Martingale difference sequence explained

In probability theory, a martingale difference sequence (MDS) is related to the concept of the martingale. A stochastic series X is an MDS if its expectation with respect to the past is zero. Formally, consider an adapted sequence

\{X _{t,} l{F} _{t\}} ^{inf ty} ^{-inf ty} on a probability space (\Omega, l{F}, P ) . X _{t} is an MDS if it satisfies the following two conditions:E \left|X _{t\right|} < inf ty , andE \left[X _{t} | l{F} _{t-1} \right] = 0 , a.s. ,

for all

t . By construction, this implies that if Y _{t} is a martingale, then X _{t=Y} _{t-Y} _{t-1} will be an MDS—hence the name.

The MDS is an extremely useful construct in modern probability theory because it implies much milder restrictions on the memory of the sequence than independence, yet most limit theorems that hold for an independent sequence will also hold for an MDS.

A special case of MDS, denoted as ₀

{ inf ty} is known as innovative sequence of S_n; where S_n and l{F} _{t} are corresponding to random walk and filtration of the random processes \{X _{t} \} ^{inf ty} _{0} .

In probability theory innovation series is used to emphasize the generality of Doob representation. In signal processing the innovation series is used to introduce Kalman filter. The main differences of innovationterminologies are in the applications. The later application aims to introduce the nuance of samples to the model by random sampling.

References

• James Douglas Hamilton (1994), Time Series Analysis, Princeton University Press.
• James Davidson (1994), Stochastic Limit Theory, Oxford University Press.