Marvel Entertainment Explained

Marvel Entertainment, LLC
Image Caption:	Headquarters in 1290 Avenue of the Americas, New York
Type:	Subsidiary
Traded As:	(1998–2009)
Successor:	The Walt Disney Company
Genre:	Superhero fiction
Fate:	Folded into The Walt Disney Company
Hq Location:	1290 Avenue of the Americas
Hq Location City:	New York City
Hq Location Country:	United States
Area Served:	Worldwide
Key People:	Kevin Feige (CCO) Dan Buckley (president)
Industry:	Entertainment
Services:	Licensing
Parent:	The Walt Disney Company (2009–2023)
Divisions:	Marvel Comics Marvel Games Marvel New Media
Subsid:	Iron Works Productions Marvel Characters Marvel Unlimited

Marvel Entertainment, LLC (formerly Marvel Entertainment, Inc. and Marvel Enterprises, Inc.) was an American entertainment company founded in June 1998 and based in New York City, formed by the merger of Marvel Entertainment Group and Toy Biz. The company has been a wholly owned subsidiary of the Walt Disney Company since 2009, and was mainly known for consumer products, licensing, and comic books by Marvel Comics, as well as its early forays into films and television series, including those within the Marvel Cinematic Universe (MCU).

In 2009, the Walt Disney Company acquired Marvel Entertainment for ;^[1] it had been a limited liability company (LLC) since then. For financial reporting purposes, Marvel was primarily reported as part of the Disney Consumer Products segment ever since Marvel Studios' reorganization from Marvel Entertainment into Walt Disney Studios.^[2]

Over the years, Marvel Entertainment entered into several partnerships and negotiations with other companies across a variety of businesses., Marvel has film licensing agreements with Sony Pictures via Columbia Pictures (for Spider-Man films) and theme park licensing agreements with IMG Worlds of Adventure and Universal Destinations & Experiences (for specific Marvel character rights at Islands of Adventure).^[3] Aside from their contract with Universal Destinations & Experiences, Marvel's characters and properties have also appeared at Disney Parks.^[4]

On March 29, 2023, Marvel Entertainment's operations, including Marvel Comics and Marvel Games, were folded into Disney's larger business units.^{[5] [6]}

History

Marvel Entertainment Group

Marvel Property, Inc.
Former Name:	Marvel Entertainment Group, Inc.
Type:	Subsidiary
Fate:	Business operations merged with Toy Biz and renamed as Marvel Enterprises
Predecessor:	Marvel Comics Group Cadence Industries

Marvel Entertainment Group, Inc. (or MEG), incorporated on, and included Marvel Comics and Marvel Productions. That year, it was sold to New World Entertainment Ltd as part of the liquidation of Cadence Industries.^[7] On January 6, 1989, Ronald Perelman's MacAndrews & Forbes Holdings bought Marvel Entertainment Group from New World for $82.5 million.^[8] The deal did not include Marvel Productions, which was folded into New World's TV and movie business.

"It is a mini-Disney in terms of intellectual property," said Perelman. "Disney's got much more highly recognized characters and softer characters, whereas our characters are termed action heroes. But at Marvel we are now in the business of the creation and marketing of characters."^[9]

Public offering and acquisition

Marvel made an initial public offering of 40% of the stock (ticker symbol NYSE:MRV) on July 15, 1991, giving $40 million from the proceeds to Andrews Group, Marvel's then direct parent corporation within MacAndrews & Forbes Holdings.^{[10] [11]}

In the early 1990s, Marvel Entertainment Group began expanding through acquisitions and the formation of new divisions. Marvel purchased the trading card company Fleer on July 24, 1992.^{[12] [13] [14] [15]} On April 30, 1993, Marvel acquired 46% of ToyBiz, which gave the company the rights to make Marvel toys. The Andrews Group named Avi Arad of ToyBiz as the president and CEO of the Marvel Films division.^[16]

In 1993 and 1994, Marvel's holding companies, Marvel Holdings, Inc. and Marvel Parent Holdings, Inc., were formed between Andrews Group and MEG. The companies issued over half a billion dollars in bonds under the direction of Perelman, which was passed up in dividends to Perelman's group of companies.^[17] Later on, Marvel and Acclaim Entertainment teamed up to provide a video game license in the early 1990s, which eventually formed into a joint label, Marvel Software in 1994.^{[18] [19]} On July 5, 1994, Marvel acquired Panini Group, an Italian sticker-maker,^[20] followed by Malibu Comics on November 3^{[21] [22]} and Heroes World Distribution, a regional distributor to comic-book shops, in December. On March 10, 1995, it acquired trading card company SkyBox International with the acquisition being fully completed later in May.^{[23] [24] [25] [26] [27]}

Marvel's attempt to distribute its products directly led to a decrease in sales and aggravated the losses which Marvel suffered when the comic book bubble popped, the 1994 Major League Baseball strike massacred the profits of the Fleer unit,^[28] and Panini, whose revenue depended largely on Disney licensing, was hobbled by poor Disney showings at the box office. A minority of dissidents maintain no bubble existed.^[29]

Bankruptcy and Marvel Studios

In late 1995, Marvel reported its first annual loss under Perelman, which was attributed mainly to the company's large size and a shrinking market. On January 4, 1996, Marvel laid off 275 employees.^[30]

In late 1996, Perelman proposed a plan to save Marvel in which the company would merge with Toy Biz after Perelman spent $350 million for the Toy Biz shares that he did not already own. He would then receive newly issued Marvel shares to maintain his 80 percent stake.

Separately, in July 1996, Marvel filed with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission to raise money to create a private entity called Marvel Studios.^[31] Much of the money to create Marvel Studios came from the sale of Toy Biz stock.^[32]

On December 27, 1996, the Marvel group of companies filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy protection.^{[33] [34] [35] [36] [37]} At this time, Carl Icahn, an American businessman and investor, began buying Marvel's bonds at 20% of their value and moved to block Perelman's plan. In February 1997, Icahn won the bankruptcy court's approval to take control of the company's stock. Later, in June 1997, Icahn won the right to replace Marvel's board, including Perelman.^[38]

In December 1997, during the post-bankruptcy reorganization phase, Toy Biz came to an agreement to purchase Marvel from the banks. In December 1997, the bankruptcy court appointed a trustee to oversee the company in place of Icahn. In April 1998, while the legal battle continued, the NYSE delisted Marvel stock.

In August 2008, former company head Ronald Perelman paid $80 million to settle a lawsuit accusing him of helping divert $553.5 million in notes when he controlled the company.

