] Despite the reputation of the Burgundian court as luxurious and rich, Charles the Bold had lost his whole fortune in his last three disastrous campaigns. The Low Countries were rich but the Estates were reluctant to pay. Moreover, the Burgundian state had lost one quarter of its tax revenue and due to new restrictions, a half of its government revenue in total.[27] Thus the initial financial situation was very tense and Mary had to pawn a lot of her heirlooms to finance their armies.[28] She also had to yield to the estates' demands regarding some of their privileges, in exchange for final support for Maximilian's war against France.

Violet Soen shows that by political manipulation, Mary managed to tie the powerful Croÿ family to the crown.[29]

Mary would not gain back the Duchy of Burgundy, occupied by the French king, but she was able to keep her remaining lands intact.[30] [31] In 1478–1479, Maximilian carried out a campaign against the French and reconquered Le Quesnoy, Conde and Antoing.[32] He defeated the French forces at Guinegate (modern Enguinegatte), on 7 August 1479.[33] Despite winning, he had to abandon the siege of Thérouanne and disband his army, either because the Netherlanders did not want him to become too strong or because his treasury was empty. In addition, he proved as ruthless as Charles in suppressing rebellions in the Low Countries. When conflicts broke out again between the Hooks and the Cods, the archduke was able to put the conflict under control and assured the Cod domination, disregarding the Great Privilege in the process.[34] After a five-year hiatus (because most of the members had either died in Charles the Bold's wars or defected to France), the Order of the Golden Fleece also got reorganized by Maximilian, as the new sovereign of the order.[35]

However, within the marriage, Mary retained her political primacy. Her subjects looked at Maximilian's foreigner status and his military ambitions with suspicion. They feared that he would prolong the war to regain the Duchy of Burgundy,[36] and also that new successes would strengthen him and make him a second coming of Charles the Bold, whose legacy had left them with a feeling of distaste – a fear that would prove not unreasonable, considering his autocratic and militaristic tendencies during his later regency.[37] Moreover, according to Philippe de Commines, Maximilian was too young, in a foreign land, had been "brought up very badly" and thus did not have the slightest idea how to conduct affairs of the state.[38] Mary and Margaret tried to teach him French and Dutch but he proved a lazy student. Mary accompanied Maximilian on his many journeys, acting as the buffer between the German-speaking prince and their subjects.[39] According to Juan Luis Vives, a near contemporary author, when her subjects approached her on political matters, she would consult her husband "whose will she regarded as law", but she was always able to administer everything according to her own wishes and Maximilian, a mild husband, would never oppose her will.[40] She managed internal affairs and attended all assemblies where the couple needed to raise revenue. Burgundian coinage showed that Maximilian was never endowed with the official rank that contemporary royal husbands such as Ferdinand of Aragon achieved in their wives' possessions. Apparently, she could impose her will on her spouse in military matters as well, as shown in the two times she tried to do this. In one case, recounted by Maximilian in the manuscript of the Weisskunig, his advisors tried to prevent him from unleashing war against a stronger French army who had concentrated at the front, but he was determined to carry it out. The advisors asked for help from Mary, who told him he could go but should come back to say farewell to her first. When he went back, she had him promptly locked up in his own apartment. After long negotiations, he agreed to go dancing instead and was let out.[41] In her official images and presentation, she was presented as an active, commanding ruler, usually on horseback and with a hawk. She adopted a more pacifistic image than her father, but her position as the rightful ruler was emphasized while Maximilian, armored and armed, tended to be shown behind his wife. This was in contrast with the profile portraits that Maximilian commissioned during his later reign as emperor, where she was often shown as the passive side.[42]

In order to bolster support for the government, she focused the most on public appearances, especially public shows of piety.[43] [44]

The 1482 winter was harsh and France had declared a salt blockade, but the political situation in the Netherlands was overall positive; the French aggression was temporarily checked, and internal peace was in large measure restored.[45]

Towards the end of her rule, there was an event that exarcebated the division between the central government and other factions: the murder of Jehan (or Jan) van Dadizeele, on 20 October 1481. At the time, there were angry accusations against Maximilian and Filips van Horne (1421-1488),Lord of Gaasbeek, one of his closest counsellors.[46] [47] In 2023, a letter written by Frederik van Horn and preserved at the Gelders Archief (found by Haemers and van Driel) shows that van Horn was the person who committed the murder. According to van Horn, after the murder of Dadizeele, Mary wrote a letter to him, declaring that Dadizeele was a villain and a traitor who tried to replace her and Maximilian's faithful servants with the people he chose, as he saw fit, and that she would see the killing as revenge for herself. Haemers opines that she herself seemed to be preparing to kill Dadizeele (in the case van Horn was honest about Mary's letter – at the time, he was trying to justify his act and get a pardon), but in reality, was not the perpetrator. Ultimately, Mary chose to pardon and defend Frederik van Horn. This decision would later help to lead to the Flemish revolts against Maximilian (1482–1492).[48]

Death and legacy

See also: Tomb of Mary of Burgundy.

