Marie Yovanovitch Explained

Marie Yovanovitch
Office:United States Ambassador to Ukraine
President:Barack Obama
Donald Trump
Term Start:August 29, 2016
Term End:May 20, 2019
Predecessor:Geoffrey Pyatt
Office1:United States Ambassador to Armenia
President1:George W. Bush
Barack Obama
Term Start1:September 22, 2008
Term End1:June 9, 2011
Predecessor1:John Evans
Successor1:John Heffern
Office2:United States Ambassador to Kyrgyzstan
President2:George W. Bush
Term Start2:February 4, 2005
Term End2:February 4, 2008
Predecessor2:Stephen Young
Successor2:Tatiana Gfoeller
Birth Date:11 November 1958
Birth Place:Montreal, Quebec, Canada
Education:Princeton University (BA)
National Defense University (MS)
Birth Name:Marie Louise Yovanovitch

Marie Louise "Masha" Yovanovitch (born November 11, 1958) is a Canadian-American former diplomat and retired senior member of the United States Foreign Service.[1] [2] She served in multiple State Department posts, including Senior Advisor to the Under Secretary of State for Political Affairs (2004–2005), U.S. Ambassador to Kyrgyzstan (2005–2008), U.S. Ambassador to Armenia (2008–2011), Principal Deputy Assistant Secretary for the Bureau of European and Eurasian Affairs (2012–2013), and Ambassador to Ukraine (2016–2019). Yovanovitch is a diplomat in residence at the Institute for the Study of Diplomacy at Georgetown University.[3] [4] On January 31, 2020, it was reported that she had retired from the State Department.[5] [6]

While ambassador to Ukraine, Yovanovitch was the target of a conspiracy-driven smear campaign, amplified by President Donald Trump and his allies. In May 2019, Trump abruptly recalled Yovanovitch from her post following claims by Trump surrogates that she was undermining Trump's efforts to pressure Ukraine to investigate his political rival, former vice president and 2020 U.S. presidential candidate Joe Biden.[7] [8] Yovanovitch's removal preceded a July 2019 phone call by Trump in which he attempted to pressure Ukraine president Volodymyr Zelenskyy to investigate Biden.[9] Following a whistleblower complaint about the phone call and attempts to cover it up, an impeachment inquiry against Trump was initiated by the U.S. House of Representatives. Yovanovitch testified in several House committee depositions in the inquiry.[10] [11]

Early life and education

Marie Yovanovitch is the daughter of Mikhail Yovanovitch and Nadia (Theokritoff) Yovanovitch,[12] who fled the Soviet Union and later the Nazis.[3] She was born in Canada, moved to Connecticut at age three, and became a naturalized American citizen at age eighteen. She grew up speaking Russian.[3]

Yovanovitch graduated from Kent School in Connecticut in 1976; her parents were longtime foreign language teachers at the school.[13] Yovanovitch earned a Bachelor of Arts degree in history and Russian studies from Princeton University in 1980.[14] Her senior thesis was titled "The Excommunication of Tolstoy. A Personal and Political Event."[15] She studied at the Pushkin Institute in Moscow (1980) and was awarded a Master of Science degree from the National Defense University's National War College in 2001.[14]

Career

Early diplomatic career

Yovanovitch joined the United States Foreign Service in 1986. Her first foreign assignment, in Ottawa, was followed by overseas assignments including Moscow, London, and Mogadishu. From May 1998 to May 2000, she served as the deputy director of the Russia Desk in the U.S. Department of State.[14]

From August 2001 to June 2004, as a career member of the Senior Foreign Service, she was the Deputy Chief of Mission of the U.S. Embassy in Kyiv, Ukraine.[16] From August 2004 to May 2005, she was the senior advisor to the Under Secretary of State for Political Affairs.[17] Yovanovitch also served as International Advisor and Deputy Commandant at the National Defense University's Dwight D. Eisenhower School for National Security and Resource Strategy and as dean of the School of Language Studies within the U.S. Department of State's Foreign Service Institute.[17]

U.S. Ambassador to Kyrgyzstan and Armenia and subsequent service

Yovanovitch is "well known in diplomatic circles for her measured demeanor and diligence in representing both Republican and Democratic administrations."[18] Yovanovitch was appointed U.S. Ambassador to Kyrgyzstan on November 20, 2004; she presented her credentials on February 4, 2005, and remained in this post until February 4, 2008.[1] [19] Her nomination as ambassador to Kyrgyzstan was confirmed by the Senate on a voice vote.[20]

Yovanovitch was appointed U.S. Ambassador to Armenia on August 4, 2008; she presented her credentials on September 22, 2008, and remained in this post until June 9, 2011.[19] Her nomination as ambassador to Armenia was again confirmed by the Senate on a voice vote.[21] During confirmation hearings, Yovanovitch acknowledged that Turks had committed mass killings, rapes, and expulsions of Armenians between 1915 and 1923, calling this "one of the greatest tragedies of the 20th century," but, in line with U.S. policy, declined to use the phrase Armenian genocide, saying that the use of this politically sensitive phrase was a policy decision that could be made only by the highest-ranking U.S. officials, namely President George W. Bush and Secretary of State Condoleezza Rice.[22]

While in Armenia, Yovanovitch oversaw a staff of almost 400 Americans and Armenians in one of the largest embassy compounds in the world.[23] She pushed Armenian authorities to give fair treatment to Armenians arrested in post-election protests in 2008.[18] Yovanovitch received the Secretary's Diplomacy in Human Rights Award,[17] a department award honoring ambassadors who demonstrate "extraordinary commitment to defending human rights."[18] She was also known for her work supporting democratic development and the advancement of women.[24]

