Margaret Hamburg Explained

Peggy Hamburg
Office:	21st Commissioner of Food and Drugs
President:	Barack Obama
Term Start:	May 22, 2009
Term End:	April 3, 2015
Predecessor:	Andrew von Eschenbach
Successor:	Robert Califf
Office1:	Assistant Secretary of Health and Human Services for Planning and Evaluation
President1:	Bill Clinton
Term Start1:	1997
Term End1:	2001
Predecessor1:	Peter Edelman^[1]
Successor1:	Bobby Jindal^[2]
Office2:	Health Commissioner of New York City
1Blankname2:	Mayor
1Namedata2:	David Dinkins Rudy Giuliani
Term Start2:	December 24, 1991
Term End2:	April 15, 1997 Acting: June 11, 1991 – December 24, 1991
Predecessor2:	Woody Myers
Successor2:	Benjamin Mojica
Birth Date:	12 July 1955
Birth Place:	Chicago, Illinois, U.S.
Party:	Democratic
Relatives:	Beatrix Hamburg (Mother) David A. Hamburg (Father)
Education:	Harvard University (BA, MD)

Margaret Ann "Peggy" Hamburg (born July 12, 1955, Chicago, Illinois) is an American physician and public health administrator, who is serving as the chair of the board of the American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)^[3] and co-chair of the InterAcademy Partnership (IAP).^[4] She served as the 21st Commissioner of the U.S. Food and Drug Administration from May 2009 to April 2015.^[5]

Early life and education

Hamburg is the daughter of Beatrix Hamburg and David A. Hamburg, both physicians. Her mother was the first self-identified African-American woman to be accepted at Vassar College^[6] and to earn a degree from the Yale University School of Medicine.^[7] Her father is President Emeritus of the Carnegie Corporation of New York and also served as the president of the AAAS in 1984.^{[8] [9]}

Hamburg graduated from Harvard College in 1977 and earned her M.D. from Harvard Medical School in 1983.^[10] She completed her medical residency training at the New York Hospital-Cornell Medical Center and is Board Certified in Internal Medicine.

Hamburg is married to Peter Fitzhugh Brown, a computer scientist and artificial intelligence expert. The couple were married on May 23, 1992.^[11] Brown is the chief executive officer of Renaissance Technologies.^[12] Renaissance Technologies employees were collectively the top donors to President Donald Trump's 2016 campaign^[13] and collectively the third largest donors to Hillary Clinton,^[14] giving $15.5 million and $16.5 million respectively. The couple has two children together.

Hamburg was ranked on the list of The World's 100 Most Powerful Women three times—ranking 21st in 2011, 61st in 2012, and 59th in 2013.^[15]

Career

Following her medical training, Hamburg moved to Washington, D.C., to begin her career in public service. She served in several roles, beginning with a position in the Office of Disease Prevention and Health Promotion at the US Department of Health and Human Services.^[16] She also worked as a clinical instructor for Georgetown University School of Medicine from 1986 to 1990.^[17]

From May 1989 to May 1990, she worked as assistant director of the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health under Anthony Fauci. In this position, she participated in HIV/AIDS policy development and research.^[18]

In 1991 Hamburg was appointed Commissioner of the New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene, where she served for six years, working first for Mayor David Dinkins and then-Mayor Rudy Giuliani. During her tenure, she worked on improved services for women and children, a needle-exchange program to reduce HIV transmission, a program to curtail the resurgence and spread of tuberculosis, and the nation's first public health bioterrorism preparedness program.^[19]

In 1997, President Bill Clinton appointed Hamburg as Assistant Secretary for Planning and Evaluation at the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. She served in this policy role until 2001 when she became the founding Vice President for Biological Programs and later the Senior Scientist for the Nuclear Threat Initiative,^[20] a foundation created by Ted Turner dedicated to reducing the threat to public safety from nuclear, chemical, and biological weapons. In that role, Hamburg spearheaded efforts to prevent, detect, and respond to both naturally occurring and deliberately caused biological threats. She worked on reforms to reduce the dangers associated with modern bioterrorism and infectious diseases such as pandemic influenza.