In 1482, a falcon hunt in the woods near Wijnendale Castle was organised by Adolph of Cleves, Lord of Ravenstein, who lived in the castle. Mary loved riding and was hunting with Maximilian and knights of the court when her horse tripped, threw her in a ditch, and then landed on top of her, breaking her back. She died several weeks later on 27 March from internal injuries, having made a detailed will. She was buried in the Church of Our Lady in Bruges on 3 April 1482. She was pregnant.

Maximilian was devastated. She had initially hidden the extent of her injury to calm him down. When he continued to display uncontrollable grief, she had to force him out of her chamber so that she could discuss matters of the state with her nobles, concerning which she asked them to keep their loyalty oath to him and their children. Maximilian was not present when she said her last words.[49] [50]

The bankrupted court honoured her with a glorious funeral, as Maximilian melted down the silverware for the occasion.[51]

Her two-year-old daughter, Margaret of Austria, was sent in vain to France, to marry the Dauphin, in an attempt to please Louis XI and persuade him not to invade the territories owned by Mary.

Louis was swift to re-engage hostilities with Maximilian and forced him to agree to the Treaty of Arras of 1482, by which Franche-Comté and Artois passed for a time to French rule, only to be recovered by the Treaty of Senlis of 1493, which established peace in the Low Countries. Mary's marriage into the House of Habsburg proved to be a disaster for France because the Burgundian inheritance later brought it into conflict with Spain and the Holy Roman Empire.

In 1493, Emperor Frederick III died. Maximilian became the de facto leader of the Empire and relinquished control of the Netherlands to his and Mary's son Philip. By this time, rebellions against Maximilian's authority had been subdued by force and a strong ducal monarchy was established. He made sure that during their son's inauguration, Philip confirmed only the rights granted to territories by the time of Philip the Good.

Olga Karaskova summarizes scholarly opinions on Mary's rule as follows:

In 2019, she was added to the Canon of the Netherlands. The committee headed by James Kennedy explained that, "her Habsburg marriage determined the international position of the Netherlands for centuries." and that "her personality and the leniency of her government" preserved "the unity of the core regions of the Burgundian Netherlands.", even if most of the functions of the head of state were carried out by the energetic husband.[52] [53] Historian Jelle Haemers opines that she should not be made into a feminist icon.[54]

Maximilian tended to describe Mary as the Grand Dame, who could stand next to him as sovereigns.[55] [56] The devotion the people of the Low Countries had towards Mary (often idealized as earthly representation of the Virgin Mary) helped Maximilian, their children and the central government in the turbulent period following her death.[57]

In arts and popular culture

See also: Cultural depictions of Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor.

Arts and legends under the rule of Mary, Maximilian and the Habsburgs

In her lifetime, Mary's preferred symbols, which were often associated with her official image, were the falcon and the horse. Ann M.Roberts notes that the falcon seemed to be a substitute for the sword (which was used by her grandfather and father for their seals), that denoted her status and prowess and also seemingly equated her skills as a huntress with her husband's skills as a military leader. Also according to Roberts, the posthumous portraits produced during her husband's later reign (which were much more numerous) show a completely different image: he tended to utilize the profile portraits that portrayed her as a young (with less personal features and only recognizable by her items, such as the hennin, the brocaded garment, necklaces and brooches), virtuous, pious, passive bride whose wealth he possessed and could do with as he wanted and for whom he constructed a mythology of romantic love between the two.[61]

Olga Karaskova also opines that the manner she was placed in the premier position and her seal superimposed on his in their seals seems to indicate the conception she had of herself and the way she wanted to be seen by her contemporaries. During Maximilian's later reign, he commissioned numerous portrayals of Mary for various purposes. According to Karaskova, the symbol of the falcon did not disappear, but returned as Maximilian needed to assert his and their descendants' right of inheritance. In public portraits, the image of Mary holding a falcon returned once during the inauguration of Charles V. In addition, Maximilian commissioned portraits of Philip the Fair and Charles V holding falcons (thus establishing a connection between them and Mary), so he had to depend on the iconography created by Mary and associated with her, that had not been erased from the memory of their contemporaries. In the Old Prayer Book of Maximilian of Austria (l'Ancien livre de prières de Maximilien d'Autriche, 1486, Vienne, ÖNB, Cod. 1907, f. 61v), there are the depiction of three falcons that seemingly symbolize Mary, Philip the Fair and Maximilian: Mary was with Philip while Maximilian was chasing another bird, symbolically protecting wife and child, next to the German eagle and the combined coat-of-arms of the Houses of Austria and Burgundy. Maximilian also had a tendency to virtually "promote" Mary to the status of Empress in these posthumous portrayals: an image created by Jörg Kölderer in preparation for Mary's statue in Maximilian's cenotaph showed a coat-of-arms that incorporated her husband's symbols as King of the Romans or Holy Roman Emperor (that she could not have used in life).