After returning to Washington in 2012 and 2013, Yovanovitch served as Principal Deputy Assistant Secretary for the Bureau of European and Eurasian Affairs.[4] In that position, Yovanovitch was a key State Department headquarters contact for U.S. diplomats in Europe, working with, among others, U.S. Ambassador to Poland Lee Feinstein, regarding issues such as U.S. missile defense in Poland.[18] Yovanovitch received the department's Senior Foreign Service Performance Award six times and the Superior Honor Award five times.[17] She was promoted to the rank of Career Minister in 2016.[25]

U.S. Ambassador to Ukraine

Yovanovitch was announced as the nominee for U.S. ambassador to Ukraine on May 18, 2016, to replace Geoff Pyatt;[26] the nomination was sent to the Senate the next day, and confirmed by voice vote of the Senate on July 14, 2016.[27] Having been sworn in on August 12, Yovanovitch arrived in Ukraine on August 22 and presented her credentials on August 29, 2016.[1]

Anti-corruption work and other activities

Yovanovitch was respected within the national security community for her efforts to encourage Ukraine to tackle corruption[28] and during her tenure sought to strengthen the Ukrainian National Anti-Corruption Bureau, which had been created to bolster efforts to fight corruption in Ukraine; these efforts earned Yovanovitch some enemies within the country. In a March 2019 speech to the Ukraine Crisis Media Center, Yovanovitch said that the Ukrainian government was not making sufficient progress to combat corruption, saying: "It is increasingly clear that Ukraine's once-in-a-generation opportunity for change has not yet resulted in the anti-corruption or rule-of-law reforms that Ukrainians expect or deserve."[29] On April 1, 2019, Yovanovitch spoke at an anti-corruption conference where she thanked Ukrainians for their courage and commitment to end corruption.[30]

Smear campaign against Yovanovitch and ousting

See main article: Trump–Ukraine scandal. As U.S. ambassador to Ukraine, Yovanovitch was the target of a conspiracy-driven smear campaign.[31] [32] Allegations against her were then made by Trump's personal attorney Rudolph W. Giuliani, as well as conservative commentator John Solomon of The Hill and Ukraine's then-top prosecutor, Yuriy Lutsenko, who accused her of being part of a conspiracy involving anti-corruption probes in Ukraine and efforts by the Trump administration to investigate ties between Ukrainian officials and the Hillary Clinton 2016 presidential campaign.[3] [33] [34] Lutsenko, who has been accused by Ukrainian civil society organizations of corruption,[29] claimed that Yovanovitch, an Obama administration appointee, had interfered in Ukraine politics, had given him a "do-not-prosecute" list,[35] and was interfering in his ability to combat corruption in Ukraine.[33] The U.S. State Department said that Lutsenko's allegations against Yovanovitch were "an outright fabrication"[33] and indicated that they were a "classic disinformation campaign."[31] Lutsenko subsequently recanted his claims of a "do-not-prosecute" list.[36] Solomon's stories were nonetheless amplified by President Trump, his son Donald Trump Jr., Giuliani, Solomon, and conservative media outlets.[33] [37] Ukrainians who opposed Yovanovitch were also sources for Giuliani, who "was on a months-long search for political dirt in Ukraine to help President Trump."[29] Giuliani confirmed in a November 2019 interview that he believed he "needed Yovanovitch out of the way" because she was going to make his investigations difficult.[38]

On April 24, 2019, after complaints from Giuliani and other Trump allies that Yovanovitch was undermining and obstructing Trump's efforts to persuade Ukraine to investigate former vice president and 2020 presidential election candidate Joe Biden, Trump ordered Yovanovitch's recall.[39] [40] She returned to Washington, D.C. on April 25, with her recall becoming public knowledge on May 7,[41] and her mission as ambassador being terminated on May 20, 2019.[1] [42] In a July 25, 2019 phone call with Ukrainian President Volodymyr Zelensky (the contents of which became public on September 25, 2019), Trump pressured the Ukrainian government to investigate Biden and disparaged Yovanovitch to his foreign counterpart, calling her "bad news".[37] [43]

Documents to the House Intelligence Committee provided by Lev Parnas, a former associate of Giuliani, outlined text exchanges in which Lutsenko pushed for the ouster of Yovanovitch and in return offered to provide damaging information on Joe Biden.[8] [44] [45] In Russian-language messages, Lutsenko told Parnas that Yovanovitch (referred to as "madam") should be ousted before he would make helpful public statements; for example, in a March 22, 2019 WhatsApp message to Parnas, Lutsenko wrote, "It's just that if you don’t make a decision about Madam—you are calling into question all my declarations. Including about B."[8] It is thought that Lutsenko targeted Yovanovitch due to her anti-corruption efforts in Ukraine.[46] One week before an April 1, 2019 conference on anti-corruption, Parnas exchanged encrypted WhatsApp text messages with Robert F. Hyde that indicated the ambassador was under surveillance and that her security was at risk.[47] [48] Hyde claimed he had merely forwarded messages received from a Belgian citizen named Anthony de Caluwe.[48] After the House Intelligence Committee released the text messages, de Caluwe initially denied any involvement, but then reversed himself, saying that he had in fact sent the messages to Hyde but that the messages were a joke and "just a part of a ridiculous banter."[48]