Marvel Enterprises

ToyBiz and Marvel Entertainment Group were merged into Marvel Enterprises to bring it out of bankruptcy on June 2, 1998.^[9] In February 1999, Fleer/Skybox was sold to a corporation owned by Alex and Roger Grass, a father and son, for US$30 million.^[39]

Later, the rights to names like "Spider-Man" were being challenged. Toy Biz hired an attorney to review its license agreement. Los Angeles patent attorney Carole E. Handler found a legal loophole in the licensing of the Marvel name and was successful in reclaiming Marvel Enterprises' movie rights to its character Spider-Man.^{[40] [41] [42]}

Marvel Enterprise organized itself into four major units, Marvel Studios, Toy Biz, Licensing and Publishing, while in November 1999 adding Marvel Characters Group to manage Marvel's IP and oversee marketing.^[43] Marvel named its Marvel New Media president, Steve Milo, in November 2000 to oversee its website.^[44]

In 2003, Bill Stine purchased back Quest Aerospace, a 1995 Toy Biz acquisition, from Marvel.^[45] In summer 2003, Marvel placed an offer for Artisan Entertainment.^[46] A new unit, Marvel International, was set up in London under a president, Bruno Maglione, to extend the company's operation and presence in major overseas markets in November 2003.^[47] In December 2003, Marvel Entertainment acquired Cover Concepts from Hearst Communications, Inc.^[48] In November 2004, Marvel consolidated its children's sleepwear-apparel licensing business with American Marketing Enterprises, Inc.^[49]

In November 2004, the corporation sued South Korea-based NCSoft Corp. and San Jose, California-based Cryptic Studios Inc. over possible trademark infringement in their City of Heroes massive multiplayer online game.^[50] Marvel settled a film-royalties lawsuit in April 2005 with its former editor-in-chief, publisher and creator, Stan Lee, paying him $10 million and negotiating an end to his royalties.^[51]

Marvel Entertainment

In September 2005, Marvel Enterprises changed its name to Marvel Entertainment to reflect the corporation's expansion into financing its own movie slate.^{[52] [53]}

In 2007, several Stan Lee Media related groups filed lawsuits against Marvel Entertainment for $1 billion and for Lee's Marvel creations in multiple states, most of which have been dismissed.^[54] Additionally, a lawsuit over ownership of the character Ghost Rider was filed on March 30, 2007, by Gary Friedrich and Gary Friedrich Enterprises, Inc.^[55]

Disney subsidiary (2009–2023)

On August 31, 2009, The Walt Disney Company announced a deal to acquire Marvel Entertainment for $4 billion, with Marvel shareholders to receive $30 and approximately 0.745 Disney shares for each share of Marvel they own.^[56] Shareholders from both companies approved the deal on December 31, 2009; it was finalised on the same day.^{[57] [58]} The company was delisted from the New York Stock Exchange under its ticker symbol (MVL), due to the closing of the deal.

On June 2, 2010, Marvel announced that it promoted Joe Quesada to Chief Creative Officer of Marvel Entertainment.^[59] In June 2010, Marvel set up a television division headed by Jeph Loeb as executive vice president.^[60] Three months later, Smith & Tinker licensed from Marvel the character rights for a superhero digital collectible game for Facebook and Apple's mobile platform.^[61] On October 1, 2010, Marvel moved its offices to a 60000square feet suite at 135 W. 50th Street, New York City, under a nine-year sublease contract.^[62]

Stan Lee Media's lawsuit against Marvel was dismissed again in February 2011.^{[54] [63]}

In March 2013, Feld Entertainment agreed with Marvel to produce a Marvel Character-based live arena show. Marvel was also launching a new pop culture and lifestyle web show, "Earth's Mightiest Show".^[64] On August 22, 2013, Marvel Entertainment announced that it was working with Hero Ventures on The Marvel Experience, a traveling production/attraction.^[65] In April 2014, Hong Kong Disneyland announced the construction of Iron Man Experience, the first Marvel ride at any Disney theme park. It opened in 2017 and was built on a location in the park's Tomorrowland.^[66]

On September 16, 2009, the Jack Kirby estate served notices of termination to Walt Disney Studios, 20th Century Fox, Universal Pictures, Paramount Pictures, and Sony Pictures to attempt to gain control of various Silver Age Marvel characters.^{[67] [68]} Marvel sought to invalidate those claims.^{[69] [70]} In mid-March 2010 Kirby's estate "sued Marvel to terminate copyrights and gain profits from [Kirby's] comic creations."^[71] In July 2011, the United States District Court for the Southern District of New York issued a summary judgment in favor of Marvel,^{[72] [73]} which was affirmed in August 2013 by the United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit.^[74] The Kirby estate filed a petition on March 21, 2014, for a review of the case by the Supreme Court of the United States,^{[75] [76]} but a settlement was reached on September 26, 2014, and the family requested that the petition be dismissed.^[77]

Marvel president of TV, publishing and brand Dan Buckley was promoted to Marvel Entertainment president in January 2017 adding games, global brand management and the franchise groups to his current responsibilities.^[78] In October 2017, Ron Richards began working at Marvel Entertainment as vice president and Managing Editor of New Media.^[79] Marvel New Media expanded into a new field with the development of a scripted podcast series, , announced on December 5, 2017.^[80] Marvel and SiriusXM announced on October 22, 2019, a multi-year deal for scripted and unscripted podcast series and themed live events.^[81]

Marvel Entertainment announced a new pre-school franchise, Marvel Super Hero Adventures, in September 2017 consisting of a short-form animated series along with publishing and merchandise during "Marvel Mania" October.^{[82] [83]} On December 7, 2017, Marvel announced its Marvel Rising franchise focusing on new characters as youngsters starting with animation in 2018. Marvel Comics is expected to publish material for Marvel Rising, but delayed any announcement on their material.^[84]

In May 2018, The Walt Disney Company Australia purchased eight-year naming rights to Docklands Stadium from Melbourne Stadiums Limited and selected the Marvel brand as part of the name. Since September 1, 2018, the stadium has been known commercially as Marvel Stadium. A Marvel retail store and other inclusion of Marvel would be added to the stadium.^[85]

In October 2019, Marvel Studios head Kevin Feige was named Marvel's Chief Creative Officer, overseeing all the creative affairs within Marvel Entertainment in addition to Marvel Studios. Under the structure, Marvel Television and Marvel Family Entertainment (animation) moved to Marvel Studios, with Marvel Entertainment president Dan Buckley reporting to Feige.^[86] With the December 2019 announcement of folding of Marvel TV into Marvel Studios came the dismissal of executives of vice president level and above in TV and animation under Feige, plus the removal of Brian Crosby as creative director of Themed Entertainment for Marvel Entertainment.^[87]

On March 29, 2023, Disney fired Marvel Entertainment's chairman Isaac Perlmutter and the subsidiary's operations were folded into Disney's other business units.