There was also a type of iconography created for the emperor's private use (instead of being used as a political declaration to the public), created by Bernhard Strigel: Mary, also presented in the imperial style as his empress, queen Ehrenreich and eternal companion, was shown with falcons outside the window and a hunting scene on her corsage, which seemed to imply courtly love and the days of happiness for the emperor. This iconography also seemed to be connected to the diptych Portrait of Emperor Maximilian and his family by Bernhard Strigel (mentioned below).

In the Book of Hours of Mary and Maximilian (Berlin, SM, Kupferstichkabinett, Ms. 78 B 12, f. 220v.), the falcon and the hunt scene were shown, not as display of political significance, but only tragedy. Karaskova suggests that the coincidence that combined the Duchess's favourite mode of portrayal and the manner of her death must have had an impact on the illustrator as well as the commissioner, in this case Maximilian.[62] According to the documentary Der letzte Ritter by Zweites Deutsches Fernsehen (ZDF), in his conversations with their daughter Margaret, the emperor associated the call of the falcon with "the blackest day of his life" (he remained a passionate falconer though – In his cenotaph, where there are also Mary's and his statues, the belt of Mary's grandfather, Philip the Good, displays the image of a male falconer and a female falconer).[56] [63]

Karaskova comments that the type of profile portraits that Roberts considers to be the products of Maximilian's preferences (which also presented her as youthful and wealthy) seemed to have existed and been copied since her lifetime and connected her to her ancestors, especially Philip the Bold, who also had such profile portraits. After his marriage to Bianca Maria in 1494, Maximilian also presented himself with both of his wives simultaneously. There was a notable tendency, expressed most clearly in the representations of genealogical trees (one commissioned in 1497, and another ten years later): outwardly, the group looked united, but Maximilian turned his back on Bianca to face the mother of his children (Unterholzner also notes that Maximilian always concentrated on the children of his first marriage in terms of succession politics, despite the fact that this was very risky; later, as the mother of his only (legitimate) children, Mary of Burgundy only became more important).[64]

Later, her children Philip and Margaret preferred to utilize the images of the undisputed dukes (which were shown in public spaces) instead of those of the disputed duchess to consolidate their rule, but that does not mean they displayed emotional disavowal towards her, as shown by the famous diptych commissioned by Margaret to commemorate her mother and created by Jan Mostaert in 1520. Charles V, however, focused on his paternal ancestors, especially on Maximilian and Mary as true progenitors of his house.The falcon also returned and her role as Duchess of Burgundy was also highlighted.

Even during her lifetime, she became the centre of a cult that associated her with the Virgin Mary. It was not unusual for young women to be associated with the Virgin back then, but the similarity in their name made it easier and more provoking in the case of Mary. After her death, both Maximilian and her Burgundian subjects dedicated much artworks and propaganda to this cult.

Noa Turel argues that Mary and her step-mother Margaret of York did willingly join the courtly "theater of devotion" that cast Margaret as Saint Anne and Mary as the Virgin, which are demonstrated by their actions and their self-insertions in the manuscripts associated with the Baptism of Philip the Fair (whose claims to territories through matrilineal inheritance would be strengthened through this association, which also cast him as the infant Jesus).[71] Turel opines that the reason the chronicler Olivier de la Marche only offered a brief description of this important event was that as Premier maître d'hôtel, he likely had to accompany Maximilian to the battlefield at the time of the baptism.

The motif of the Virgin and the Eagle would be seen again during Maximilian's "joyous entry" into Antwerp (1478), on one of the tableaux the city presented him. An eagle was shown offering his own blood to the maiden. The symbol for both Antwerp and Burgundy was also a virgin, while the eagle was the symbol of the House of Habsburg. The Antwerp (later, his loyal ally in his later turbulent regency) community seemed to welcome Maximilian as their saviour, but also wanted to subtly remind him of limits to his powers and his responsibilities as ruler together with Mary.[76]

Later depictions

Family

Mary's son Philip succeeded to her dominions under the guardianship of his father.

Issue:

Ancestry

Titles

See also

Sources

Notes and References

  1. Book: Haar . Alisa van de . The Golden Mean of Languages: Forging Dutch and French in the Early Modern Low Countries (1540–1620) . 2 September 2019 . BRILL . 978-90-04-40859-3 . 43 . 25 June 2022 . en.
  2. Book: A Century of Dutch Manuscript illumination . 14 April 1968 . University of California Press . 6 . 25 June 2022 . en.
  3. Book: Kooi . Christine . Reformation in the Low Countries, 1500-1620 . 9 June 2022 . Cambridge University Press . 978-1-316-51352-1 . 21 . 25 June 2022 . en.
  4. Book: Grant . Neil . Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor . 1970 . F. Watts . 978-0-531-00937-6 . 22 . 12 November 2021 . en. "The threatened disintegration of the Burgundian state was prevented, and in the end Maximilian even extended its frontiers."
  5. Book: Graves . M. A. R. . The Parliaments of Early Modern Europe: 1400 - 1700 . 6 June 2014 . Routledge . 978-1-317-88433-0 . 43–44 . 12 November 2021 . en.
  6. Book: Kekewich . Margaret L. . The Good King: René of Anjou and Fifteenth Century Europe . 31 October 2008 . Palgrave Macmillan UK . 978-1-4039-8820-1 . 230 . 16 August 2022 . en.
  7. Book: MacGibbon . David . Elizabeth Woodville - A Life: The Real Story of the 'White Queen' . 15 April 2013 . Amberley Publishing Limited . 978-1-4456-1298-0 . 16 August 2022 . en.
  8. Book: Bret . David . The Yorkist Kings and the Wars of the Roses: Part One: Edward IV . 23 July 2014 . Lulu Press, Inc . 978-1-291-95954-3 . 170 . 16 August 2022 . en.
  9. Book: Molinier . Auguste Émile Louis Marie . Les sources de l'histoire de France des origines aux guerres d'Italie (1494).: Introduction generale Les Valois (suite) Louis XI et Charles VIII (1461-1494) . 1904 . B. Franklin . 129 . 22 January 2023 . fr.
  10. Book: Knecht . Robert . The Valois: Kings of France 1328-1589 . 1 April 2007 . A&C Black . 978-1-85285-522-2 . 105 . 22 January 2023 . en.
  11. Book: Kleiman . Irit Ruth . Philippe de Commynes: Memory, Betrayal, Text . 22 March 2013 . University of Toronto Press . 978-1-4426-6324-4 . 22 January 2023 . 1301, 131, 149. en.
  12. Book: Commire . Anne . Klezmer . Deborah . Women in World History: A Biographical Encyclopedia . 1999 . Yorkin Publications . 978-0-7876-4069-9 . 535 . 22 January 2023 . en.
  13. Book: Grössing . Sigrid-Maria . Maximilian I.: Kaiser, Künstler, Kämpfer . 2002 . Amalthea . 978-3-85002-485-3 . 39, 72 . 12 November 2021 . de.
  14. Web site: Abernethy . Susan . Mary, Duchess of Burgundy . Medievalists.net . 12 November 2021 . 17 January 2014.
  15. Book: Lauro . Brigitta . Die Grabstätten der Habsburger: Kunstdenkmäler einer europäischen Dynastie . 2007 . Brandstätter . 978-3-85498-433-7 . 108 . 12 November 2021 . de.
  16. Book: Speaight . Robert . The Companion Guide to Burgundy . 1975 . Collins . 978-0-00-216104-6 . 24 . 12 November 2021 . en.
  17. Book: Speaight . Robert . The Companion Guide to Burgundy . 1975 . Collins . 978-0-00-216104-6 . 24 . 12 November 2021 . en.
  18. Book: Vossen . Carl . Maria von Burgund: des Hauses Habsburg Kronjuwel . 1982 . Seewald . 978-3-512-00636-4 . 146 . 12 November 2021 . de.
  19. Encyclopedia: Sutch. Susie Speakman. Politics and Print at the Time of Philip the Fair. Wijsman . Hanno . Wijsman . Henri Willem . Kelders . Ann . Sutch . Susie Speakman . Books in Transition at the Time of Philip the Fair: Manuscripts and Printed Books in the Late Fifteenth and Early Sixteenth Century Low Countries . 2010 . Brepols . 978-2-503-52984-4 . 235 . 17 February 2022 . en.
  20. Book: Haemers . Jelle . For the Common Good: State Power and Urban Revolts in the Reign of Mary of Burgundy, (1477-1482) . 2009 . Isd . 978-2-503-52986-8 . 1 . 17 February 2022 . en.
  21. Book: Lindsay . J.O. . The New Cambridge Modern History: 1713-63. The Old Regime. volume VII . 1957 . CUP Archive . 228 . 24 October 2021.
  22. Book: Steinmetz . Greg . The Richest Man Who Ever Lived: The Life and Times of Jacob Fugger . 4 August 2015 . Simon and Schuster . 978-1-4516-8857-3 . 78 . 12 November 2021 . en.