An audio tape from April 2018, recorded at a private dinner between Trump and top donors and made public by ABC News in January 2020, captures Trump demanding Yovanovitch's removal, saying: "Get rid of her! Get her out tomorrow. I don't care. Get her out tomorrow. Take her out. Okay? Do it."[8] [49] [50] The recording appeared to corroborate Parnas' account that he had told Trump that night that Yovanovitch was working against Trump.[8]

Yovanovitch's abrupt ousting shocked and outraged career State Department diplomats.[51] [52] Acting Assistant Secretary of State for European and Eurasian Affairs Philip Reeker, the chief diplomat for U.S. policy for Europe, testified that he had urged top State Department officials David Hale and T. Ulrich Brechbuhl to issue a statement expressing strong support for Yovanovitch, but that top State Department leadership rejected this proposal.[31] Former senior U.S. diplomats Philip H. Gordon and Daniel Fried, who served as assistant secretaries of state for European and Eurasian Affairs and as National Security Council staffers under presidents of both parties, praised Yovanovitch and condemned Trump's "egregious mistreatment of one of the country's most distinguished ambassadors," writing that this had demoralized the U.S. diplomatic corps and undermined U.S. foreign policy.[53] The American Foreign Service Association and American Academy of Diplomacy, representing members of the U.S. diplomatic corps, expressed alarm at Trump's disparagement of Yovanovitch in his call with Zelensky.[54] Michael McKinley, a career foreign service officer who served as ambassador to four countries and had been chief adviser to Secretary of State Mike Pompeo, resigned in October 2019 in protest of Trump's attacks against Yovanovitch and "the State Department's unwillingness to protect career diplomats from politically motivated pressure."[55] [56] Yovanovitch's ouster became one of the issues explored in the House of Representatives impeachment inquiry against Trump;[39] her recall was termed "a political hit job" by Democratic members of Congress.[43] [33] Trump subsequently said she was "no angel" and falsely claimed that Yovanovitch had refused to hang his portrait.[57] [58] [59]

In a January 2020 interview, Parnas apologized to Yovanovitch for his role in the smear campaign against her.[8] [60]

Congressional testimony

On October 11, 2019, Yovanovitch gave closed-door deposition testimony before the House Oversight and Reform, Foreign Affairs and Intelligence committees.[61] [62] [63] A transcript of Yovanovitch's full testimony was released to the public on November 5, 2019.[63]

The State Department sought to stop Yovanovitch from testifying before Congress, in line with Trump's policy of refusing to cooperate with the impeachment inquiry.[62] The House Intelligence Committee issued a subpoena, stating that "the illegitimate order from the Trump Administration not to cooperate has no force"—and Yovanovitch proceeded to give testimony.[62]

In her testimony, Yovanovitch testified that Trump had pressured the State Department to remove her, and that she was "incredulous" to be removed based on "unfounded and false claims by people with clearly questionable motives."[62] Yovanovitch stated that after her removal, Deputy Secretary of State John Sullivan had told her that she had done nothing wrong but that the State Department had been under political pressure from Trump to remove her since summer 2018.[62] Sullivan, in his own testimony to Congress, corroborated Yovanovitch's testimony, confirmed that Yovanovitch was the target of a smear campaign, and publicly affirmed that Yovanovitch had served "admirably and capably" as ambassador.[64]

Yovanovitch testified that her removal was the result of "significant tension between those who seek to transform the country and those who wish to continue profiting from the old ways," and that false narratives were pushed from an "unfortunate alliance between Ukrainians who continue to operate within a corrupt system, and Americans who either did not understand that corrupt system, or who may have chosen, for their own purposes, to ignore it."[65] Yovanovitch described the State Department under Trump as "attacked and hollowed out from within," and warned that Russia and other U.S. rivals would benefit "when bad actors in countries beyond Ukraine see how easy it is to use fiction and innuendo to manipulate our system."[62] Yovanovitch testified that when she sought advice from U.S. Ambassador to the European Union Gordon Sondland on how to respond to the smear campaign, Sondland recommended that she tweet praise for Trump.[66] [67]

Yovanovitch also detailed attempts by Giuliani to interfere in the State Department's consular decisions, by attempting to override a U.S. visa denial for former Ukrainian official Viktor Shokin, who had been declared ineligible for travel in the United States based on his "known corrupt activities."[68] [66] Yovanovitch also said that she was "shocked" and felt threatened by Trump's statement, in a phone call with Zelensky, that "she's going to go through some things," testifying that she was very concerned "that the President would speak about me or any ambassador in that way to a foreign counterpart."[66]