Units

Current

• Marvel Custom Solutions, customized comic books^[88]
• Marvel Brands, LLC
• Marvel Unlimited
• Marvel Games, the division used for video game promotion and licensing of Marvel intellectual properties to video game publishers.
• Cover Concepts, Inc.^[48]
• Marvel Worldwide, Inc., publisher of Marvel Comics
  • Marvel Comics
  • Marvel Press
  • Marvel Knights
  • Icon Comics
  • Infinite Comics
  • Timely Comics
  • Marvel MAX

Intellectual property holding companies

• Iron Works Productions LLC, movie rights subsidiary
• Incredible Productions LLC (Delaware), movie rights subsidiary
• : subsidiary holding general rights of all Marvel Comics characters
  • MVL Rights, LLC: subsidiary holding Marvel Comics characters' movie rights (film slate contracted with MVL Film Finance LLC)^{[89] [90]}
  • MVL Film Finance LLC: holder of Marvel's Movie debt and theatrical film rights to the ten characters as collateral.
• Marvel Characters B.V. (The Netherlands)
• Marvel International Character Holdings LLC (Delaware)
• Marvel Property, Inc. (Delaware) incorporated February 12, 1986^[91] (formerly Marvel Entertainment Group, Inc.^[92])
• Marvel Entertainment International Limited (United Kingdom)
• Marvel Property, Inc. (Delaware)
• Marvel Internet Productions LLC (Delaware)
• Marvel Toys Limited (Hong Kong)
• MRV, Inc. (Delaware)
  • Iron Works Productions LLC: subsidiary holding debt to finance the Iron Man films
  • Incredible Productions LLC (Delaware): subsidiary holding debt to finance the Incredible Hulk films
  • MVL Iron Works Productions Canada, Inc. (Province of Ontario)
  • MVL Incredible Productions Canada, Inc. (Province of Ontario)
  • Asgard Productions LLC (Delaware): subsidiary holding debt to finance the Thor films.
  • Green Guy Toons LLC (Delaware): subsidiary holding debt to finance the Hulk animated shows and animated films.
  • Squad Productions LLC (Delaware)

Marvel New Media

Marvel New Media
Type:	Division
Hq Location City:	New York City
Hq Location Country:	United States
Parent:	Disney Interactive

Marvel New Media (also called Marvel Digital) is a unit of The Walt Disney Company consisting of the company's website, web series,^[79] and podcast.^[80] Digital shows under New Media are THWIP! The Big Marvel Show, The Marvel Minute, Marvel LIVE! and Marvel Top 10.

In October 2017, Ron Richards began working at Marvel Entertainment as vice president and Managing Editor of New Media,^[79] while Marvel Digital freelance on-air host Lorraine Cink was hired as Senior Creative Producer.^[93] Marvel New Media expanded into a new field with the development of a scripted podcast series, , announced on December 5, 2017.^[80]

On April 7, 2018, at the Chicago Comic and Entertainment Expo, Marvel New Media announced its new slate.^[94] Marvel named Shane Rahmani as senior vice president and general manager of new media in March 2019.^[95] On April 10, 2019, a slate of 10 unscripted series including two from Marvel New Media was revealed for Disney+.^[96] After Rahmani left for Google, podcast host Ryan Penagos became vice president and creative executive for the organization.^[97]

Marvel and SiriusXM announced on October 22, 2019, a multi-year deal for multiple scripted and unscripted podcast series for 2020 debuts. The first four scripted series feature Black Widow, Hawkeye, Star-Lord, and Wolverine, which is planned to lead to a fifth series featuring all four characters.^[81] The slate's unscripted podcasts would consist of talk shows, Marvel's history via a modern-day pop cultural view, and popular Marvel franchises-focused podcasts.^[98]

In early 2023, as part of cost-cutting moves by its parent company Disney, the in-house audio production unit responsible for Marvel podcasts was cut from six to three people. The move also marked the end of the co-production agreement with SiriusXM, making Wastelanders the final series produced under the partnership.^[99]

Webcasts

• Earth's Mightiest Show (March 2018–) A weekly variety web series focusing on fandom and Marvel culture
• Eat the Universe
• Marvel LIVE!^[93]
• The Marvel Minute^[93]
• Marvel Top 10 (2017–)^[93]
• Marvel's Hero Project (November 12, 2019 – March 20, 2020) produced with Maggievision Productions for Disney+; documents youngsters affecting their local communities^[96]
• Marvel's 616 (November 20, 2020–) produced with Supper Club for Disney+; anthology documentary series features the intersection between Marvel's stories, characters, and creators and the real world^[96]
• Marvel's Storyboards (July 23, 2020–) for Disney+; is hosted by Joe Quesada, creative director of Marvel Entertainment, where he interviews guests from various backgrounds to get to know their story with an expected around a dozen 10 to 15 minutes long episodes.^[100]
• This Week in Marvel (relaunch)^[94]
• THWIP! The Big Marvel Show^[93]
• Women of Marvel (June 2014–?; relaunched February 2018–) a female point of view of the comic industry

Documentary

• Marvel's Behind the Mask (February 12, 2021), documentary special produced with Tarmac Creative for Disney+.^[101]

= Interview/unscripted

=

Title	Seasons	Episodes	Original airing	Production company	Ref.
Marvel's Voices	2	75	2012	Marvel New Media
Women of Marvel	1	286	2014		^[102]
Marvel's Declassified	1	12	2020	Marvel New Media / Sirius XM	^[103]
Marvel/Method	1	8	2021
The History of Marvel Comics: Black Panther	1	6	2022		^[104] ^[105]

= Drama

=

Title	Seasons	Episodes	Original airing	Production company	Ref.
Wolverine: The Long Night	1	10	2018	Marvel New Media / Stitcher	^[106]
Wolverine: The Lost Trail	1	10	2019
Marvels	1	10
Wolverine: La Larga Noche	1	10	2021	Marvel New Media / Sirius XM	^[107]
Marvel's Wastelanders: Star-Lord	1	10	^[108] ^[109] ^[110]
Marvel's Wastelanders: Hawkeye	1	10
Ordered
Marvel's Wastelanders: Black Widow	1	10	2022
Marvel's Squirrel Girl: The Unbeatable Radio Show!	1	6	^[111]
Marvel's Wastelanders: Wolverine	1	10
Marvel's Wastelanders: Doom	1	10
Marvel's Wastelanders	1	10	^[112]

Former

• Marvel Toys, formerly "Toy Biz" (1984–2007)
• Marvel Merchandising department/Heroes World Distribution Co. (early 1970s–1975/1994–1996)
• Malibu Comics (1994–1997)
• Marvel Books division (c.1985)^[113]
• Marvel Comics Ltd. (1972–1995; UK subsidiary)^[114]
• Marvel Studios, LLC (1996–2015) formerly Marvel Films (1993–1996), a film and television production company; now a subsidiary of The Walt Disney Studios^[115]
  • Marvel Films Animation – animation subdivision (1994–1997)
  • Marvel Film Productions LLC (Delaware)
  • MVL Development LLC (Delaware) rights subsidiary
• Marvel Television, Inc. (2010–2019) now a division of Marvel Studios.
  • Marvel Animation, LLC. (2008–2020) Subsidiary charged with oversight of Marvel's animation productions.^{[116] [117]}
    • MLG Productions (2006–2011), Marvel & Lionsgate's subsidiary group for Marvel Animated Features^{[118] [119]}
    • Marvel Animation Studios (2012–2020)
• Marvel Mania Restaurant (Marvel Restaurant Venture Corp.)
• Marvel Enterprise division
  • Marvel Interactive
    • Online Entertainment (Marvel Zone)
    • Software Publishing
  • Fleer Corporation
    • Panini Group

