Sea Killer / Marte Explained

Is Missile:yes
Sea Killer / Marte
Origin:Italy
Type:Anti-ship missile
Used By:Italy
Iran
United Arab Emirates
Qatar
Turkmenistan
Venezuela
Wars:Iran-Iraq War
Manufacturer:MBDA Italia / (historic: Sistel SpA)
Engine:Solid fuel rocket booster and sustainer
  • Marte-ER: turbojet Williams WJ-24-8G WR
Weight:300kg (700lb)[1]
  • Marte ER: 340kg (750lb)
  • Marte MK2/S, Marte MK2/N: 310kg (680lb)
Length:4.7m (15.4feet)
  • Marte ER: 3.6m (11.8feet)
  • Marte MK2/S, Marte MK2/N: 3.85m (12.63feet)
Diameter:0.206m (00.676feet) (body)
  • Marte ER, Marte MK2/S, Marte MK2/N: 0.316m (01.037feet) (max body diameter)
Wingspan:0.999m (03.278feet)
Speed:Mach 0,8-0,9
Vehicle Range:
  • Sea Killer Mark 1: 10km (10miles)
  • Sea Killer Mark 2: over 25km (16miles)
  • Marte MK2/S, Marte MK2/N: 30km (20miles)
  • Marte ER: over 100km (100miles)
Altitude:Sea skimming
Filling:70kg (150lb) Semi-armour piercing HE
Guidance:
Detonation:Impact and proximity fuze
Launch Platform:Naval ships, aircraft, helicopters, coastal installations

Sea Killer is an Italian anti-ship missile family. The latest development of the system is known as Marte. Marte is a sea skimming, subsonic, anti-ship missile, it carries a 70kg (150lb) semi-armour piercing warhead. It has been built in several versions, with differing guidance systems, and is suitable for launching from ships or aircraft.

Sea Killer was initially developed during the 1960s and has been deployed by at least six countries. It was used during the Iran–Iraq War, with at least six ships being hit.

Development and design

Contraves Italiana, an Italian subsidiary of the Swiss armaments company Oerlikon Contraves, began development of a short-ranged - 10km (10miles) - ship-based anti-ship missile system, named Nettuno in 1963. Guidance of Nettuno was by beam riding for course control, with altitude controlled automatically by an onboard radar altimeter, allowing the missile to carry out sea-skimming attacks. Command guidance was an alternative guidance method if jamming made the beam-riding method unusable. In 1965, Contraves Italiana began work on an improved missile, Vulcano, which used the same guidance system, but included a two-stage (booster + sustainer) rocket motor to give a longer (25km (16miles)) range. Both missiles could be fired from a five-round trainable launcher.[2] [3]

Testing of Nettuno began in 1966,[4] with a trial installation being made on the Freccia-class patrol boat Saetta of the Italian navy, with the five-round launcher replacing a Bofors 40 mm gun.[5] Testing of Vulcano began in 1969.[1]

In 1967, the Italian company Sistel (Sistemi Elettronici) was set up as a joint venture by five Italian companies, including Contraves Italiana, and the missile division of Contraves Italiana was transferred to Sistel, along with the Nettuno and Vulcano missiles in 1969.[6] Nettuno and Vulcano were renamed Sea Killer Mark 1 and 2 respectively for export, and these names gradually replaced the older names.[7]

Sea Killer Mark 2 was purchased by Iran to arm its Saam class of four frigates, each of which was fitted with a single five-round launcher.[8] No other sales of the ship-based version were made,[9] but development of Sea Killer Mark 2 into an all-weather anti-ship missile to equip the Italian Navy's helicopters began in 1967,[10] with the helicopter-based weapon system being named Marte.[11]

Marte entered service with the Italian Navy in 1977, with its Sikorsky SH-3 Sea Kings being fitted with two Sea Killer Mark 2 missiles.[12] In 1983, a new version, Marte 2, was announced, with the beam-riding guidance replaced by an active radar homing seeker based on that used by the Otomat anti-ship missile.[12] [13] Testing of Marte 2 started in 1984,[14] and the missile entered service with the Italian Navy in 1987.[12]

The Marte ER, an improvement on the missile family, replaced the rocket motor with Williams WJ-24-8G turbojet propulsion and added a new ISO-caliber cylinder cell, which made it shorter in length but extended its range to over 100km (100miles). Fitting trials of the Marte-ER onto the NH90 helicopter, which can carry two missiles, occurred in June 2014; a larger anti-ship missile like the Exocet was rejected for integration as physically too long and heavy.

In November 2015, a Eurofighter Typhoon was fit-tested for a fixed-wing version of the missile called the Marte-ERP, which does not feature folding fins and sheds the booster for a larger 120 kg (265 lb) warhead with penetrating and sector-blast properties; though smaller than other options like the Harpoon and RBS-15, a fighter like Eurofighter Typhoon can carry six Marte-ERPs (or four with fuel tanks) compared to two or three larger missiles.[15] [16] [17] [18]

The Marte ER completed its final test firing in November 2021.[19] Full-scale production began in late March 2022[20] and it then began deliveries to its launch customer, the Qatari Emiri Navy.[21]

Operational history

Iran's Sea Killer Mk 2 saw combat service during the Iran–Iraq War, being used to attack merchant shipping in the Persian Gulf, with at least six ships being hit.