Yovanovitch testified to Congress “My parents fled Communist and Nazi regimes. Having seen, firsthand, the war and poverty and displacement common to totalitarian regimes, they valued the freedom and democracy the U.S. offers and that the United States represents. And they raised me to cherish those values.”[69] On November 15, 2019, Yovanovitch testified during the public impeachment hearings.[70] In her testimony, Yovanovitch detailed how Giuliani and his associates Lev Parnas and Igor Fruman worked with a corrupt Ukrainian prosecutor to orchestrate a smear campaign against her, oust her from her post as ambassador, and "circumvent official channels" of Ukraine policy.[52] Yovanovitch also testified, "Perhaps it was not surprising that when our anti-corruption efforts got in the way of the desire for profit or power, Ukrainians who preferred to play by the old, corrupt rules sought to remove me. What continues to amaze me is that they found Americans willing to partner with them and, working together, they apparently succeeded in orchestrating the removal of a U.S. ambassador. How could our system fail like this? How is it that foreign corrupt interests could manipulate our government?"[52] While Yovanovitch was testifying, Trump denigrated her on Twitter.[71] When read what the president had written about her, Yovanovitch testified: "It's very intimidating. I can't speak to what the president is trying to do, but the effect is to be intimidating."[71] House Intelligence Committee Chairman Adam B. Schiff and other Democrats called Trump's conduct witness intimidation; Democratic Representative Jim Himes, a member of the Intelligence Committee, stated: "The president chose to respond to a patriotic and superb public servant with lies and intimidation. ...Her boss disparaged and intimidated her not after, but during her testimony."[71] During questioning, the committee's Republicans avoided making personal attacks against Yovanovitch or seeking to undermine her credibility, but argued that Yovanovitch's removal and the events leading to it were not relevant to whether Trump had committed impeachable offenses and emphasized that Yovanovitch's removal occurred "before the main events under scrutiny took place."[72]

Subsequent posting and retirement

After being ousted as U.S. ambassador to Ukraine, Yovanovitch became a Senior State Department Fellow at Georgetown University's Institute for the Study of Diplomacy.[4] On January 31, 2020, it was reported that she had retired from the Department of State.[5] [73] She is a senior fellow in the Russia and Eurasia Program at the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace.[74] [75]