Italian sticker manufacturer

• • SkyBox International
• Marvel Music Groups (1981–1989) music publishing subsidiary^{[120] [121]}
• Marvel Productions (1981–1989)
• Mighty Marvel Music Corporation (1981–1989) music publishing subsidiary
• Spider-Man Merchandising, L.P. (2001–2013) A joint venture of Marvel and Sony Pictures Consumer Products Inc. that owned the rights to Spider-Man movie related licensed products.
• Welsh Publishing Group: children magazine publisher

Executives

Chairmen

• Ronald O. Perelman (January 6, 1989 – October 23, 1996)^[122]
• Scott M. Sassa (October 23, 1996 – June 20, 1997)^[122]
• Morton E. Handel (October 1, 1998 – December 31, 2009)
• Isaac Perlmutter (April 1993 – March 1995; January 1, 2017 – March 29, 2023)^[123]

Vice Chairmen

• Terry Stewart (March 1995 – December 1995)
• Isaac Perlmutter (November 30, 2001 – December 31, 2009)
• Peter Cuneo (June 17, 2003 – December 31, 2009)

CEOs

• William C. Bevins Jr. (1991 – October 23, 1996)^[122]
• Scott M. Sassa (October 23, 1996 – June 20, 1997)^{[122] [124] [125]}
• Joseph Calamari (June 23, 1997 – October 1, 1998)^[126]
• Joseph Ahearn (October 1, 1998 – November 25, 1998)^[127]
• Eric Ellenbogen (November 25, 1998 – July 20, 1999)^[128]
• F. Peter Cuneo (July 20, 1999 – December 31, 2002)
• Allen S. Lipson (January 1, 2003 – December 31, 2004)^{[129] [130]}

Office of the Chief Executive

• Isaac Perlmutter (January 1, 2005 – December 31, 2016)^{[130] [131] [132]}
• Executive Vice presidents:
  • Alan Fine (April 2009 – ?)
  • John Turitzin (September 2006^[133] – March 29, 2023)
  • David Maisel (September 2006^[133] – December 31, 2009^[134])

Presidents

• Stan Lee (1972–1973)^{[135] [136]}
• Al Landau (1973–1975)
• Jim Galton (1975–1991)^[137]
• Terry Stewart (1992^[138] –1993)^[139]
• Rick Ungar (? – November 1993)
• Avi Arad (November 1993 – ?)^[140]
• Bruce Stein (? – November 1994)
• William C. Bevins Jr. (November 1994 – ?)^[141]
• Terry Stewart (May 1995)^[124]
• Jerry Calabrese (May 1995 – mid 1996; October 1998 – November 1998)^[124]
• Scott C. Marden (interim) (Mid 1996 – September 1996)^[124]
• David Schreff (September 1996 – ?)^[124]
• Joseph Calamari (? – October 1998)^[124]
• Eric Ellenbogen (November 1998 – July 1999)^[124]
• F. Peter Cuneo (July 1999^[124] – January 1, 2003)
• Allen Lipson (January 1, 2003 – January 1, 2005)^[130]
• Alan Fine (2009–2015)^[142] also, chair of Marvel's Creative Committee^{[143] [144]}
• Dan Buckley (January 2017^[78] – present)^{[78] [145]}

Others

• Bill Jemas, President of Publishing and Consumer Products (February 2000 – October 2010)^[146]
• Bruno Maglione, President of Marvel International, November 2003^[47]
• Joe Quesada, Chief Creative Officer (2010–2019), Creative Director (2019–2022)^[147]
• Kevin Feige, Chief Creative Officer, Marvel (2019–present)^[86]
• Bill Jemas, chief operating officer (January 2002 – October 2010), chief marketing officer (October 2010^[146] – late 2013)^[148]
• Guy Karyo, Executive Vice President of Operations and chief information officer (October 2010)^[146]
• Jeph Loeb, EVP and Head of Marvel Television (2010–2019)

Productions

Television

See also: List of television series based on Marvel Comics publications.

Live-action

Series	Aired	Production	Network(s)	Notes
	2006	Phantom Four / New Line Television	Spike
Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D.	2013–20	ABC Studios / Marvel Television / Mutant Enemy Productions^[149]	ABC
Agent Carter	2015–16	ABC Studios / Marvel Television / Fazekas & Butters
Daredevil	2015–18	ABC Studios / Marvel Television/ DeKnight Productions (season 1) / Goddard Textiles	Netflix
Jessica Jones	2015–19	ABC Studios / Marvel Television / Tall Girls Productions
Luke Cage	2016–18	ABC Studios / Marvel Television
Legion	2017–19	FX Productions / Marvel Television / The Donners' Company / Bad Hat Harry Productions (season 1) / Kinberg Genre / 26 Keys Productions	FX	Part of the X-Men franchise, not the Marvel Cinematic Universe^[150] ^[151]
Iron Fist	2017–18	ABC Studios / Devilina Productions (season 1) / Marvel Television	Netflix
The Defenders	2017	ABC Studios / Marvel Television / Nine and a Half Fingers, Inc. Goddard Textiles	Miniseries
Inhumans		ABC Studios / Marvel Television / Devilina Productions / IMAX Entertainment (financer)	ABC	Versions of the first two episodes were screened in IMAX theaters^[152]
The Gifted	2017–19	20th Century Fox Television / Marvel Television / The Donners' Company / Bad Hat Harry Productions / Kinberg Genre / Flying Glass of Milk Productions	Fox	Part of the X-Men franchise, not the Marvel Cinematic Universe^[153]
The Punisher		ABC Studios / Marvel Television / Bohemian Risk Productions	Netflix
Runaways		ABC Signature Studios / Marvel Television / Fake Empire	Hulu
Cloak & Dagger	2018–2019	ABC Signature Studios / Marvel Television / Wandering Rocks Productions	Freeform
Helstrom	2020	ABC Signature Studios / Marvel Television / Lone Lemon Entertainment	Hulu	Initially meant to share continuity with the Marvel Cinematic Universe but was clarified as a standalone series by showrunner Paul Zbyszewski^[154]

