Marshallia Explained

Marshallia is a genus of plants in the tribe Helenieae within the family Asteraceae.^{[1] [2]} Marshallia is native to the southeastern and south-central United States.^[3] A common name applied to most species in the genus is Barbara's buttons.

Description

Marshallia is found in open habitats, such as roadsides, bogs, or open woodlands dominated by pines. Several species are associated with wetlands.^[4]

The typical blooming period is late spring (May) and early summer (June or early July). The small white-to-pinkish flowers occur in large, compact, spherical heads Marshallia are very attractive to pollinating insects, including butterflies and various beetles, such as flower chafers of the genus Euphoria.^[5]

Species^{[6] [7]}

• Marshallia angustifolia (Michx.) Pursh - TN^[8]
  • • • Marshallia caespitosa Nutt. ex DC., puffballs.^[9] - TX OK KS MO AR LA Marshallia graminifolia (Walt.) Small, grassleaf Barbara's buttons.^[10] - TX LA MS AL GA FL SC NC †Marshallia grandiflora Beadle & F.E. Boynt., Appalachian Barbara's buttons.^{[11] [12] [13]} - NC Marshallia legrandii Weakley, tall Barbara's buttons. - NC, VA
• Marshallia mohrii Beadle & F.E. Boynt, Mohr's Barbara's buttons.^[14] - AL GA
• Marshallia obovata (Walt.) Beadle & F.E. Boynt. spoonshape Barbara's buttons. - TN AL GA FL SC NC VA
• Marshallia pulchra W.M. Knapp, D.B. Poind. & Weakley beautiful Barbara’s buttons. - TN KY WV MD PA
• Marshallia ramosa Beadle & F.E.Boynt., southern Barbara's buttons. - FL GA
• Marshallia trinervia (Walt.) Trel., broadleaf Barbara's buttons. - LA MS AL GA SC NC TN

Conservation

One species in the genus, Marshallia grandiflora (Appalachian Barbara's buttons) is extinct, having been wiped out in the early 20th century. It was formerly considered conspecific with Marshallia pulchra (Beautiful Barbara's buttons or Monongahela Barbara's buttons), which is endangered in Kentucky, Pennsylvania, and Tennessee, and has been extirpated in Maryland. That species is found in bogs and scoured riverbanks, and requires periodic flooding to maintain open habitat.^[15] Marshallia obovata (Spoonshape Barbara's buttons or Piedmont Barbara's buttons), is listed as endangered in Florida and threatened in Tennessee.^[16]

Etymology

The genus name was given by the botanist Schreber (in Genera Plantarum, 1791) to honor the Marshall family, uncle Humphry and nephew Moses, of Pennsylvania. They were botanists of the American colonial period, and cousins of the famous botanists and explorers John and William Bartram.

The origin of the common name "Barbara's buttons" is unknown. The flower heads do resemble buttons, but botanical references giving this name do not quote the Barbara which the name honors (Rickett 1975). The reference is possibly to Saint Barbara, though the association is obscure. Saint Barbara had long hair, and is also associated with lightning—perhaps the individual flowers resemble lightning bolts, or the whole head of flowers resembles Saint Barbara's long locks (Coin 2005). This common name was not, at any rate, widespread in the 19th century. It was not used in Southern Wildflowers and Trees (1901) or Plant Life Of Alabama (1901). The botanist B.W. Wells, in Natural Gardens of North Carolina (1932), called the plants "loudspeakers", referring to the megaphone shape of the individual flowers. The first printed use of the name "Barbara's buttons" is in Small's Manual of the Southeastern Flora (1933).

Further reading

• Channell, Robert Bennie (1955). A revisional study of the genus Marshallia Schreb (Compositae). Thesis (Ph. D.) Duke University.
• Duncan, Wilbur H., Marion B. Duncan (1999). Wildflowers of the Eastern United States. University of Georgia Press. .
• Lounsberry, Alice (1901). Southern Wild Flowers and Trees. New York: Frederick A. Stokes Company.
• Mohr, Charles T. (1901). Plant Life Of Alabama. Montgomery, Alabama: Brown Printing Company.
• Porcher, Richard D., Douglas A. Rayner (2002), A Guide to the Wildflowers of South Carolina. University of South Carolina Press. .
• Radford, Albert E., H.E. Ahles, and C. R. Bell (1968). Manual of the Vascular Flora of the Carolinas. Chapel Hill, North Carolina: University of North Carolina Press. .
• Rickett, Harold (1975). Wildflowers of the United States II(2): 630. New York: McGraw-Hill.
• Small, John Kunkel (1933). Manual of Southeastern Flora. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press.
• Wells, B.W. (1932, reprint 2002). Natural Gardens of North Carolina. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press. .
• Center for Plant Conservation account for Marshallia grandiflora, accessed 25 May 2006

External links

• USDA Plants Profile: Marshallia

Notes and References

1. Schreber, Johann Christian Daniel von. 1791. Genera Plantarum 2: 810
2. http://www.tropicos.org/Name/40014198 Tropicos, Marshallia Schreb.
3. http://plants.usda.gov/java/profile?symbol=MARSH USDA
4. http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=1&taxon_id=119749 Flora of North America, Vol. 21 Page 456, Marshallia Schreber, Gen. Pl. 2: 810. 1791.
5. Coin, Patrick (2005). Marshallia – beetle magnet. New Hope Audubon Society Newsletter 31 (3): 2. Chapel Hill, North Carolina: New Hope Audubon Society.
6. http://dixon.iplantcollaborative.org/CompositaeWeb/Default.aspx?Page=AdvNameSearch Flann, C (ed) 2009+ Global Compositae Checklist
7. http://bonap.net/NAPA/TaxonMaps/Genus/County/Marshallia Biota of North America PRogram 2013 county distribution maps
8. http://www.tropicos.org/Name/50070487 Tropicos, Persoonia angustifolia Michx.
9. http://plants.usda.gov/java/profile?symbol=MACA7 USDA Plants Profile for Marshallia caespitosa (puffballs)
10. http://plants.usda.gov/java/profile?symbol=MAGR6 USDA Plants Profile for Marshallia graminifolia (grassleaf Barbara's buttons)
11. http://plants.usda.gov/java/profile?symbol=MAGR7 USDA Plants Profile for Marshallia grandiflora (Monongahela Barbara's buttons)
12. Knapp. Wesley M.. Poindexter. Derick B.. Weakley. Alan S.. 2020-06-04. The true identity of Marshallia grandiflora, an extinct species, and the description of Marshallia pulchra (Asteraceae, Helenieae, Marshalliinae). Phytotaxa. en. 447. 1. 1–15. 10.11646/phytotaxa.447.1.1. 1179-3163. free.
13. Web site: Newly Discovered Wetland Flower in North Carolina Already Extinct. 2020-06-28. Center for Biological Diversity. en.
14. http://plants.usda.gov/java/profile?symbol=MAMO3 USDA Plants Profile for Marshallia mohrii (Mohr's Barbara's buttons)
15. Web site: Newly Discovered Wetland Flower in North Carolina Already Extinct. 2020-06-28. Center for Biological Diversity. en.
16. (Center for Plant Conservation, USDA Plants)