Works

See also

External links

|-|-

Notes and References

  1. Web site: Marie L. Yovanovitch . Office of the Historian, United States Department of State . October 7, 2019 . October 16, 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20191016015853/https://history.state.gov/departmenthistory/people/yovanovitch-marie-l . live .
  2. Web site: Hansler . Jennifer . Marie Yovanovitch: Meet the ambassador at the center of the Ukraine controversy . CNN . October 10, 2019 . October 24, 2019 . October 20, 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20191020054400/https://www.cnn.com/2019/10/10/politics/who-is-marie-yovanovitch/index.html . live .
  3. News: Trump Said Ukraine Envoy Would 'Go Through Some Things.' She Has Already. . LaFraniere . Sharon . Vogel . Kenneth P. . Baker . Peter . September 26, 2019 . The New York Times . September 27, 2019 . en-US . 0362-4331 . September 27, 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190927001009/https://www.nytimes.com/2019/09/26/us/politics/yovanovitch-trump-ukraine-ambassador.html . live .
  4. Web site: Ambassador Marie L. Yovanovitch . Institute for the Study of Diplomacy, Georgetown University . en-US . September 27, 2019 . September 27, 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190927165215/https://isd.georgetown.edu/profile/amb-marie-l-yovanovitch/ . live .
  5. News: Key witness in the impeachment inquiry Marie Yovanovitch retires from the State Department after being ousted following an apparent smear campaign. Frias, Lauren. January 31, 2020. Business Insider. January 31, 2020. February 1, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200201125839/https://www.businessinsider.com/key-impeachment-witness-marie-yovanovitch-retires-from-state-department-2020-1. live.
  6. Web site: Ambassador (ret.) Marie L. Yovanovitch. 2021-12-06. ISD. en-US. September 27, 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20190927165215/https://isd.georgetown.edu/profile/amb-marie-l-yovanovitch/. live.
  7. Web site: Defiant Yovanovitch says she was 'kneecapped' amid Trump 'smear campaign': The ousted ambassador to Ukraine delivered key testimony to impeachment investigators . Andrew Desiderio . Kyle Cheney . . November 15, 2019 . November 25, 2019 . November 25, 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20191125122434/https://www.politico.com/news/2019/11/15/trump-yovanovitch-impeachment-070988 . live .
  8. Web site: Colby Itkowitz & Rosalind S. Helderman. Recording of Trump calling for Yovanovitch's ouster appears to corroborate Parnas's account. Washington Post. January 24, 2020. January 24, 2020. January 24, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200124232558/https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/recording-of-trump-calling-for-yovanovitchs-ouster-appears-to-corroborate-parnass-account/2020/01/24/77326098-3ed3-11ea-baca-eb7ace0a3455_story.html. live.
  9. Web site: "A Perfect Little Conspiracy Theory": The Sudden Recall of the U.S. Ambassador to Ukraine Might've Been the Beginning of the End for Trump . Abigail Tracy . September 30, 2019 . Vanity Fair . November 24, 2019 . October 1, 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20191001145544/https://www.vanityfair.com/news/2019/09/masha-yovanovitch-us-ambassador-to-ukraine-donald-trump . live .
  10. Web site: Ambassador Yovanovitch: Trump Comments In July Call Felt Like A 'Threat' . November 15, 2019 . NPR . Philip Ewing . November 24, 2019 . November 25, 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20191125003506/https://www.npr.org/2019/11/15/776987555/impeachment-hearings-continue-with-marie-yovanovitch-ex-ambassador-to-ukraine . live .
  11. Web site: "This Is the Way Gangsters Operate": A Hero Is Born as Yovanovitch Gives Voice to Widespread Rage at State. Abigail Tracy. November 15, 2019. Vanity Fair. November 25, 2019. November 21, 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20191121183320/https://www.vanityfair.com/news/2019/11/ambassador-masha-yovanovitch-state-department-ukraine-impeachment-inquiry. live.
  12. Web site: Executive Reports of Committees (Senate) . July 14, 2016 . Congressional Record . October 29, 2016 . October 29, 2016 . https://web.archive.org/web/20161029235922/https://www.congress.gov/congressional-record/2016/7/14/senate-section/article/S5153-3 . live .
  13. News: Emilie . Munson . Kent's Yovanovitch could provide key details Friday in impeachment inquiry . Middletown Press . October 10, 2019 . October 27, 2019 . November 27, 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20201127235543/https://www.middletownpress.com/middletown/article/Kent-s-Yovanovitch-could-provide-key-details-14509954.php . live .
  14. Web site: Yovanovitch, Marie L. . January 15, 2009 . Office of Electronic Information, Department of State . en . September 26, 2019 . October 16, 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20191016015901/https://2001-2009.state.gov/r/pa/ei/biog/113989.htm . live .
  15. Master's . Yovanovitch. Marie L.. Princeton University Department of History. The Excommunication of Tolstoy. A Personal and Political Event. en. May 25, 2020. June 10, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200610181519/https://catalog.princeton.edu/catalog/dsp01mg74qn37p. live.
  16. Web site: New U.S. ambassador expected in Kyiv next week . August 20, 2016 . . October 14, 2019 . October 16, 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20191016015903/https://www.unian.info/politics/1479149-new-us-ambassador-expected-in-kyiv-next-week.html . live .
  17. Web site: Marie L. Yovanovitch: U.S. Ambassador to Ukraine . United States Department of State . October 27, 2019 . October 2, 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20191002013841/https://2009-2017.state.gov/r/pa/ei/biog/261588.htm . live .
  18. News: Adam . Geller . Jocelyn . Noveck . Diplomat criticized by White House known for her diligence . Associated Press . October 9, 2019 . October 27, 2019 . November 27, 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20201127235540/https://apnews.com/5726d43723ad43298a73eae8e8178290 . live .
  19. Web site: Marie L. Yovanovitch . Office of the Historian, U.S. Department of State . October 29, 2016 . October 16, 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20191016015853/https://history.state.gov/departmenthistory/people/yovanovitch-marie-l . live .
  20. Web site: PN566 – Marie L. Yovanovitce – Department of State . 109th Congress (2005–2006) . . June 30, 2005 . October 27, 2019 . October 27, 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20191027162629/https://www.congress.gov/nomination/109th-congress/566 . live .
