| Maria Caterina Farnese | |
| Succession: | Duchess consort of Modena and Reggio |
| Reign: | 11 January 1631 - 25 July 1646 |
| Reign-Type: | Tenure |
| Spouse: | Francesco I d'Este, Duke of Modena |
| Issue: | Alfonso IV, Duke of Modena Isabella, Duchess of Parma Eleonora d'Este Maria, Duchess of Parma |
| Full Name: | Maria Caterina Farnese |
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| House: | Farnese |
| Father: | Ranuccio I Farnese, Duke of Parma |
| Mother: | Margherita Aldobrandini |
| Birth Date: | 18 February 1615 |
| Birth Place: | Parma, Duchy of Parma and Piacenza |
| Death Place: | Ducal Palace of Sassuolo, Modena, Duchy of Modena |
Maria Caterina Farnese (18 February 1615 - 25 July 1646) was a member of the Ducal House of Farnese. She was Duchess of Modena as the first wife of Francesco I d'Este, Duke of Modena. In some sources she is known simply as Maria Farnese.
Born in Parma to Ranuccio I Farnese, Duke of Parma and his wife, Donna Margherita Aldobrandini, she was the couple’s sixth child and second daughter.
Her older brother Odoardo Farnese was later the Duke of Parma. Her mother was Margherita Aldobrandini, daughter of Gianfrancesco and Olimpia Aldobrandini who in turn, was a member of the House of Aldobrandini of Rome, and the sole heiress to the family fortune.
She was engaged to Francesco I d'Este, Duke of Modena, son of the defunct Alfonso III d'Este, Duke of Modena and Princess Isabella of Savoy.
She married Francesco on 11 January 1631 in Parma; the marriage produced nine children, three of which went on to have progeny.
She died in July 1646 having give birth to a son. She died at the Ducal Palace of Sassuolo outside Modena, the summer residence of the Dukes of Modena.
Her nephew Ranuccio II Farnese, Duke of Parma married two of Maria Caterina's daughters, Isabella in 1664 and Maria in 1668. Isabella died in childbirth like her mother. Her husband married again twice, firstly to her sister Vittoria Farnese in 1648 and then to Lucrezia Barberini who was the mother of Rinaldo d'Este, Duke of Modena.