In June 2001, Hamburg participated in the Operation Dark Winter exercise at Andrews Air Force Base simulating a bioterrorism event involving weaponized smallpox.^[21]

Hamburg is a member of the Medical Advisory Team for the Sidwell Friends School, where she also served on the board of trustees from 2004 to 2009.^[22] On July 13, 2005, she was announced as an advisor to the Project on Emerging Nanotechnologies by the Pew Charitable Trusts and Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars.^[23]

U.S. Food and Drug Administration

Hamburg was nominated by President Barack Obama in March 2009 to become Commissioner of the Food and Drug Administration,^[24] and was unanimously confirmed in May 2009.^[25] As FDA Commissioner she was known for advancing regulatory science, streamlining and modernizing FDA's regulatory pathways, and globalization of the agency, as well as the implementation of the Family Smoking Prevention and Tobacco Control Act (2009), the Food Safety Modernization Act (2011), and a review of the system for the evaluation and approval of medical devices.

Hamburg was the longest-serving FDA commissioner since David A. Kessler, as well as the second woman to hold the position.^[26] She served at the FDA until her resignation on March 28, 2015.^{[27] [28] [29] [19]}

During Hamburg's tenure at the FDA, the agency was criticized for speeding approvals at the expense of safety, while some industry voices indicated the pace was "justified". The FDA, under Hamburg's leadership approved 51 drugs in 2014 alone, which was noted as being "most in more than 20 years" to which Hamburg attributes to "innovative approaches".^[29]

National Academy of Medicine

In April 2015 Hamburg was appointed Foreign Secretary of the National Academy of Medicine.^[30] In December 2016, Hamburg was named president-elect for the American Association for the Advancement of Science.^[31] She served a three-year term as an officer and member of the executive committee of the AAAS Board of Directors beginning in February 2017.

In 2018, she participated in the Clade X pandemic exercise that modelled a fictional parainfluenza bioterrorism attack designed to reduce the global population.^{[32] [33]} She played the role of Secretary of Health and Human Services.^[34] The event was held by the Johns Hopkins Center for Health Security.^[35] Hamburg joined the board of directors for Alnylam Pharmaceuticals in 2018.^[36]

In 2020, Hamburg participated in the strategic framework development for the Grand Challenge on Climate Change, Human Health, & Equity. Other notable participants included Peter Daszak of EcoHealth Alliance, Jeremy Farrar of Wellcome Trust, and representatives from the National Institutes of Health, Rockefeller Foundation, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, ExxonMobil, University of Hong Kong, Burroughs Wellcome Fund, World Health Organization, African Development Bank, Robert Wood Johnson Foundation, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, and numerous universities.^[37]

Additionally, Hamburg was appointed by the Council on Foreign Relations to serve on its Independent Task Force on Improving Pandemic Preparedness, co-chaired by Sylvia Mathews Burwell and Frances Fragos Townsend.^[38] That year, she also served on the CSIS-LSHTM High-Level Panel^[39] on Vaccine Confidence and Misinformation amid the COVID-19 pandemic, co-chaired by Heidi Larson and J. Stephen Morrison.^[40]

Hamburg participated in a tabletop exercise at the March 2021 Munich Security Conference modelling a fictional international outbreak of monkeypox.^[41] The exercise was led by the Nuclear Threat Initiative and funded by Open Philanthropy.^[42] In the exercise scenario, the hypothetical outbreak was set to begin on May 15, 2022. On May 18, 2022, a real confirmed case of monkeypox was reported in an American traveller who had recently travelled to Canada.^[43]

See also: 2022 monkeypox outbreak.

Awards and recognition

Hamburg is a Fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science and the American College of Physicians, as well as a member of the Council on Foreign Relations and the National Academy of Medicine, where she now serves as Foreign Secretary.

