Marcus Raichle Explained

Birth Date:	15 March 1937
Birth Place:	Hoquiam, Washington, US
Field:	Neuroimaging
Work Institutions:	Washington University in St. Louis
Known For:	default mode, functional neuroimaging
Prizes:	Karl Spencer Lashley Award Grawemeyer Award in Psychology (2001) Kavli Prize in Neuroscience (2014)

Marcus E. Raichle (born March 15, 1937) is an American neurologist at the Washington University School of Medicine in Saint Louis, Missouri. He is a professor in the Department of Radiology with joint appointments in Neurology, Neurobiology and Biomedical Engineering. His research over the past 40 years has focused on the nature of functional brain imaging signals arising from PET and fMRI and the application of these techniques to the study of the human brain in health and disease. He received the Kavli Prize in Neuroscience “for the discovery of specialized brain networks for memory and cognition", together with Brenda Milner and John O’Keefe in 2014.

Career

Noteworthy accomplishments of Marcus Raichle include the discovery of the relative independence of blood flow and oxygen consumption during changes in brain activity which provided the physiological basis of fMRI;^[1] the discovery of a default mode of brain function (i.e., organized intrinsic activity) and its signature system,^[2] the brain's default mode network;^[3] and, the discovery that aerobic glycolysis contributes to brain function independent of oxidative phosphorylation.^{[4] [5]}

Honors

• Member: National Academy of Sciences, Institute of Medicine, American Academy of Arts and Sciences
• Foreign member: The Norwegian Academy of Science and Letters^[6]
• Fellow: American Association for the Advancement of Science

Awards

In 2001, he was a co-recipient of Grawemeyer Award in Psychology, with Michael Posner and Steven Petersen of the University of Louisville.^[7] In 2010, he was awarded the Metlife Foundation Award for Medical Research in Alzheimer's Disease along with Randy L. Buckner,^[8] and the Ariëns Kappers Medal from the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences. In 2014, he was a co-recipient of the Kavli Prize in Neuroscience, awarded by the Norwegian Academy of Science and Letters, with Brenda Milner of the Montreal Neurological Institute at McGill University and John O’Keefe of University College London.^[9]

Selected publications

• Zhang. D. Snyder AZ . Shimony JS . Fox MD . Raichle ME . Noninvasive functional and structural connectivity mapping of the human thalamocortical system. Cerebral Cortex. 2010. 20. 5. 1187–1194. 19729393. 10.1093/cercor/bhp182. 2852505.
• Fair DA, Bathula D, Mills KL, Costa Dias TG, Blythe MS, Zhang D, Snyder AZ, Raichle ME, Stevens AA, Nigg JT, Nagel BJ . thalamocortical functional connectivity across development. Frontiers in Systems Neuroscience. 2010. 4. 1–10. 20514143. 10.3389/fnsys.2010.00010. 2876871. free.
• He. BJ. Zempel JM . Snyder AZ . Raichle ME . The temporal structures and functional significance of scale-free brain activity. Neuron. 2010. 66. 353–369. 20471349. 10.1016/j.neuron.2010.04.020. 3. 2878725.
• Raichle. ME. Two views of brain function. Trends in Cognitive Sciences. 2010. 14. 180–190. 20206576. 10.1016/j.tics.2010.01.008. 4. 15157559.
• Raichle. ME. The brain's dark energy. Scientific American. 2010. 302. 28–33. 20184182. 3. 10.1038/scientificamerican0310-44. 2010SciAm.302c..44R .
• Paul. BM. Snyder AZ . Haist F . Raichle ME . Bellugi U . Stiles J . Amygdala response to faces parallels social behavior in Williams syndrome. Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience. 2009. 4. 3. 278–285. 19633063. 10.1093/scan/nsp023. 2728637.
• Zhang. D. Raichle ME . Disease and the brain's dark energy. Nature Reviews Neurology. 2010. 6. 1. 15–28. 20057496. 10.1038/nrneurol.2009.198. 3337847.
• Sheline. YI. Raichle ME . Snyder AZ . Morris JC . Head D . Wang S. Mintun MA . Amyloid plaques disrupt resting state default mode network connectivity in cognitively normal elderly. J. Biological Psychiatry. 2010. 67. 6. 584–587. 19833321. 10.1016/j.biopsych.2009.08.024. 2829379.
• Raichle. ME. A paradigm shift in functional brain imaging. Journal of Neuroscience. 2009. 29. 12729–12734. 19828783. 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.4366-09.2009. 41. 6665302. free.
• White. BR. Snyder AZ . Cohen AL . Petersen SE . Raichle ME . Schlaggar BL . Culver JP . Resting-state functional connectivity in the human brain revealed with diffuse optical tomography. NeuroImage. 2009. 47. 148–156. 19344773. 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2009.03.058. 1. 2699418.
• He. BJ. Raichle ME . The fMRI signal, slow cortical potentials and consciousness. Trends in Cognitive Sciences. 2009. 13. 302–309. 19535283. 10.1016/j.tics.2009.04.004. 7. 2855786.

Notes and References

1. Petersen. SE. Fox PT . Posner MI . Mintun M . Raichle ME . Positron emission tomographic studies of the cortical anatomy of single-word processing. Nature. 1988. 331. 585–589. 3277066. 10.1038/331585a0. 6157. 1988Natur.331..585P . 4369305.
2. Raichle. M. E.. MacLeod. A. M.. Snyder. A. Z.. Powers. W. J.. Gusnard. D. A.. Shulman. G. L.. January 16, 2001. A default mode of brain function. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 98. 2. 676–682. 10.1073/pnas.98.2.676. 0027-8424. 11209064. 14647. free.
3. Fox. MD. Zhang D . Snyder DZ . Raichle ME . The global signal and observed anticorrelated resting state brain networks. J. Neurophysiol.. 2009. 101. 3270–3283. 19339462. 10.1152/jn.90777.2008. 6. 2694109.
4. Vaishnavi. SN. Vlassenko AG . Rundle MM . Snyder AZ . Mintun MA . Raichle ME . Regional aerobic glycolysis in the human brain. PNAS. 2010. 107. 17757–17762. 20837536. 10.1073/pnas.1010459107. 41. 2955101. 2010PNAS..10717757V . free.
5. Vlassenko AG, Vaishnavi SN, Couture L, Sacco D, Shannon BJ, Mac, RH, Morris JC, Raichle ME, Mintun MA . Spatial correlation between brain aerobic glycolysis and amyloid-β deposition. PNAS. 2010. 107. 17763–17767. 20837517. 10.1073/pnas.1010461107. 41. 2955133. free.
6. Web site: Utenlandske medlemmer Det Norske Videnskaps-Akademi. www.dnva.no. January 28, 2020.
7. Web site: 2001– Michael Posner, Marcus Raichle and Steven Petersen. grawemeyer.org. dead. https://web.archive.org/web/20140521215451/http://grawemeyer.org/psychology/previous-winners/2001-michael-posner-marcus-raichle-and-steven-petersen.html. May 21, 2014.
8. Web site: MetLife Foundation Awards for Medical Research in Alzheimer's Disease. https://web.archive.org/web/20181013093256/http://mlfawards.afar.org/docs/2016Edition_MetLifeFoundationAwards_PastWinners.pdf. October 13, 2018.
9. Web site: Nine Scientists Share Three Kavli Prizes. Bhattacharjee, Yudhijit . May 29, 2014.