Variants

Sea Killer Mark 1
  • Short-range beam riding ship-launched anti-ship missile. 10 km range, 35kg (77lb) warhead. Also designated Nettuno.[2] [4]
    Sea Killer Mark 2
  • Increased range beam-riding ship-launched anti-ship missile with improved two stage rocket. 25+ km range, 70kg (150lb) warhead. Also designated Vulcano.[1] [2]
    Marte Mark 1
  • Helicopter launched beam riding anti-ship missile, based on Sea Killer Mark 2.[12]
    Marte Mark 2
  • Improved version of Marte, with active radar homing seeker in bulged nose.[12]

    "Short" version of Marte 2 enabling simpler on-board integration onto helicopters.[22] [16]

    Modified version of Marte 2 for launch from fixed wing aircraft, with booster rocket omitted.[12]

    Version of Marte 2 as a surface-to-surface naval missile system for littoral operations.[23] [16]

    Marte ER
  • Marte ER is a sea-skimming, high subsonic anti-ship and land attack missile. Turbojet engine Williams WR WJ-24-8G extends range to over 100 km, total weight of 340 kilograms,[24] first tested in 9 November 2018.[25] The missile is fire-and-forget capable and designed to operates in all weather conditions. The Eurofighter Typhoon can carries up to 6 Marte ER anti-ship missiles.[26] [27]
    Mobile Coastal Defence System (MCDS)
  • Land based system for coastal defence. The system has the capability to launch both Marte MK2/N and / or Marte ER missile.[28] The system needs midcourse guidance to use the maximum range of Marte ER.

    Operators

    See also

    References

    Bibliography

    Notes and References

    1. Pretty 1977, p. 62.
    2. Pretty and Archer 1972, pp. 42–43.
    3. Pretty 1977, pp. 61–62.
    4. Pretty 1977, p. 61.
    5. Moore 1979, p. 279.
    6. Flight International 25 January 1973, p. 135.
    7. Pretty and Archer 1972, p. 42.
    8. Moore 1979, p. 155.
    9. http://articles.janes.com/articles/Janes-Naval-Weapon-Systems/Sea-Killer-Marte-Italy.html "Sea Killer/Marte (Italy), Surface-to-surface missiles"
    10. Gunston 1983, p. 110–111.
    11. Pretty 1977, pp. 141–142.
    12. Freidman 1997, p. 231.
    13. Flight International 1 October 1988.
    14. http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1984/1984%20-%200620.html "Marte 2 hits target"
    15. News: Marte-ER Integration On Typhoons Eyed For India . Robert . Wall . 14 November 2011 . Aviation Week.
    16. http://www.navyrecognition.com/index.php/news/defence-news/year-2014-news/july-2014-navy-naval-forces-maritime-industry-technology-security-global-news/1903-nhindustries-and-mbda-started-integration-of-marte-er-missile-on-nh90-maritime-helicopter.html NHIndustries and MBDA started integration of MARTE ER missile on NH90 maritime helicopter
    17. http://www.navyrecognition.com/index.php/news/defence-news/year-2015-news/november-2015-navy-naval-forces-defense-industry-technology-maritime-security-global-news/3229-eurofighter-typhoon-to-get-mbda-marte-er-anti-ship-missile-capability.html Eurofighter Typhoon to Get MBDA Marte-ER Anti-Ship Missile Capability
    18. https://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/dubai-eurofighter-tests-six-appeal-with-marte-er-mi-418866/ Dubai: Eurofighter tests six appeal with Marte ER missile fit
    19. https://www.navyrecognition.com/index.php/naval-news/naval-news-archive/2021/december/11116-mbdas-marte-er-antiship-missile-successfully-passes-final-tests.html MBDAs Marte ER antiship missile successfully passes final tests
    20. Web site: 29 March 2022. DIMDEX 2022: MBDA's Marte ER achieves full-scale production. Janes Information Services. https://web.archive.org/web/20220403143105/https://www.janes.com/defence-news/news-detail/dimdex-2022-mbdas-marte-er-achieves-full-scale-production. 3 April 2022. live.
    21. https://www.edrmagazine.eu/mbdas-marte-er-missile-is-under-delivery-and-looking-for-new-customers MBDA’s Marte ER missile is under delivery and looking for new customers
    22. Web site: MARTE MK2/S. MBDS Systems. 16 March 2021.
    23. Web site: MARTE MK2/N. MBDS Systems. 16 March 2021.
    24. Web site: MARTE ER-Datasheet. MBDS Systems. 16 March 2021.
    25. Web site: Premier tir du Marte ER de MBDA . 15 November 2018 . Air&Cosmos . 29 November 2019 .
    26. Web site: New Beginnings for the Eurofighter Typhoon.
    27. Web site: MARTE ER. MBDS Systems. 16 March 2021.
    28. Web site: MCDS: MOBILE COASTAL DEFENCE SYSTEM. MBDS Systems. 16 March 2021.
    29. Web site: Trade Registers. armstrade.sipri.org. 2 October 2018.
    30. Web site: MBDA signs a MoU to supply coastal missile systems to Qatar - MBDA. 2 October 2018.
    31. Web site: PIRIOU launches the building of first of three offshore patrol vessels ordered by Senegal. Olga. Ruzhelnyk. 22 October 2020.
    32. Web site: L'export armato italiano ai regimi dell'ex URSS Intervista a Giorgio Beretta. 2 October 2018.
    33. Web site: IDEX 2017: MBDA receives UAE contract for additional Marte Mk 2/N missiles . IHS Jane’s 360 . 2 October 2018 . 21 February 2017.

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