Hamburg has received numerous awards, among them the National Consumers League's Trumpeter Award in 2011^[44] and the National Center for Health Research's 2011 Health Research Policy Hero Award.^[45] She has also received the American College of Clinical Pharmacology's (ACCP) Nathaniel T. Kwit Memorial Distinguished Service Award,^[46] the New York Academy of Medicine Medal for Distinguished Contributions in Health Policy,^[47] the Radcliffe Alumnae Award and the American Lung Association's Breath of Life Award. Hamburg was the 2017 recipient of the FDAAA's Harvey W. Wiley Lecture Award for Outstanding Leadership in Advancing Public Health.

She is a distinguished senior fellow with the Center for Strategic and International Studies^[48] and holds several Honorary Degrees.

Forbes named her as one of the world's 100 most powerful women multiple times, most recently in 2014 (#51).^[49]

In 2022, Hamburg was awarded the AAAS Philip Hauge Abelson Prize which honors individuals' groundbreaking work in the areas of public service, scientific achievement or notable services to community.

Other activities

Corporate boards

• Alnylam Pharmaceuticals, member of the board of directors (since 2018)^[50]

Non-profit organizations

• American Museum of Natural History, member of the board of trustees^[51]
• AmfAR, The Foundation for AIDS Research, member of the board of directors (former)^[52]
• Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation, member of the Global Health Scientific Advisory Committee^[53]
• Bipartisan Commission on Biodefense, commissioner^[54]
• Broad Institute, member of the board of directors^[55]
• Center for Strategic and International Studies (CSIS), Member of the Commission on Strengthening America's Health Security (since 2017)^{[56] [57]}
• Coalition for Epidemic Preparedness Innovations (CEPI), chair of the Joint Coordinating Group (–2023)^{[58] [59]}
• Commonwealth Fund, member of the board of directors^[60]
• Centre of Regulatory Excellence (CoRE), Duke–NUS Medical School, member of the advisory board^[61]
• Department of Global Health, University of Washington, member of the external advisory board^[62]
• GAVI Alliance, member of the board^[63]
• Harvard Medical School, member of the board of fellows^[64]
• Harvard University, member of the global advisory council
• Nuclear Threat Initiative (NTI), member of the board of directors^[65]
• Simons Foundation, member of the scientific advisory board for the Autism Research Initiative^[66]
• Urban Institute, member of the board of trustees^[67]
• Wellcome Trust, member of the Strategic Advisory Board on Vaccines and Drug-resistant Infections^[68]
• World Dementia Council, member of the board

Hamburg formerly served on the boards of the Rockefeller Foundation, the Rockefeller University, the Nathan Cummings Foundation, Conservation International and Henry Schein Inc. She has participated as a member of the Central Intelligence Agency's Intelligence Science Board.^[69]

She is also a member of the National Advisory Council for the COVID Collaborative.^[70]

Hamburg is affiliated with the World Economic Forum.^[71] On April 6, 2021, she participated as a speaker at a WEF event titled "The Next Frontier: Synthetic Biology".^[72]

Legal issues

In 2016, Hamburg, her husband, Johnson & Johnson, and others were named in a lawsuit by Larry Klayman, who has since been suspended from practicing law in DC. The suit was dismissed with prejudice in 2017 by a District of Columbia federal judge.^[73]