  23. Book: Haemers . Jelle . For the Common Good: State Power and Urban Revolts in the Reign of Mary of Burgundy, (1477-1482) . 2009 . Isd . 978-2-503-52986-8 . 23,25,26,38,41,100,266 . 17 November 2021 . en.
  24. Book: Vaughan . Richard . Paravicini . Werner . Charles the Bold: The Last Valois Duke of Burgundy . 2002 . Boydell Press . 978-0-85115-918-8 . 232, 233 . 17 November 2021 . en.
  25. Book: de Fouw . Arie . Philips Van Kleef, een Bijdrage tot de kennis van zijn leven en karakter, academisch proefschrift . 1937 . J.B. Wolters' uitgevers-maatschappij . 15, 21, 22 .
  26. Book: Sicking . L. H. J. . Neptune and the Netherlands: State, Economy, and War at Sea in the Renaissance . 1 January 2004 . BRILL . 978-90-04-13850-6 . 66, 67 . en . Louis Sicking . 17 November 2021.
  27. Lassalmonie . Jean-François . Amable Sablon du Corail, La Guerre, le prince et ses sujets. Les finances des Pays-Bas bourguignons sous Marie de Bourgogne et Maximilien d'Autriche (1477-1493), Turnhout, Brepols, 2019, 632 p., ISBN 978-2-503-58098-2 . 2021/4 . 2021 . 68–4 . 189–191 . 10.3917/rhmc.684.0191 . 247271703 . 16 August 2022. free .
  28. Book: Wee . H. Van der . The Growth of the Antwerp Market and the European Economy: Fourteenth-Sixteenth Centuries . 29 June 2013 . Springer Science & Business Media . 978-94-015-3864-0 . 109 . 27 October 2021 . en.
  29. Soen . Violet . 14. The House of Croÿ and Mary of Burgundy. Or How to Keep Noble Elites at the Burgundian-Habsburg Court (1477-1482) . Marie de Bourgogne/Mary of Burgundy . Burgundica . January 2021 . 31 . 237–250 . 10.1484/M.BURG-EB.5.122543 . 978-2-503-58808-7 . 244627826 . 16 August 2022.
  30. Book: Davies . Norman . Vanished Kingdoms: The History of Half-Forgotten Europe . 27 October 2011 . Penguin Books Limited . 978-0-14-196048-7 . 52 . en.
  31. Book: Spijkers . J.H. . Punished and corrected as an example to all: On the treatment of rebellious nobles during and after the Flemish Revolts (1482-1492) . 2014 . Leiden University . 102. 27 October 2021.
  32. Book: Loades . Judith . Medieval History, Volume 4 . 1994 . Headstart History . 9781859431252 . 126 .
  33. Maximilian I. (emperor) . 17 . Holland . Arthur William . 922 - 923; see page 922 lines five and six.
  34. Book: Blockmans . Willem Pieter . Blockmans . Wim . Prevenier . Walter . The Promised Lands: The Low Countries Under Burgundian Rule, 1369-1530 . 1999 . University of Pennsylvania Press . 978-0-8122-1382-9 . 199 . 12 November 2021 . en.
  35. Book: Monter . William . The Rise of Female Kings in Europe, 1300-1800 . 24 January 2012 . Yale University Press . 978-0-300-17807-4 . 138 . en.
  36. Book: Tracy . James D. . Emperor Charles V, Impresario of War: Campaign Strategy, International Finance, and Domestic Politics . 14 November 2002 . Cambridge University Press . 978-0-521-81431-7 . 71 . 27 October 2021 . en.
  37. Book: Ellis . Edward Sylvester . Horne . Charles Francis . The Story of the Greatest Nations: A Comprehensive History, Extending from the Earliest Times to the Present, Founded on the Most Modern Authorities, and Including Chronological Summaries and Pronouncing Vocabularies for Each Nation; and the World's Famous Events, Told in a Series of Brief Sketches Forming a Single Continuous Story of History and Illumined by a Complete Series of Notable Illustrations from the Great Historic Paintings of All Lands . 1914 . Niglutsch . 1903 . 27 October 2021 . en.
  38. Book: Fried . Johannes . The Middle Ages . 13 January 2015 . Harvard University Press . 978-0-674-05562-9 . 501 . 8 November 2021 . en.
  39. Book: Carson . Patricia . Flanders in Creative Contrasts . 1990 . Davidsfonds . 978-90-6152-545-5 . 132 . 12 November 2021 . en.
  40. Book: Ylä-Anttila . Tupu . Habsburg female regents in the early 16th century . 1970 . University of Helsinki . 36 . 25 October 2021.
  41. Book: Karaskova . Olga . Marie de Bourgogne et le Grand Héritage : l'iconographie princière face aux défis d'un pouvoir en transition (1477-1530), Volume 1 . 2014a . Université Lille Nord de France, Université Charles-de-Gaulle – Lille 3, École doctorale Sciences de l'Homme et de la Société, Centre des recherches IRHiS – UMR 8529, Institut de Recherches Historiques du Septentrion, Musée de l'Ermitage . 139, 140 . 27 October 2021.