Animated

Series	Aired	Production	Network(s)	Notes
	2003	Mainframe Entertainment / Adelaide Productions / Sony Pictures Television	MTV	13 episodes
The Spectacular Spider-Man	2008–09	Culver Entertainment / Adelaide Productions / Sony Pictures Television	The CW Disney XD	26 episodes
Wolverine and the X-Men	2009	Marvel Studios /Marvel Animation / Toonz Entertainment / First Serve International / Liberation Entertainment / EVA Finance GmbH	CBBC Nicktoons	26 episodes Animation by Toonz First Serve and Noxxon Entertainment Inc.
	2009–12	Marvel Animation / Method Animation^[155] / DQ Entertainment / LuxAnimation (season 1) / Fabrique D'Images (season 2) / Onyx Lux (season 2)	Nicktoons France 2 (season 1) France 4 (season 2)	2 seasons, 52 episodes
The Super Hero Squad Show	2009–11	Marvel Animation / Film Roman / Ingenious Media	Cartoon Network	Ingenious Media (episodes 13–26)
Astonishing X-Men: Gifted	2009–10	Marvel Knights Animation	iTunes DVD
	2010–12	Marvel Animation / Film Roman / Ingenious Media	Disney XD	Ingenious Media (episodes 14–26)
Marvel Anime: Iron Man	2010–11 (Japan) 2011–12 (U.S.)	Madhouse / Sony Pictures Home Entertainment	G4 (U.S.) SF (Australia)	Each anime series consisted of 12 episodes
Marvel Anime: Wolverine
Marvel Anime: X-Men
Marvel Anime: Blade
Black Panther	2010–11 (Australia, US)	Marvel Knights Animation	iTunes BET
Iron Man: Extremis	2010		iTunes
Spider-Woman: Agent of S.W.O.R.D.	2011		DVD	5 episodes
Thor / Loki: Blood Brothers	2011		iTunes
Astonishing X-Men: Dangerous	2012		DVD
Astonishing X-Men: Torn
Astonishing X-Men: Unstoppable
Ultimate Spider-Man	2012–17	Marvel Animation / Film Roman	Disney XD	4 seasons, 104 episodes
Avengers Assemble	2013–19	Marvel Animation / Man of Action Studios^[156]		5 seasons, 126 episodes
Hulk and the Agents of S.M.A.S.H.	2013–15	Marvel Animation / Film Roman		2 seasons, 52 episodes
Inhumans	2013	Marvel Knights Animation	DVD
Wolverine: Origin
Ultimate Wolverine vs. Hulk
Wolverine Versus Sabretooth	2014
Wolverine: Weapon X: Tomorrow Dies Today
Eternals
Wolverine Versus Sabretooth: Reborn	2015
	2014–15 (Japan) 2015–16 (Southeast Asia)	Toei Animation / The Walt Disney Company Japan	TX Network (Japan) Disney XD (Southeast Asia)	51 episodes
Guardians of the Galaxy	2015–19	Marvel Animation	Disney XD	3 seasons, 79 episodes
Marvel Future Avengers	2017–18	Madhouse / The Walt Disney Company Japan	Dlife (Japan) Disney XD (Southeast Asia)	2 seasons, 39 episodes
Spider-Man	2017–20	Marvel Animation	Disney XD	3 seasons, 58 episodes
M.O.D.O.K.	2021	Marvel Television / Multiverse Cowboy / Stoopid Buddy Stoodios	Hulu (United States) Disney+ (Star Hub) (Worldwide)	10 episodes Not part of the Marvel Cinematic Universe^[157]
Hit-Monkey		Marvel Television / Speck Gordon Inc. / Floyd County Productions

Short series

Series	Aired	Production	Network(s)	Notes
	2016	ABC Studios / Marvel Television	ABC.com	Part of the Marvel Cinematic Universe
Rocket & Groot shorts	2017	Marvel Animation / Passion Pictures	Disney XD	12 episodes
Ant-Man shorts				6 episodes
Marvel Super Hero Adventures shorts	2017–20	Marvel Animation / Atomic Cartoons	Disney Channel Disney JuniorYouTube (Marvel HQ)	40 episodes
Marvel Rising: Initiation shorts	2018	Marvel Animation	Disney XD	6 episodes
Marvel Rising: Young Storytellers shorts	2019		YouTube (Marvel HQ)	7 episodes
Marvel Rising: Ultimate Comics shorts				6 episodes

Film

See also: List of films based on Marvel Comics publications.