Selected publications

• Hamburg MA. (2012). Science and regulation: FDA's approach to regulation of products of nanotechnology. Science. Vol. 336(6079):299-300
• Hamburg MA. (2010). Shattuck lecture: Innovation, regulation, and the FDA. New England Journal of Medicine. Vol. 363(23):2228-32
• Hamburg MA, Collins FS. (2010). The path to personalized medicine. New England Journal of Medicine. Vol. 363(4):301-4
• Hamburg MA, Sharfstein JM. (2009). The FDA as a public health agency. New England Journal of Medicine. Vol. 360(24):2493-5
• Hamburg, M.A., Levi, J., Elliott, K. and Williams, L. (2008). Germs go global: why emerging infectious diseases are a threat to America. Trust for America's Health
• Hamburg, M.A. (2007). Public health and China: emerging disease and challenges to health. In: K.M. Campbell and W. Darsie (eds.). China's March on the 21st century: A Report of the Aspen Srategy Group. Washington DC: The Aspen Institute, pp 61–76
• Hamburg, M.A. (2002). Bioterrorism: responding to an emerging threat. Trends in Biotechnology. Vol. 20(7): 296–298
• Hamburg, M.A. (2002). Preparing for and preventing bioterrorism. Issues in Science and Technology. Vol. 18(2): 27–30
• Hamburg, M.A. (2001). Challenges facing public health agencies. Public Health Reports. Vol. 116(Supplement 2): 59–63
• Frieden, T.R., Fujiwara, P.I., Washko, R.M. and Hamburg, M.A. (1995) Turning the tide on tuberculosis: the New York City experience. New England Journal of Medicine, Vol. 333: 229–233
• Hamburg, M.A. and Frieden, T.R. (1994). Tuberculosis transmission in the 1990s (editorial). The New England Journal of Medicine, Vol. 330, No. 24: 1750–1751
• Hamburg, M.A. and Fauci, A.S. (Spring 1989). AIDS: the challenge to biomedical research. Deadalus, Vol. 118, No. 2: 19–39
• Hamburg, M. and Tallman, J.F. (1981). Chronic morphine administration increases the apparent number of alpha-2 adrenergic receptors in rat brain. Nature 291: 493–495
• Smolinski, M.S., Hamburg, M.A., and Lederberg, J., Editors (2003) Microbial Threats to Health: Emergence, Detection, and Response. Washington D.C.: The National Academies Press
• "Zerhouni E and Hamburg M. (2016). The need for global regulatory harmonization: A public health imperative. Science Translational Medicine. Vol 8(338)"