  21. Web site: PN1540 – Marie L. Yovanovitch – Department of State . 110th Congress (2007–2008) . Congress.gov . 2008 . October 27, 2019 . October 27, 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20191027162631/https://www.congress.gov/nomination/110th-congress/1540 . live .
  22. News: Paul . Richter . Diplomat eschews calling it genocide . . June 20, 2008 . October 28, 2019 . October 28, 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20191028172237/https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2008-jun-20-na-armenia20-story.html . live .
  23. Shaun Dorman, ed., Inside a U.S. Embassy: Diplomacy at Work (Washington, D.C.: Foreign Service Books, 2011), p. 10.
  24. Dorman, ed., p. 11
  25. Web site: PN1909 – Foreign Service . 114th Congress (2015-2016) . Congress.gov . 2016 . October 27, 2019 . October 27, 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20191027162634/https://www.congress.gov/nomination/114th-congress/1909 . live .
  26. President Obama Announces More Key Administration Posts. White House Press Office. May 18, 2016. October 27, 2019. October 16, 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20191016015855/https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/the-press-office/2016/05/18/president-obama-announces-more-key-administration-posts. live.
  27. Web site: PN1493 – Nomination of Marie L. Yovanovitch for Department of State, 114th Congress (2015–2016) . July 14, 2016 . U.S. Congress . September 26, 2019 . September 26, 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190926032204/https://www.congress.gov/nomination/114th-congress/1493 . live .
  28. News: Greg . Miller . Josh . Dawsey . Paul . Sonne . Ellen . Nakashima . September 24, 2019 . Giuliani pursued shadow Ukraine agenda as key foreign policy officials were sidelined . . December 11, 2019 . December 18, 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20191218002958/https://www.washingtonpost.com/national-security/giuliani-pursued-shadow-ukraine-agenda-as-key-foreign-policy-officials-were-sidelined/2019/09/24/ee18aaec-deec-11e9-be96-6adb81821e90_story.html . live .
  29. News: Steve . Inskeep . Steve Inskeep . October 11, 2019 . Who Is Former U.S. Ambassador To Ukraine Marie Yovanovitch? . Morning Edition . . October 28, 2019 . October 26, 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20191026033317/https://www.npr.org/2019/10/11/769193149/who-is-former-u-s-ambassador-to-ukraine-marie-yovanovitch . live .
  30. Web site: Remarks by Ambassador Marie Yovanovitch at High Anti-Corruption Court Orientation Program. 2019-04-02. U.S. Embassy in Ukraine. en-US. 2020-01-25. January 25, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200125023631/https://ua.usembassy.gov/remarks-by-ambassador-marie-yovanovitch-at-high-anti-corruption-court-orientation-program/. live.
  31. News: Karoun . Demirjian . Carol . Morello . Diplomat says top leadership of the State Department rejected his entreaties to publicly support ousted U.S. ambassador to Ukraine . The Washington Post . October 25, 2019 . October 27, 2019 . October 27, 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20191027125908/https://www.washingtonpost.com/national-security/diplomat-who-tried-to-squash-smear-campaign-against-colleague-to-testify-in-trump-impeachment-inquiry/2019/10/25/9b8361c0-f74a-11e9-ad8b-85e2aa00b5ce_story.html . live .
  32. News: 'Witness Intimidation': Trump Slimes Ambassador During Impeachment Hearing: Democrats highlighted Ambassador Marie Yovanovitch's work to fight corruption—what President Trump claims motivated his pressure on Ukraine to investigate his political opponents. . Spencer Ackerman . Sam Brody . Daily Beast . November 15, 2019 . November 24, 2019 . November 20, 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20191120071050/https://www.thedailybeast.com/smeared-fired-us-ambo-to-ukraine-says-trumps-effect-is-to-be-intimidating . live .
  33. News: Farhl . Paul . September 26, 2019 . How a conservative columnist helped push a flawed Ukraine narrative . The Washington Post . 0190-8286 . September 27, 2019 . September 27, 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190927223803/https://www.washingtonpost.com/lifestyle/style/how-a-conservative-columnist-helped-push-a-flawed-ukraine-narrative/2019/09/26/1654026e-dee7-11e9-8dc8-498eabc129a0_story.html . live .
  34. News: Sonmez . Felicia . Four ways to flatter Trump: The Ukrainian President's guide . September 26, 2019 . The Age . September 26, 2019 . September 26, 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190926113718/https://www.theage.com.au/world/north-america/four-ways-to-flatter-trump-the-ukrainian-president-s-guide-20190926-p52v1g.html . live .
  35. Book: Schiff . Adam . Midnight in Washington: How We Almost Lost Our Democracy and Still Could . 2021 . Random House Publishing Group . 978-0-593-23154-8 . 262 . en . July 10, 2022 . April 27, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220427134910/https://books.google.com/books?id=dk4oEAAAQBAJ&pg=PT262 . live .
  36. News: Ukraine Prosecutor General Lutsenko admits U.S. ambassador didn't give him a do not prosecute list . 25 November 2019 . UNIAN Information Agency . 18 April 2019 . November 25, 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20191125065309/https://www.unian.info/politics/10520715-ukraine-prosecutor-general-lutsenko-admits-u-s-ambassador-didn-t-give-him-a-do-not-prosecute-list.html . live .
  37. News: Trump's comments on former Ukraine ambassador raise further questions. Hansler. Jennifer. September 25, 2019. September 29, 2019. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20191005081314/https://www.cnn.com/2019/09/25/politics/us-ambassador-ukraine-trump-call/index.html. October 5, 2019. CNN.
  38. The Ukrainian Prosecutor Behind Trump's Impeachment. Entous. Adam. December 16, 2019. The New Yorker. 16 December 2019. December 16, 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20191216214723/https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2019/12/23/the-ukrainian-prosecutor-behind-trumps-impeachment. live.
  39. News: Trump Ordered Ukraine Ambassador Removed After Complaints From Giuliani, Others . Ballhaus . Rebecca . Bender . Michael C. . Salama . Vivian . October 2, 2019 . . en-US . October 4, 2019 . October 4, 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20191004002217/https://www.wsj.com/articles/trump-ordered-ukraine-ambassador-removed-after-complaints-from-giuliani-others-11570137147 . live .
  40. News: Ousted U.S. diplomat could be crucial to impeachment inquiry . King . Laura . Ayres . Sabra . September 30, 2019 . . en-US . October 1, 2019 . October 1, 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20191001034721/https://www.latimes.com/politics/story/2019-09-30/ousted-u-s-diplomat-could-be-crucial-to-impeachment-inquiry . live .