Feature films

Year	Film	Directed by	Written by	Produced / Distributed by	Budget	Gross
1998	Blade	Stephen Norrington	David S. Goyer	New Line Cinema	$40 million	$131.2 million
2000	X-Men	Bryan Singer	Story by Tom DeSanto & Bryan Singer Screenplay by David Hayter	20th Century Fox	$75 million	$296.3 million
2002	Blade II	Guillermo del Toro	David S. Goyer	New Line Cinema	$54 million	$155 million
	Spider-Man	Sam Raimi	David Koepp	Columbia Pictures	$139 million	$821.7 million
2003	Daredevil	Mark Steven Johnson		20th Century Fox	$78 million	$179.2 million
	X2	Bryan Singer	Story by Zak Penn and David Hayter & Bryan Singer Screenplay by Michael Dougherty & Dan Harris and David Hayter		$110 million	$407.7 million
	Hulk	Ang Lee	Story by James Schamus Screenplay by John Turman and Michael France and James Schamus	Universal Pictures	$137 million	$245.4 million
2004	The Punisher	Jonathan Hensleigh	Jonathan Hensleigh and Michael France	Lionsgate Films / Artisan Entertainment / Columbia Pictures	$33 million	$54.7 million
	Spider-Man 2	Sam Raimi	Story by Alfred Gough & Miles Millar and Michael Chabon Screenplay by Alvin Sargent	Columbia Pictures	$200 million	$783.8 million
		David S. Goyer		New Line Cinema	$65 million	$128.9 million
2005	Elektra	Rob Bowman	Zak Penn and Stuart Zicherman & Raven Metzner	20th Century Fox	$43 million	$56.7 million
	Man-Thing	Brett Leonard	Han Rodionoff	Lionsgate Films / Artisan Entertainment	$30 million	$1.1 million
	Fantastic Four	Tim Story	Mark Frost and Michael France	20th Century Fox	$100 million	$330.6 million
2006		Brett Ratner	Simon Kinberg & Zak Penn		$210 million	$459.4 million
2007	Ghost Rider	Mark Steven Johnson		Columbia Pictures	$110 million	$228.7 million
	Spider-Man 3	Sam Raimi	Screenplay by Sam Raimi & Ivan Raimi and Alvin Sargent Story by Sam Raimi & Ivan Raimi		$258 million	$890.9 million
		Tim Story	Screenplay by Don Payne and Mark Frost Story by John Turman and Mark Frost	20th Century Fox	$130 million	$289 million
2008		Lexi Alexander	Nick Santora and Art Marcum & Matt Holloway	Lionsgate Films	$35 million	$10.1 million
2009		Gavin Hood	David Benioff and Skip Woods	20th Century Fox	$150 million	$373.1 million
2011		Matthew Vaughn	Screenplay by Ashley Edward Miller, Zack Stentz and Jane Goldman & Matthew Vaughn Story by Sheldon Turner and Bryan Singer		$140–$160 million	$353.6 million
2012		Mark Neveldine and Brian Taylor	Screenplay by Scott M. Gimple and Seth Hoffman & David S. Goyer Story by David S. Goyer	Columbia Pictures	$57 million	$132.6 million
	The Amazing Spider-Man	Marc Webb	Screenplay by James Vanderbilt, Alvin Sargent and Steve Kloves Story by James Vanderbilt		$230 million	$757.9 million
2013	The Wolverine	James Mangold	Scott Frank and Mark Bomback	20th Century Fox	$120 million	$414.8 million
2014	The Amazing Spider-Man 2	Marc Webb	Screenplay by Alex Kurtzman, Roberto Orci and Jeff Pinkner Story by Alex Kurtzman, Roberto Orci, Jeff Pinkner and James Vanderbilt	Columbia Pictures	$200–293 million	$709 million
		Bryan Singer	Screenplay by Simon Kinberg Story by Matthew Vaughn, Jane Goldman & Simon Kinberg	20th Century Fox	$200 million	$747.9 million
2015	Fantastic Four	Josh Trank	Jeremy Slater, Seth Grahame-Smith, T.S. Nowlin & Simon Kinberg		$120 million	$168 million
2016	Deadpool	Tim Miller	Rhett Reese and Paul Wernick		$58 million	$783.1 million
		Bryan Singer	Simon Kinberg, Dan Harris and Michael Dougherty		$178 million	$534.5 million
2017	Logan	James Mangold	Screenplay by Michael Green, Scott Frank and James Mangold Story by James Mangold		$97 million	$619 million
2018	Deadpool 2	David Leitch	Rhett Reese, Paul Wernick and Ryan Reynolds		$110 million	$785 million
	Venom	Ruben Fleischer	Scott Rosenberg, Jeff Pinkner, Kelly Marcel and Will Beall	Columbia Pictures	$100 million	$855 million
		Bob Persichetti, Peter Ramsey and Rodney Rothman	Screenplay by Phil Lord and Rodney Rothman Story by Phil Lord	Columbia Pictures / Sony Pictures Animation	$90 million	$384.3 million
2019	Dark Phoenix	Simon Kinberg		20th Century Fox	$200 million	$252.4 million
2020	The New Mutants	Josh Boone	Josh Boone and Knate Lee	20th Century Studios	$80 million	$45.6 million
2021		Andy Serkis	Kelly Marcel	Columbia Pictures	$110 million	$506.8 million
2022	Morbius	Daniel Espinosa	Matt Sazama and Burk Sharpless		$75–83 million	$163.8 million
2023		Joaquim Dos Santos, Kemp Powers, Justin K. Thompson	Phil Lord and Christopher Miller, Dave Callaham	Columbia Pictures / Sony Pictures Animation	$100 million	$690.9 million
2024	Madame Web	S. J. Clarkson	Screenplay by Matt Sazama & Burk Sharpless and Claire Parker & S. J. Clarkson Story by Kerem Sanga and Matt Sazama & Burk Sharpless	Columbia Pictures	$80 million	$91.7 million
Upcoming<							--PLEASE ONLY INCLUDE FILMS THAT ARE IN A PRODUCTION PHASE HERE. THAT INCLUDES FILMING, OR POST-PRODUCTION. PLEASE SEE List of films based on Marvel Comics FOR THE FULL LIST. THANK YOU. -->
2024	Kraven the Hunter	J. C. Chandor	Art Marcum and Matt Holloway and Richard Wenk	Columbia Pictures
		Kelly Marcel	Kelly Marcel
		Joaquim Dos Santos	David Callaham		Columbia Pictures / Sony Pictures Animation

Animated

All the films are made for Direct-to-video/television and produced by Marvel Animation, except as indicated.

Year	Directed by	Film	Notes
	Jamie Simone	Ultimate Avengers: The Movie	1st Marvel Animated Features film
		Ultimate Avengers 2: Rise of the Panther	2nd Marvel Animated Features film
		The Invincible Iron Man	3rd Marvel Animated Features film
			4th Marvel Animated Features film
			5th Marvel Animated Features film
		Hulk Vs	6th Marvel Animated Features film
		Planet Hulk	7th Marvel Animated Features film
			8th Marvel Animated Features film
	Hiroshi Hamasaki		(Marvel Anime)
			digital
			(Marvel Anime)
			digital
		Marvel Super Hero Adventures: Frost Fight!
	Mitch Schauer
2018	Alfred Gimeno		Aired on Disney Channel and Disney XD
2019		Marvel Rising: Chasing Ghosts	Aired on YouTube (Marvel HQ)
		Marvel Rising: Heart of Iron
		Marvel Rising: Battle of the Bands
		Marvel Rising: Operation Shuri
		Marvel Rising: Playing with Fire

Short films

Year	Title	Collection	Notes
2017	No Good Deed	Deadpool	Released theatrically before Logan and free online
2021	Deadpool and Korg React		Released on YouTube
2024		Spider-Verse

See also

• Marvel Studios
• Marvel Cinematic Universe
• Sony's Spider-Man Universe
• Marvel Games
• Lists of Marvel Comics characters
• Marvel characters in other media
• List of unproduced Marvel Comics adaptations