External links

• FDA Biography
• FORA.tv videos
  • Personal Bio

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Notes and References

1. Web site: PN530 - Nomination of Margaret Ann Hamburg for Department of Health and Human Services, 105th Congress (1997-1998). 30 October 1997. www.congress.gov.
2. Web site: PN249 - Nomination of Piyush Jindal for Department of Health and Human Services, 107th Congress (2001-2002). 25 May 2001. www.congress.gov.
3. Web site: Organization and Governance. American Association for the Advancement of Science. en. 2019-04-16.
4. Web site: Partnership (IAP) . the InterAcademy . World's science academies gather in Korea to elect new chairs, welcome new members, and stand up for sustainable development . 2022-04-21 . www.interacademies.org . 17 April 2019 . en-GB.
5. https://www.washingtonpost.com/national/health-science/fda-head-margaret-hamburg-to-resign-in-march-ostroff-to-be-acting-chief/2015/02/05/0f05de26-ad3a-11e4-abe8-e1ef60ca26de_story.html?wprss=rss_homepage FDA head Margaret Hamburg to resign in March; Ostroff to be acting chief (Washington Post article-February 5, 2015)
6. Web site: Streett . Laura . February 11, 2014 . Vassar's First Black Students . April 23, 2016 . The Gargoyle Bulletin . Vassar College.
7. Web site: Peart . Karen N. . May 27, 2011 . School of Medicine honors its first African-American women graduates . April 23, 2016 . Yale News . Yale University.
8. News: 2018-02-22 . New AAAS President Emphasizes Science as Public Service . en . AAAS . 2018-09-05.
9. Lederberg . Joshua . 1983-07-29 . David A. Hamburg: President-Elect of AAAS . Science . en . 221 . 4609 . 431–432 . 1983Sci...221..431L . 10.1126/science.221.4609.431 . 0036-8075 . 17755464 . free.
10. Web site: Margaret Hamburg University of Washington - Department of Global Health . 2022-04-04 . globalhealth.washington.edu.
11. Web site: AllGov - Officials . 2022-04-04 . www.allgov.com.
12. News: Patterson . Scott . Strasburg . Jenny . Pioneering Fund Stages Second Act . 19 December 2017 . Wall Street Journal. 16 March 2010 .
13. Web site: Top Contributors, federal election data for Donald Trump, 2016 cycle . 19 December 2017 . Open Secrets.
14. Web site: Top Contributors, federal election data for Hillary Clinton, 2016 cycle . 19 December 2017 . Open Secrets.
15. Web site: Margaret a Hamburg, American Association for the Advancement of Science: Profile and Biography . 2022-04-04 . www.bloomberg.com.
16. Web site: Changing the Face of Medicine Dr. Margaret Hamburg . usurped . https://web.archive.org/web/20090325084706/http://www.nlm.nih.gov/changingthefaceofmedicine/physicians/biography_136.html . 2009-03-25 . 2022-07-18 . National Library of Medicine.
17. Web site: Wallechinsky . David . 2016 . Hamburg, Margaret . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20220718152455/http://www.allgov.com/officials/hamburg-margaret?officialid=28890 . 2022-07-18 . 2022-07-18 . AllGov - Officials.
18. Web site: 2021-06-07 . Margaret Hamburg . live . https://archive.today/20220527155313/https://www.broadinstitute.org/bios/margaret-hamburg . 2022-05-27 . 2022-07-18 . . en.
19. Web site: Biography of Margaret A. Hamburg, M.D.. U.S. Food & Drug Administration.
20. News: Pugh. Tony. FDA commissioner Margaret Hamburg to step down in March. 19 September 2016. McClatchy Washington Bureau. McClatchy DC. 5 February 2015.
21. Web site: Dark Winter . live . https://archive.today/20220528075750/https://www.centerforhealthsecurity.org/our-work/exercises/2001_dark-winter/index.html . 2022-05-28 . 2022-05-28 . . en.
22. Web site: Medical Advisory Team . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20220602064113/https://www.sidwell.edu/about/be-sidwell/medical-advisory-team . 2022-06-02 . 2022-07-18 . . en-US.
23. Web site: 2005-07-13 . Pew Charitable Trusts, Wilson Center Launch Project on Emerging Nanotechnologies . live . https://archive.today/20220718150943/http://nanotechproject.tech/news/archive/pew_charitable_trusts_wilson_center/ . 2022-07-18 . 2022-07-18 . Project on Emerging Nanotechnologies.
24. News: Gardiner Harris. Ex-New York Health Commissioner Is F.D.A. Pick. The New York Times. 11 March 2009. 2009-03-12.
25. News: FDA commissioner. 2010-09-12. US FDA. David. Gratzer. 2009-05-21.