  42. Encyclopedia: Roberts. Ann M. . Excavating the Medieval Image: Manuscripts, Artists, Audiences: Essays in Honor of Sandra Hindman . David S. Areford. 30 November 2017 . Routledge . 978-1-351-15846-6 . 135–150 . en.
  43. Book: Church . Catholic . Spierinc . Nicolas . Nacional . Áustria Biblioteca . The Hours of Mary of Burgundy: Codex Vindobonensis 1857, Vienna, Österreichische Nationalbibliothek . 1995 . Harvey Miller . 978-1-872501-87-1 . 22 March 2022 . en.
  44. News: Demets . Lisa . Maria van Bourgondië . 22 March 2022 . Brabants Erfgoed . 1 September 2020 . nl.
  45. Mary, duchess of Burgundy . 17 . 824 .
  46. Book: Weightman . Christine . Margaret of York: The Diabolical Duchess . 15 June 2009 . Amberley Publishing Limited . 978-1-4456-0968-3 . 50 . 19 July 2023 . en.
  47. Book: Gunn . Steven J. . Janse . A. . The Court as a Stage: England and the Low Countries in the Later Middle Ages . 2006 . Boydell Press . 978-1-84383-191-4 . 129 . 19 July 2023 . en.
  48. Web site: Haemers . Jelle . van Driel . Maarten . Cold case na 542 jaar opgelost, dankzij ontdekking in het Gelders Archief - Gelders Archief . www.geldersarchief.nl . 19 July 2023.
  49. Book: Kidwell . Carol . Marullus . 1989 . Duckworth . 978-0-7156-2510-1 . 136 . 25 October 2021 . en.
  50. Book: Costello . Louisa Stuart . Memoirs of Mary, the Young Duchess of Burgundy, and Her Contemporaries . 1853 . R. Bentley . 388 . 25 October 2021 . en.
  51. Book: Haemers . Jelle . De strijd om het regentschap over Filips de Schone : opstand, facties en geweld in Brugge, Gent en Ieper (1482-1488) . 2014 . Gent . 9789038224008 . 63 . 26 November 2021.
  52. News: Kleijn . Koen . Waarom behoort Maria van Bourgondië nu tot de Canon van Nederland? . 22 March 2022 . De Groene Amsterdammer . 2020 . nl.
  53. Web site: Mary of Burgundy . Canon van Nederland . 22 March 2022 . en.
  54. News: Raspoet . Erik . Lady Di zonder de paparazzi: 'Maak van Maria Van Bourgondië vooral geen feministisch icoon' . 22 March 2022 . Site-Knack-NL . 20 August 2019 . nl.
  55. Book: Wiesflecker . Hermann . Maximilian I.: die Fundamente des habsburgischen Weltreiches . 1991 . Verlag für Geschichte und Politik . 978-3-486-55875-3 . 356 . 1 November 2021 . de . 1 November 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20211101044113/https://books.google.com/books?id=RAVoAAAAMAAJ . live .
  56. Maximilian - Der letzte Ritter . Maximilian - Der letzte Ritter . Corrine . Manfred . Zweites Deutsches Fernsehen (ZDF) . 2017 . 1 November 2021 . 1 November 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20211101225015/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HyW4SsyRP0A . live .
  57. Book: Stein . Robert . Pollmann . Judith . Networks, Regions and Nations: Shaping Identities in the Low Countries, 1300-1650 . 2010 . BRILL . 978-90-04-18024-6 . 138 . 8 November 2021 . en.
  58. Book: Brann . Noel L. . Trithemius and Magical Theology: A Chapter in the Controversy over Occult Studies in Early Modern Europe . 1999 . SUNY Press . 9780791439616 . 165 . 22 October 2021.
  59. Book: Baron . Frank . Faustus on Trial: The Origins of Johann Spies's 'Historia' in an Age of Witch Hunting . 2013 . Walter de Gruyter . 9783110930061 . 95–103 . 22 October 2021.
  60. Book: Elwood Waas . Glenn . The Legendary Character of Kaiser Maximilian . 1941 . Columbia University Press . 153–162 . 22 October 2021.
  61. Book: Pearson . Andrea . Women and Portraits in Early Modern Europe: Gender, Agency, Identity . 5 December 2016 . Routledge . 978-1-351-87226-3 . 79–87 . 22 November 2021 . en.
  62. Book: Akbari . Suzanne Conklin . Ross . Jill . The Ends of the Body: Identity and Community in Medieval Culture . 29 January 2013 . University of Toronto Press . 978-1-4426-6139-4 . 38–39 . 22 November 2021 . en.
  63. Book: Barsch . Harald . Kulturgut: FALKNEREI. Bewerbung zur Eintragung in die nationale Liste des Immateriellen Kulturerbes gemäß UNESCO Konvention MISC/2003/CLT/CH14 . 2003 . UNESCO . 10 . 22 November 2021.