Notes and References

1. News: Fritz . Ben . Disney tells details of Marvel Entertainment acquisition in a regulatory filing . April 12, 2011 . . September 23, 2009 . https://web.archive.org/web/20111105233041/http://articles.latimes.com/2009/sep/23/business/fi-ct-marvel23 . November 5, 2011 . live.
2. Part I: Page 1: ITEM 1. Business. Fiscal Year 2010 Annual Financial Report And Shareholder Letter . The Walt Disney Company. Retrieved December 27, 2013. "Marvel businesses are reported primarily in our Studio Entertainment and Consumer Products segments."
3. News: Gaudette . Emily . What a Disney/Fox deal could mean for Deadpool, the X-Men . December 5, 2017 . Newsweek . November 6, 2017 . Fox has the rights to the X-Men, including Wolverine, Deadpool and the Fantastic Four. . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20171204171250/http://www.newsweek.com/xmen-movies-deadpool-2-fox-disney-who-owns-what-marvel-703332 . December 4, 2017 .
4. Chu . Karen . Hong Kong Disneyland to Open 'Iron Man' Experience in 2016 . January 19, 2014 . . October 8, 2013 . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20140328135610/http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/hong-kong-disneyland-open-iron-644562 . March 28, 2014 .
5. News: Barnes . Brooks . March 29, 2023 . Disney Lays Off Ike Perlmutter, Chairman of Marvel Entertainment . The New York Times . March 29, 2023 . March 29, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230329181159/https://www.nytimes.com/2023/03/29/business/media/disney-marvel-ike-perlmutter.html . live .
6. News: Vary . Adam . March 29, 2023 . Disney Absorbs Marvel Entertainment Amid Layoffs, Dismisses Chairman Ike Perlmutter . Variety . March 29, 2023 . March 29, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230329174551/https://variety.com/2023/film/news/disney-marvel-entertainment-ike-perlmutter-layoffs-1235567927/ . live .
7. News: THE MEDIA BUSINESS; Marvel Comic Book Unit Being Sold for $82.5 Million. Hicks. Jonathan P.. November 8, 1988. The New York Times. April 7, 2019. en-US. 0362-4331. April 2, 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20190402234657/https://www.nytimes.com/1988/11/08/business/the-media-business-marvel-comic-book-unit-being-sold-for-82.5-million.html. live.
8. News: Pow! The Punches That Left Marvel Reeling. Bryant. Adam. May 24, 1998. The New York Times. April 7, 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20150402180929/http://www.nytimes.com/1998/05/24/business/pow-the-punches-that-left-marvel-reeling.html?pagewanted=4. April 2, 2015. live. 4. en-US. 0362-4331.
9. Book: Raviv, Dan . Comic Wars . April 2002 . Broadway Books, Random House, Heroes Books . 0-7679-0830-9 . https://web.archive.org/web/20061231205439/http://www.randomhouse.com/features/comicwars/index.html . December 31, 2006 .
10. Book: International Directory of Company Histories, Vol. 28 . MacAndrews & Forbes Holdings Inc. . Gale / St. James Press, via FundingUniverse.com . 1999 . Farmington Hills, Michigan . May 16, 2008 . https://web.archive.org/web/20090303153701/http://www.fundinguniverse.com/company-histories/MacAndrews-amp%3B-Forbes-Holdings-Inc-Company-History.html . March 3, 2009 . live .
11. News: MARKET PLACE; Boom in Comic Books Lifts New Marvel Stock Offering. The New York Times. July 15, 1991. October 2, 2020. August 10, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210810111327/https://www.nytimes.com/1991/07/15/business/market-place-boom-in-comic-books-lifts-new-marvel-stock-offering.html. live.
12. News: COMPANY NEWS; A Deal of Real Heroes: Marvel to Acquire Fleer. The New York Times. July 25, 1992. October 2, 2020. July 20, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210720235557/https://www.nytimes.com/1992/07/25/business/company-news-a-deal-of-real-heroes-marvel-to-acquire-fleer.html. live.
13. News: Marvel and Fleer agree a merger is in the cards. The Washington Post. July 25, 1992. October 2, 2020.
14. News: Marvel to buy Fleer for $265 million. United Press International. July 24, 1992. October 2, 2020. January 12, 2022. https://web.archive.org/web/20220112021626/https://www.upi.com/Archives/1992/07/24/Marvel-to-buy-Fleer-for-265-million/8428711950400/. live.
15. News: MARVEL TO BUY FLEER CORP.. The Buffalo News. July 25, 1992. October 2, 2020. August 10, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210810111328/https://buffalonews.com/news/marvel-to-buy-fleer-corp/article_7dc2ca08-46f7-5afc-8963-6c3df40ffe8d.html. live.
16. News: Marvel Avenged: From financial ruin to the biggest film franchise in history. Savage. Mark. April 23, 2015. February 11, 2019. en-GB. August 10, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210810111326/https://www.bbc.com/news/entertainment-arts-32379661. live.
17. News: Perelman Agrees to Settle Marvel Lawsuit. August 7, 2008. The New York Times. April 7, 2019. Bloomberg News. en-US. 0362-4331. August 10, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210810111328/https://www.nytimes.com/2008/08/08/business/media/08comic.html. live.
18. News: Penenberg . Adam L. . 1994-04-17 . Games Designer Faces Crucial Tests On Videos' Content . en-US . The New York Times . 2023-09-26 . 0362-4331 . September 26, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230926193133/https://www.nytimes.com/1994/04/17/nyregion/games-designer-faces-crucial-tests-on-videos-content.html . live .
19. Web site: Acclaim, Marvel expand alliance – UPI Archives . 2023-09-26 . United Press International . en.
20. News: Marvel sets $150 million Panini buyout. United Press International. July 6, 1994. October 2, 2020. August 10, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210810111328/https://www.upi.com/Archives/1994/07/06/Marvel-sets-150-million-Panini-buyout/6520773467200/. live.
21. News: Marvel buys Malibu Comics. United Press International. November 3, 1994. October 2, 2020. August 10, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210810111327/https://www.upi.com/Archives/1994/11/03/Marvel-buys-Malibu-Comics/1589783838800/. live.
22. News: MARVEL ENTERTAINMENT BUYS UP MALIBU COMICS. Deseret News. November 16, 1994. October 2, 2020. August 10, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210810111327/https://www.deseret.com/1994/11/16/19142815/marvel-entertainment-buys-up-malibu-comics. live.
23. News: Marvel Entertainment Agrees To Buy Skybox Deal May Strengthen Marvel's Spot In Trading Card Business. The Spokesman-Review. Associated Press. March 10, 1995. October 2, 2020. August 10, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210810111326/https://www.spokesman.com/stories/1995/mar/10/marvel-entertainment-agrees-to-buy-skybox-deal/. live.
24. News: COMPANY NEWS: MARVEL TO BUY RIVAL TRADING-CARD MAKER. The New York Times. Reuters. March 10, 1995. October 2, 2020.
25. News: OTHER NEWS: Marvel to Buy Skybox for $150 million. . March 10, 1995. October 2, 2020.
26. News: ACQUISITION. Chicago Tribune. March 10, 1995. October 2, 2020.
27. News: MARVEL COMPLETES SKYBOX PURCHASE. Chicago Tribune. May 3, 1995. October 2, 2020.
28. Web site: Smash! Pow! Bam! . January 27, 2007 . Reason (magazine) . 2002 . Lott, Jeremy . May 9, 2007 . https://web.archive.org/web/20070509014717/http://www.reason.com/news/show/28542.html.
29. Web site: The Vicious Downward Spiral of the 1990s . Tales from the Database . Mile High comics . Rozanski . Chuck . January 27, 2007 . live . May 4, 2007 . https://web.archive.org/web/20070504180218/http://www.milehighcomics.com/tales/cbg36.html.
30. News: What Evil Lurks in the Heart of Ron?. Leonhardt. David. January 22, 1996 . Business Week. October 27, 2011. https://web.archive.org/web/20130512122607/http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-UttUVgW7v3Q/Tqg8KMydF1I/AAAAAAAAAnw/Gg57iYbNQ-M/s1600/Business-Wk-Jan1996.jpg. May 12, 2013. live.