26. Web site: Margaret A. Hamburg Wins 2022 AAAS Abelson Prize American Association for the Advancement of Science . 2022-04-04 . www.aaas.org . en.
27. News: Dennis . Brady . 2015-02-05 . FDA head Margaret Hamburg to resign in March . en-US . Washington Post . 2022-04-04 . 0190-8286.
28. Web site: FDA Commissioner Margaret Hamburg To Resign in March, Writes Farewell Letter to FDA Colleagues . 2022-04-04 . Policy & Medicine . en-US.
29. News: Tavernise . Sabrina . 2015-02-05 . F.D.A. Commissioner Leaving After Six Years of Breakneck Changes . en-US . The New York Times . 2022-04-04 . 0362-4331.
30. Web site: Margaret A. Hamburg Appointed as Institute of Medicine Foreign Secretary . April 6, 2015 . nationalacademies.org . The National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine . April 23, 2016.
31. Web site: Korte. Andrea. Margaret Hamburg Selected to Serve as AAAS President-Elect. AAAS. 9 January 2017.
32. Web site: Alexopulos . Nick . 2018-05-15 . Clade X policy recommendations . live . https://archive.today/20210414060640/https://www.centerforhealthsecurity.org/news/center-news/2018/2018-05-15_clade-x-policy-recommendations.html . 2021-04-14 . 2022-05-28 . . en.
33. Web site: 2018 . Clade X Slides . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20220113152430/https://www.centerforhealthsecurity.org/our-work/events/2018_clade_x_exercise/pdfs/Clade-X-exercise-presentation-slides.pdf . 2022-01-13 . 2022-05-28 . Johns Hopkins Center for Health Security.
34. Web site: Cizek . Julia . Bio of Margaret Hamburg, playing the role of Sec. of HHS Clade X . live . https://archive.today/20220531172250/https://www.centerforhealthsecurity.org/our-work/events/2018_clade_x_exercise/players/hamburg/ . 2022-05-31 . 2022-05-31 . . en.
35. Watson . Crystal . Toner . Eric S. . Shearer . Matthew P. . Rivers . Caitlin . Meyer . Diane . Hurtado . Christopher . Watson . Matthew . Gronvall . Gigi Kwik . Adalja . Amesh A. . Sell . Tara Kirk . Inglesby . Tom . 2019-10-01 . Clade X: A Pandemic Exercise . Health Security . 17 . 5 . 410–417 . 10.1089/hs.2019.0097 . 31593508 . 203984655 . 2326-5094.
36. Web site: The Alnylam® Leadership Team . live . https://archive.today/20220527064559/https://www.alnylam.com/about-alnylam/alnylam-leadership . 2022-05-27 . 2022-07-18 . . en.
37. Web site: Climate Change Planning Committee . live . https://archive.today/20220529032144/https://nam.edu/programs/climate-change-and-human-health/climate-change-planning-committee/ . 2022-05-29 . 2022-05-29 . . en-US.
38. https://www.cfr.org/report/pandemic-preparedness-lessons-COVID-19/ Independent Task Force Report No. 78 – Improving Pandemic Preparedness: Lessons From COVID-19
39. Web site: Former FDA commissioner Margaret Hamburg named in massive conspiracy and racketeering lawsuit involving Johnson & Johnson, a Wall Street hedge fund, and the Levaquin drug – Crescent City Times.com . 2022-04-04 . en-US.
40. https://www.csis.org/analysis/call-action-csis-lshtm-high-level-panel-vaccine-confidence-and-misinformation Call to Action: CSIS-LSHTM High-Level Panel on Vaccine Confidence and Misinformation, October 19, 2020
41. Web site: Strengthening Global Systems to Prevent and Respond to High-Consequence Biological Threats . live . https://archive.today/20220526184157/https://www.nti.org/analysis/articles/strengthening-global-systems-to-prevent-and-respond-to-high-consequence-biological-threats/ . 2022-05-26 . 2022-05-28 . . en.
42. Web site: November 2021 . Strengthening Global Systems to Prevent and Respond to High-Consequence Biological Threats . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20220527194423/https://www.nti.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/11/NTI_Paper_BIO-TTX_Final.pdf . 2022-05-27 . 2022-05-28 . Nuclear Threat Initiative.
43. Web site: Reilly . Patrick . 2022-05-18 . First case of monkeypox confirmed in US this year in man who had traveled to Canada . live . https://archive.today/20220519023630/https://nypost.com/2022/05/18/first-case-of-monkeypox-confirmed-in-us-this-year/ . 2022-05-19 . 2022-05-28 . . en-US.
44. Web site: 2011 Trumpeter Recipient: Dr. Margaret Hamburg . 4 October 2011. 11 March 2015.