  41. News: U.S. Ambassador to Ukraine Recalled in 'Political Hit Job,' Lawmakers Say . May 7, 2019 . . en-US . November 21, 2019 . November 20, 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20191120191621/https://foreignpolicy.com/2019/05/07/us-ambassador-to-ukraine-recalled-in-political-hit-job-lawmakers-say-marie-yovanovitch-lutsenko-right-wing-media-accusations-congress-diplomats-diplomacy/ . live .
  42. News: Read Marie Yovanovitch's Prepared Opening Statement From the Impeachment Hearing . November 15, 2019 . . en-US . November 21, 2019 . I arrived in Ukraine on August 22, 2016 and left Ukraine permanently on May 20, 2019. . November 21, 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20191121003958/https://www.nytimes.com/2019/11/15/us/politics/marie-yovanovitch-opening-statement.html . live .
  43. News: Trump Blasts Own Ambassador in Call With Ukrainian President. MacKinnon. Amy. September 25, 2019. Foreign Policy. September 29, 2019. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20191002010232/https://foreignpolicy.com/2019/09/25/trump-blasts-own-ambassador-in-call-with-ukrainian-president/. October 2, 2019. Gramer. Robbie. limited.
  44. News: Bump . Philip . How Ukraine's top prosecutor went after Marie Yovanovitch, step by step . Washington Post . 15 January 2020 . January 16, 2020 . January 16, 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200116134429/https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2020/01/15/how-ukraines-top-prosecutor-went-after-marie-yovanovitch-step-by-step/ . live .
  45. Web site: Sheth . Sonam . Frias . Lauren . Explosive new documents involving Rudy Giuliani and a Ukrainian associate show the shocking extent of Trump's pressure campaign . Business Insider . 15 January 2020 . January 18, 2020 . January 16, 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200116223030/https://www.businessinsider.com/documents-giuliani-associate-lev-parnas-trump-pressure-campaign-2020-1 . live .
  46. Web site: Maddow . Rachel . Parnas: Yovanovitch's anti-corruption stance made her a target . MSNBC . 17 January 2020 . January 18, 2020 . November 27, 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20201127235542/https://www.msnbc.com/rachel-maddow/watch/parnas-yovanovitch-s-anti-corruption-stance-made-her-a-target-76928581979 . live .
  47. Web site: Attachment to letter of transmittal from US House Intelligence Committee to US House Judiciary Committee. January 14, 2020. House Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence. January 24, 2020. January 18, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200118072730/https://intelligence.house.gov/uploadedfiles/20200114_-_hpsci_transmittal_letter_to_hjc_-_new_evidence_attachment.pdf. live.
  48. Web site: Josh Lederman & Anna Schecter. Trump backer from Europe says supposed Yovanovitch surveillance was a joke. NBC News. January 18, 2020. January 25, 2020. January 26, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200126083940/https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/trump-impeachment-inquiry/texts-suggest-robert-hyde-passed-along-details-about-yovanovitch-movements-n1118226. live.
  49. News: Lawmakers react to apparent recording of Trump saying Yovanovitch should be fired. Libby. Cathey. ABC News. January 24, 2020. January 24, 2020. January 24, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200124175235/https://abcnews.go.com/Politics/recording-appears-capture-trump-private-dinner-ukraine-ambassador/story?id=68506437. live.
  50. News: Lawmakers react to apparent recording of Trump saying Yovanovitch should be fired. Katherine. Faulders. John. Santucci. Allison. Percorin. Olivia. Rubin. ABC News. January 24, 2020. January 24, 2020. January 25, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200125010704/https://abcnews.go.com/Politics/lawmakers-react-apparent-recording-trump-yovanovitch-fired/story?id=68509992. live.
  51. News: Peter . Baker . Nicholas . Fandos . Bolton Objected to Ukraine Pressure Campaign, Calling Giuliani 'a Hand Grenade' . . October 14, 2019 . Career diplomats have expressed outrage at the unceremonious removal of Ambassador Marie L. Yovanovitch from Ukraine after she came under attack by Mr. Giuliani, Donald Trump Jr. and two associates who have since been arrested on charges of campaign violations. . October 28, 2019 . October 16, 2019 . https://archive.today/20191016021725/https://www.nytimes.com/2019/10/14/us/politics/bolton-giuliani-fiona-hill-testimony.html . live .
  52. News: Sheryl Gay . Stolberg . Marie Yovanovitch, Ex-Ukraine Envoy Ousted by Trump, Says She Feels Intimidated by Him . . November 15, 2019 . November 16, 2019 . November 15, 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20191115224734/https://www.nytimes.com/2019/11/15/us/politics/marie-yovanovitch-testimony.html . live .
  53. News: Philip . Gordon . Daniel . Fried . The other Ukraine scandal: Trump's threats to our ambassador who wouldn't bend . . September 27, 2019 . November 16, 2019 . November 15, 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20191115181441/https://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/the-other-ukraine-scandal-trumps-threats-to-our-ambassador-who-wouldnt-bend/2019/09/27/03ac9a00-e13e-11e9-8dc8-498eabc129a0_story.html . live .
  54. News: Diplomats express alarm over Trump's treatment of former Ukraine ambassador. Hansler. Jennifer. September 26, 2019. September 29, 2019. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20191011174626/https://www.cnn.com/2019/09/26/politics/ukraine-ambassador-yovanovitch-whistleblower-complaint/index.html. October 11, 2019. CNN.
  55. News: Andrew . Desiderio . Kyle . Cheney . Ex-Pompeo adviser tells Congress he resigned over Trump's attacks on Yovanovitch . . October 16, 2019 . November 16, 2019 . November 30, 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20191130124734/https://www.politico.com/news/2019/10/16/pompeo-adviser-resigned-ukraine-yovanovitch-048443 . live .
  56. News: David A. . Graham . The Experts Strike Back . The Atlantic . October 17, 2019 . October 26, 2019 . October 26, 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20191026223132/https://www.theatlantic.com/ideas/archive/2019/10/experts-strike-back/600136/ . live .
  57. Web site: Trump claims Marie Yovanovitch refused to hang his portrait in the embassy in Ukraine . Melissa Quinn . November 22, 2019 . November 24, 2019 . CBS News . November 24, 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20191124002124/https://www.cbsnews.com/news/trump-claims-marie-yovanovitch-refused-to-hang-portrait-in-embassy-in-ukraine/ . live .