31. News: INVESTING IT;Marvel Superheroes Take Aim at Hollywood. Hass. Nancy. July 28, 1996. The New York Times. March 4, 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20130521195724/http://www.nytimes.com/1988/11/08/business/the-media-business-marvel-comic-book-unit-being-sold-for-82.5-million.html. May 21, 2013. live. en-US. 0362-4331.
32. Web site: Toy Biz, Inc. Prospectus. New York Stock Exchange. https://web.archive.org/web/20131202233101/http://secfilings.nyse.com/filing.php?doc=1&attach=ON&ipage=174486&repo=tenk. December 2, 2013. May 10, 2011.
33. News: Errico. Marcus. Marvel Files for Bankruptcy. E!. December 28, 1996. October 1, 2020. August 10, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210810111327/https://www.eonline.com/news/33907/marvel-files-for-bankruptcy. live.
34. News: Marvel comics files for bankruptcy. Chicago Tribune. December 27, 1996. October 1, 2020. June 14, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210614171518/https://www.chicagotribune.com/news/ct-xpm-1996-12-27-9612280134-story.html. live.
35. News: MARVEL ENTERTAINMENT FILES FOR BANKRUPTCY PROTECTION. The Washington Post. December 28, 1996. October 1, 2020. October 21, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20211021160711/https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/business/1996/12/28/marvel-entertainment-files-for-bankruptcy-protection/73bb4597-3076-48eb-a113-1b5f8e654a6a/. live.
36. News: Marvel Falls Into Clutches of Chapter 11. Los Angeles Times. December 28, 1996. October 1, 2020. August 10, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210810111328/https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1996-12-28-fi-13242-story.html. live.
37. News: Levin. Gary. Peers. Martin. Perelman takes Marvel to bankruptcy court. Variety. December 29, 1996. October 2, 2020. March 3, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200303134112/https://variety.com/1996/scene/vpage/perelman-takes-marvel-to-bankruptcy-court-1117436186/. live.
38. News: Norris. Floyd. Icahn-Led Bondholders Take Control of Marvel From Perelman. The New York Times. June 21, 1997. October 5, 2020. October 18, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20211018183854/https://www.nytimes.com/1997/06/21/business/icahn-led-bondholders-take-control-of-marvel-from-perelman.html. live.
39. News: Taylor . Ted . Fleer/skybox Sale Finally Goes Through . March 16, 2015 . . . February 4, 1999 . March 3, 2016 . https://web.archive.org/web/20160303222913/http://articles.philly.com/1999-02-04/sports/25504307_1_skybox-alex-grass-rite-aid . live .
40. News: Shprintz . Janet . Spider-Man's legal web may finally be unraveled, Judge tying up Marvel's loose ends . March 16, 2015 . . August 19, 1998 . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20151104170847/http://variety.com/1998/film/news/spider-man-s-legal-web-may-finally-be-unraveled-1117479641/ . November 4, 2015 .
41. Web site: Court web snares Spider-Man. https://web.archive.org/web/20171018190705/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2003/apr/27/film.filmnews . April 27, 2003. October 18, 2017. The Guardian.
42. Bing, Jonathan. "Inside Move: Rights snares had Spidey suitors weaving", Variety, May 19, 2002: "Marvel lawyer Carole Handler found a legal loophole: The original sale to Cannon hadn't been registered with the U.S. Copyright Office, so rights reverted to Marvel."
43. News: Marvel Enterprises, Inc. Announces Organizational Changes . May 27, 2014 . Write News . November 1, 1999 . May 28, 2014 . https://web.archive.org/web/20140528022243/http://www.writenews.com/1999/110199.htm . live .
44. News: DeMott . Rick . Marvel Names Milo President Of New Media . December 12, 2017 . Animation World Network . November 3, 2000 . en . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20180331225144/https://www.awn.com/news/marvel-names-milo-president-new-media . March 31, 2018 .
45. Web site: NARCON 2011 Presentations . NARCON . Washington Aerospace Club . May 10, 2011 . https://web.archive.org/web/20110514164614/http://www.narcon.org/schedule/schedule/presentations.html . May 14, 2011 .
46. News: Farrow . Boyd . New York-Based Marvel Enterprises Launches London-Based International Division . September 1, 2011 . Knight Ridder/Tribune Business News . April 16, 2004 . https://web.archive.org/web/20121106110033/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-115479297.html?key=01-42160D517E19156C170D0B1D0F694B36254D35463B78700E730E0B60641A617F1371193F . November 6, 2012 .
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49. News: Marvel Consolidates Sleepwear Licensing Business with Industry Leader American Marketing Enterprises . July 2, 2014 . Business Wire . Marvel Enterprises, Inc. . November 15, 2004 . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20140714160838/http://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20041115005275/en/Marvel-Consolidates-Sleepwear-Licensing-Business-Industry-Leader . July 14, 2014 .
50. Web site: Marvel sues over online role-playing game . NBC News . March 18, 2011 . November 12, 2004 . December 26, 2013 . https://web.archive.org/web/20131226113314/http://www.nbcnews.com/id/6470845/ . live .
51. News: Marvel Settles Suit With Lee . April 12, 2011 . Los Angeles Times . April 29, 2005 . Bloomberg News . March 16, 2012 . https://web.archive.org/web/20120316021910/http://articles.latimes.com/2005/apr/29/business/fi-marvel29 . live .
52. News: Vincent . Roger . Marvel to Make Movies Based on Comic Books . April 12, 2011 . Los Angeles Times . September 6, 2005 . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20141221135554/http://articles.latimes.com/2005/sep/06/business/fi-marvel6 . December 21, 2014 .
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54. Gardner, Eriq. "Marvel Dodges Bullet as $1 Billion Lawsuit over Stan Lee Company Is Dismissed", The Hollywood Reporter, February 9, 2011.
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62. Marvel Signs 60,000 S/F Sublease . Real Estate Weekly Via FindArticles.com . September 22, 2010 . March 4, 2011 . https://web.archive.org/web/20111106010410/http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m3601/is_4_57/ai_n55442307/ . November 6, 2011 . live.
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64. News: Marvel, circus company join forces for superhero arena show . May 11, 2013 . Los Angeles Times . March 13, 2013 . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20130516093247/http://herocomplex.latimes.com/comics/marvel-circus-company-join-forces-for-superhero-arena-show/#/2 . May 16, 2013 .
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67. News: Fritz . Ben . Heirs File Claims to Marvel Heroes . Los Angeles Times . September 21, 2009 . https://web.archive.org/web/20100518174346/http://articles.latimes.com/2009/sep/21/business/fi-ct-marvel21 . live . May 18, 2010.
68. Kit, Borys and Matthew Belloni . Kirby Heirs Seeking Bigger Chunk of Marvel Universe . . September 21, 2009 . March 15, 2010 . https://web.archive.org/web/20121102202119/http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/blogs/thr-esq/kirby-heirs-seeking-bigger-chunk-63343 . live . November 2, 2012.
69. Web site: Melrose . Kevin . Marvel Sues to Invalidate Copyright Claims by Jack Kirby's Heirs . Robot 6 . . January 8, 2010 . https://web.archive.org/web/20100117102039/http://robot6.comicbookresources.com/2010/01/marvel-sues-to-invalidate-copyright-claims-by-jack-kirbys-heirs/ . January 17, 2010.
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