45. Web site: 2011 Foremothers & Health Policy Hero Awards . National Research Center for Women & Families . 19 November 2012 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20110514041902/http://www.center4research.org/news-events/previous-foremother-awards/ . 14 May 2011 .
46. Web site: 2016 ACCP Annual Meeting. American College of Clinical Pharmacology.
47. Web site: The Academy Medal for Distinguished Contributions in Health Policy. The New York Academy of Medicine.
48. Web site: Office of Research on Women's Health. Dr. Margaret Hamburg. National Institutes of Health. Changing the Face of Medicine. 25 March 2004. 2009-03-06.
49. Web site: The World's 100 Most Powerful Women. Forbes. 26 June 2014.
50. https://www.alnylam.com/about-alnylam/alnylam-leadership/ Leadership
51. Web site: Board of Trustees. American Museum of Natural History. 19 September 2016.
52. Web site: 2008 . Leadership . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20080416025438/http://www.amfar.org/cgi-bin/iowa/amfar/leadership/record.html?record=4 . 2008-04-16 . 2022-07-18 . amfAR, The Foundation for AIDS Research.
53. Web site: Scientific Advisory Committee. Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation. 19 September 2016.
54. Web site: Dr. Margaret A. Hamburg . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20220529035630/https://biodefensecommission.org/teams/margaret-a-hamburg/ . 2022-05-29 . 2022-07-18 . . en-US.
55. Web site: 2021 . Board of Directors . live . https://archive.today/20211101013733/https://www.broadinstitute.org/people/board-directors . 2021-11-01 . 2022-07-18 . . en.
56. https://www.csis.org/news/csis-announces-commission-strengthening-americas-health-security CSIS Announces Commission on Strengthening America’s Health Security
57. https://healthsecurity.csis.org/members/#commission_members Members of the Commission on Strengthening America’s Health Security
58. Web site: CEPI Developments . live . https://archive.today/20220527151201/https://www.glopid-r.org/cepi-developments/ . 2022-05-27 . 2022-05-27 . GloPID-R.
59. https://cepi.net/news_cepi/cepi-board-membership-updates-2/ CEPI Board membership updates
60. Web site: Margaret A. Hamburg, M.D., Elected to Commonwealth Fund Board of Directors. The Commonwealth Fund. 31 July 2015.
61. Web site: CoRE Advisory Board . live . https://archive.today/20220528051636/https://www.duke-nus.edu.sg/core/about/people-leadership/core-advisory-board . 2022-05-28 . 2022-05-28 . . en.
62. https://globalhealth.washington.edu/margaret-hamburg External Advisory Board: Margaret Hamburg
63. https://www.gavi.org/governance/gavi-board/members Board members
64. Web site: Harvard Medical School Board of Fellows. Harvard Medical School. 19 September 2016.
65. https://www.nti.org/about/board-and-advisors/ Board of Directors
66. https://www.sfari.org/people/margaret-a-hamburg/ Scientific Advisory Board for the Autism Research Initiative: Margaret Hamburg
67. Web site: Board of Trustees. Urban Institute. 2017-10-25. 2016-09-19. 2016-09-25. https://web.archive.org/web/20160925150347/http://www.urban.org/about/board-of-directors. dead.
68. Web site: Vaccines and Drug-resistant Infections Strategic Advisory Board . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20200930150729/https://wellcome.org/what-we-do/our-work/vaccines-and-drug-resistant-infections-strategic-advisory-board . 2020-09-30 . 2022-05-28 . Wellcome Trust.
69. Web site: 2005-07-27 . Countering the Threat of Radiological Weapons . live . https://archive.today/20220601180942/https://www.americanprogress.org/events/countering-the-threat-of-radiological-weapons/ . 2022-06-01 . 2022-06-02 . . en.
70. Web site: About . live . https://archive.today/20220515111049/https://www.covidcollaborative.us/about . 2022-05-15 . 2022-06-01 . COVID Collaborative . en-US.
71. Web site: Margaret A. Hamburg . live . https://archive.today/20220522170033/https://www.weforum.org/people/margaret-a-hamburg . 2022-05-22 . 2022-05-28 . . en.
72. Web site: 2021-04-06 . The Next Frontier: Synthetic Biology . live . https://archive.today/20210428190837/https://www.weforum.org/events/global-technology-governance-summit-2021/sessions/pushing-humanity-s-horizons-moonshots-in-synthetic-biology . 2021-04-28 . 2022-05-28 . . en.
73. Web site: Levaquin RICO Lawsuit Dismissed By Judge In District Of Columbia - Lexis Legal News . 2022-04-04 . www.lexislegalnews.com . en.