  58. Web site: Trump falsely says ex-Ambassador Yovanovitch refused to put up his portrait in Ukraine Embassy . Associated Press . Dave Goldiner . New York Daily News . November 22, 2019 . November 24, 2019 . November 27, 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20191127192228/https://www.bozemandailychronicle.com/ap_news/washington/trump-falsely-says-ex-ambassador-yovanovitch-refused-to-put-up/article_a2669231-c913-5afc-a622-47fed411dd76.html . live .
  59. Web site: Trump says envoy Marie Yovanovitch refused to hang his photo . November 22, 2019 . November 24, 2019 . BBC . November 23, 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20191123180227/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-50520652 . live .
  60. News: Parnas apologizes for smear campaign against Ambassador Yovanovitch. Kyiv Post. Matthew Kupfer. January 17, 2020. January 25, 2020. November 27, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20201127235549/https://www.kyivpost.com/ukraine-politics/parnas-apologizes-for-smear-campaign-against-ambassador-yovanovitch.html?cn-reloaded=1. live.
  61. Web site: Testimony of former U.S. Ambassador to Ukraine Marie "Masha" Yovanovitch. The Washington Post. November 4, 2019. November 7, 2019. November 6, 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20191106205201/https://www.washingtonpost.com/context/testimony-of-former-u-s-ambassador-to-ukraine-marie-masha-yovanovitch/f9742f2d-4fd2-467f-b069-531c663d52d3/. live.
  62. News: John . Hudson . Karoun . Demirjian . Rachael . Bade . Paul . Sonne . Ousted ambassador Marie Yovanovitch tells Congress Trump pressured State Dept. to remove her . . October 11, 2019 . November 16, 2019 . November 16, 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20191116000407/https://www.washingtonpost.com/national-security/ousted-ukraine-envoy-marie-yovanovitch-expected-to-testify-in-impeachment-inquiry-today/2019/10/11/d571830e-eba0-11e9-85c0-85a098e47b37_story.html . live .
  63. News: Nicholas . Fandos . Michael S. . Schmidt . Ex-Ukraine Ambassador Testified She Felt Threatened by Trump . . November 4, 2019 . November 5, 2019 . November 5, 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20191105235852/https://www.nytimes.com/2019/11/04/us/politics/marie-yovanovitch-trump-impeachment.html . live .
  64. News: Catie . Edmondson . Top State Department Official Confirms Smear Campaign Against Ousted Ukraine Envoy . . October 30, 2019 . November 5, 2019 . November 6, 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20191106005020/https://www.nytimes.com/2019/10/30/us/politics/trump-ukraine-senate.html . live .
  65. Web site: Former Ambassador Marie Yovanovitch's Opening Statement Before Congress . Gordon . Ahl . October 11, 2019 . Lawfare . October 14, 2019 . January 13, 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240113130325/https://www.lawfaremedia.org/article/former-ambassador-marie-yovanovitchs-opening-statement-congress . live .
  66. Web site: Excerpts from Joint Deposition: Marie "Masha" Yovanovitch, Former United States Ambassador to Ukraine . October 11, 2019 . House Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence, and House Committee on Oversight and Reform, House Committee on Foreign Affairs . November 4, 2019 . November 4, 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20191104182310/https://intelligence.house.gov/uploadedfiles/20191104_-_yovanovitch_transcript_excerpts_final.pdf . live .
  67. News: Felicia . Sonmez . John . Wagner . Elise . Viebeck . Brittany . Shammas . Ukraine envoy, fearing loss of job, told to tweet support for Trump; White House lawyer defies House subpoena . . November 4, 2019 . November 6, 2019 . November 6, 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20191106001451/https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/trump-impeachment-inquiry-live-updates/2019/11/04/f850b79a-fef2-11e9-9518-1e76abc088b6_story.html . live .
  68. News: Impeachment Inquiry Transcripts: Excerpts and Analysis . . November 4, 2019 . November 6, 2019 . November 6, 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20191106020534/https://www.nytimes.com/2019/11/04/us/politics/house-intelligence-committee-transcripts-released.html . live .
  69. News: For Trump, Yovanovitch's testimony brings moment of reckoning on gender. Viebeck. Elise. November 14, 2019. The Washington Post. November 14, 2019. November 15, 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20191115024851/https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/for-trump-yovanovitchs-testimony-brings-moment-of-reckoning-on-gender/2019/11/14/40aafcba-04a4-11ea-ac12-3325d49eacaa_story.html. live.
  70. News: McCarthy . Tom . Smith . David . Ukraine ambassador describes Trump's 'shocking' smear campaign against her . November 15, 2019 . . November 15, 2019 . November 15, 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20191115075603/https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2019/nov/15/trump-impeachment-inquiry-marie-yovanovitch . live .
  71. News: Michael D. . Shear . Peter . Baker . Charlie . Savage . Trump Denigrates Ex-Envoy Yovanovitch on Twitter During Impeachment Testimony . . November 15, 2019 . November 15, 2019 . November 15, 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20191115224731/https://www.nytimes.com/2019/11/15/us/politics/trump-witness-intimidation.html . live .
  72. News: Peter . Baker . Key Takeaways From Marie Yovanovitch's Hearing in the Impeachment Inquiry . https://web.archive.org/web/20191116193025/https://www.nytimes.com/2019/11/15/us/politics/impeachment-hearings.html . November 16, 2019 . New York Times . November 15, 2019 .
  73. News: Former Ambassador Marie Yovanovitch, Key Figure In Impeachment Trial, Retires. Romo. Vanessa. January 31, 2020. NPR. 1 February 2020. February 1, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200201032710/https://www.npr.org/2020/01/31/801697400/ukraine-ambassador-marie-yovanovitch-key-figure-in-impeachment-trial-retires. live.
  74. Web site: Marie Yovanovitch. 2021-12-06. Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. December 6, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20211206193944/https://admin.carnegieendowment.org/experts/?fa=1822. live.
  75. Web site: Marie Yovanovitch. 2021-12-06. Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. en. August 16, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210816174405/https://carnegieendowment.org/experts/1822. live.

This article is licensed under the GNU Free Documentation License. It uses material from the Wikipedia article "Marie Yovanovitch".

Except where otherwise indicated, Everything.Explained.Today is © Copyright 2009-2024, A B Cryer, All Rights Reserved. Cookie policy.