  64. Book: Unterholzner . Daniela . Bianca Maria Sforza (1472-1510) : herrschaftliche Handlungsspielräume einer Königin vor dem Hintergrund von Hof, Familie und Dynastie . 2015 . Leopold-Franzens-Universität Innsbruck . 1,51,132,134,135. 5 December 2021.
  65. Book: Watanabe-O'Kelly . Helen . The Cambridge History of German Literature . 12 June 2000 . Cambridge University Press . 978-0-521-78573-0 . 94 . 12 November 2021 . en.
  66. Book: Rady . Martyn . The Habsburgs: The Rise and Fall of a World Power . 12 May 2020 . Penguin Books Limited . 978-0-14-198719-4 . 51 . 25 October 2021 . en.
  67. Book: Miles . Laura Saetveit . The Virgin Mary's Book at the Annunciation: Reading, Interpretation, and Devotion in Medieval England . 2020 . Boydell & Brewer . 978-1-84384-534-8 . 206 . 8 November 2021 . en.
  68. Book: Bluestone . Natalie Harris . Double Vision: Perspectives on Gender and the Visual Arts . 1995 . Fairleigh Dickinson Univ Press . 978-0-8386-3540-7 . 78 . 8 November 2021 . en.
  69. Book: Burger . Glenn . Conduct Becoming: Good Wives and Husbands in the Later Middle Ages . 2018 . University of Pennsylvania Press . 978-0-8122-4960-6 . 12 . 8 November 2021 . en.
  70. Eörsi . Anna . "Imaige a la Vierge Marie"; The Hours of Mary of Burgundy, Her Marriage, and Her Painter, Hugo van der Goes . Acta Historiae Artium . 2020 . 61 . 10.1556/170.2020.00002 . 19–53 . 234506689 . 8 November 2021. "Underlying the tendency to identify Mary of Burgundy with the Virgin Mary was the situation of Burgundy and its heiress, which was understood by means of salvation-historical analogies. In the book of hours, the figures of the two Marys are conflated severaltimes in a variety of ways (fols. 14v, 19v, 43v, 94v, 99v). The hymn in praise of the heavenly joys of the Virgin Mary, which is organically related to the frontispiece image, is thus (also) a chanted sequence for the eternal beatitude of the young bride."
  71. Encyclopedia: Staging the Court: Auto-Iconicity and Female Authority around a 1478 Burgundian baptism. Turel. Noa. Authority and Gender in Medieval and Renaissance Chronicles. Dresvina . Juliana . Sparks . Nicholas . 18 December 2012 . Cambridge Scholars Publishing . 978-1-4438-4428-4 . 343–374. 11 November 2021 . en.
  72. Book: Armstrong . Adrian . Technique and Technology: Script, Print, and Poetics in France, 1470-1550 . 2000 . Clarendon Press . 9780198159896 . 41 . 22 October 2021.
  73. Dixon . Rebecca . A consolatory allusion in Jean Molinet's le naufrage de la pucelle (1477). French Studies Bulletin . 2006 . 12 . 1 . 96–98 . 10.1093/frebul/ktl036.
  74. Book: Suntrup . Rudolf . Veenstra . Jan R. . Bollmann . Anne M. . Medien Der Symbolik in Spätmittelalter und Früher Neuzeit . 2005 . P. Lang . 9780820477145 . 203 . 22 October 2021.
  75. Book: Bergweiler . Ulrike . Die Allegorie im Werk von Jean Lemaire de Belges . 1976 . Librairie Droz . 9782600038584 . 153 . 22 October 2021.
  76. Overlaet . Kim . The 'joyous entry' of Archduke Maximilian into Antwerp (13 January 1478): an analysis of a 'most elegant and dignified' dialogue . Journal of Medieval History . 2018 . 44 . 2 . 231–249 . 10.1080/03044181.2018.1440622 . 165610800 . free .
  77. Van der Heide . Klaas . Many Paths Must a Choirbook Tread Before it Reaches the Pope? . 2019 . Medieval & Early Modern Music from the Low Countries . 11 . 22 October 2021. 1–2 . 10.1484/J.JAF.5.118980. 47–70. 213740615 .
  78. Book: Dürer . Albrecht . Russell . Peter . Delphi Complete Works of Albrecht Dürer (Illustrated) . 2016 . Delphi Classics . 9781786564986 . 159 . 22 October 2021.
  79. Book: Jameson (Anna) . Mrs . Legends of the Madonna . 1898 . Houghton, Mifflin . 344 . 25 October 2021 . en.
  80. Book: Welsh . Jennifer . The Cult of St. Anne in Medieval and Early Modern Europe . 2016 . Taylor & Francis . 9781134997800 . 141 . 22 October 2021.
  81. Book: Bird . Michael S. . Art and Interreligious Dialogue: Six Perspectives . 1995 . University Press of America . 978-0-8191-9555-5 . 13, 14 . 22 November 2021 . en.
  82. Book: Bullard . Rebecca . Carnell . Rachel . The Secret History in Literature, 1660-1820 . 24 March 2017 . Cambridge University Press . 978-1-107-15046-1 . 209 . 25 October 2021 . en.
  83. Book: Graham . Jenny . Wintle . Michael . 8. Picturing Patriotism: The Image of the Artist-Hero and the Belgian Nation State, 1830–1900 . The Historical Imagination in Nineteenth-Century Britain and the Low Countries . 1 January 2013. 174, 188 . 10.1163/9789004241862_010 . 9789004241862 .
  84. Book: King . Margaret F. . Engel . Elliot . Victorian Novel Before Victoria: British Fiction During The Reign Of William Iv 1830-37 . 3 January 2016 . Springer . 978-1-349-17604-5 . 102, 103 . 3 November 2021 . en.
  85. Book: Library . Boston Public . Bulletin . 1895 . 182 . 27 May 2022 . en.
  86. Book: Hersch . Hermann . Maria von Burgund: Lustspiel in 1 Aufzuge . 1853 . Druck von C. Wolf & Sohn . 27 May 2022 . de.
  87. Book: Hersch . Hermann . Maria von Burgund: Schauspiel in fünf Aufzügen . 1860 . Sauerländer . 27 May 2022 . de.
  88. Book: Ladd . Anna Coleman . Hieronymus Rides: Episodes in the Life of a Knight and Jester at the Court of Maximilian, King of the Romans . 1912 . Macmillan and Company, Limited . 25 January 2022 . en.
  89. Book: The Bellman . 1912 . 25 January 2022 . en.
  90. Book: Joanneum . Steiermärkisches Landesmuseum . Das Steiermärkische Landesmuseum Joanneum und seine Sammlungen: mit zustimmung des Steuermärkischen Landes-Ausschusses zur 100 Jährigen Grundungsfeier des Joanneums hrsg. vom Kuratorium des Landesmuseums . 1911 . Ulrich Mosers Buchhandlung (I. Meyerhoff) k.u.k. Hofbuchhändler . 358 . 8 November 2021 . de.
  91. Book: Bryan . Michael . Bryan's Dictionary of Painters and Engravers . 1904 . Macmillan . 105 . 8 November 2021 . en.
  92. Book: Turner . Christopher . Landmark Visitors Guide Bruges: Belgium . 2002 . Hunter Publishing, Inc . 978-1-84306-032-1 . 76 . 8 November 2021 . en.
  93. Book: Besson . André . Marie de Bourgogne: la princesse aux chaînes . 1994 . Nouvelles Editions Latines . 978-2-7233-0480-1 . 6 . 3 November 2021 . fr.
  94. Book: Allard . Yvon . Le roman historique: guide de lecture . 1987 . Le Préambule . 978-2-89133-078-7 . 66 . 3 November 2021 . fr.
  95. Book: Broomhall . Susan . Spinks . Jennifer . Early Modern Women in the Low Countries: Feminizing Sources and Interpretations of the Past . 13 May 2016 . Routledge . 978-1-317-14680-3 . 19 . 3 November 2021 . en.
  96. Web site: Being Maximilian . Drama Quarterly . Michael . Pickard . January 12, 2017.
  97. Web site: Musical "Maximilian – ein wahrer Ritter" . maximilian2019.tirol/ . en.
  98. Web site: Eigenproduktion: Der Kaiser auf der Neukloster-Bühne . www.noen.at . de . 1 February 2019.
  99. Web site: Secrets d'Histoire - Marie de Bourgogne : seule contre tous . FranceTvPro.fr . 8 November 2021 . fr.
  100. News: KW . Redactie . Streetartkunstenaar Stan Slabbinck wekt vier Brugse zotten tot leven vlak bij 't Zand . 29 January 2022 . KW.be . 25 April 2019 . nl.
  101. Book: Triennale de Bruges . Triennial Bruges 2021 . 2021 . Triennale de Bruges . 18, 20 . 29 January 2022.
  102. Web site: JamzJamezon . Legendz . 29 January 2022.
  103. Book: Delaere . Mark . Compeers . Joris . Flemish Symphonic Music Since 1950: Historical Overview, Discussion of Selected Works and Inventory . 2006 . Matrix, New Music Documentation Centre . 978-90-77717-03-5 . 72 . 19 May 2022 . en.
  104. Book: Benoît-Jeannin . Maxime . Miroir de Marie Bourgogne ! le Cycle de la Maison de Valois. . 2021 . Le Cri editions . Namur . 9782871067399.
  105. News: NWS . VRT . Nieuw standbeeld 'De val van het paard' in Jabbeke: geïnspireerd op fatale val hertogin Maria Van Bourgondië . 19 May 2022 . vrtnws.be . 8 May 2022 . nl.
  106. Book: Scofield . Cora L. . The Life and Reign of Edward the Fourth (Vol 2): King of England and of France and Lord of Ireland . 23 April 2019 . Routledge . 978-0-429-61418-7 . 198 . 10 November 2021 . en.
  107. Book: Benecke . Gerhard . Maximilian I (1459-1519): An Analytical Biography . 26 June 2019 . Routledge . 978-1-000-00840-1 . 5 . 10 November 2021 . en.

This article is licensed under the GNU Free Documentation License. It uses material from the Wikipedia article "Mary of Burgundy".

Except where otherwise indicated, Everything.Explained.Today is © Copyright 2009-2024, A B Cryer, All Rights Reserved. Cookie policy.