March 8 Explained
Events
Pre-1600
1601–1900
- 1658 - Treaty of Roskilde: After a devastating defeat in the Northern Wars (1655–1661), Frederick III, the King of Denmark–Norway is forced to give up nearly half his territory to Sweden.[5]
- 1702 - Queen Anne, the younger sister of Mary II, becomes Queen regnant of England, Scotland, and Ireland.[6]
- 1722 - The Safavid Empire of Iran is defeated by an army from Afghanistan at the Battle of Gulnabad.[7]
- 1736 - Nader Shah, founder of the Afsharid dynasty, is crowned Shah of Iran.[8]
- 1775 - An anonymous writer, thought by some to be Thomas Paine, publishes "African Slavery in America", the first article in the American colonies calling for the emancipation of slaves and the abolition of slavery.[9]
- 1782 - Gnadenhutten massacre: Ninety-six Native Americans in Gnadenhutten, Ohio, who had converted to Christianity, are killed by Pennsylvania militiamen in retaliation for raids carried out by other Indian tribes.[10]
- 1801 - War of the Second Coalition: At the Battle of Abukir, a British force under Sir Ralph Abercromby lands in Egypt with the aim of ending the French campaign in Egypt and Syria.[11]
- 1844 - King Oscar I ascends to the thrones of Sweden and Norway.[12]
- 1844 - The Althing, the parliament of Iceland, was reopened after 45 years of closure.[13]
- 1868 - Sakai incident: Japanese samurai kill 11 French sailors in the port of Sakai, Osaka.[14]
1901–present
- 1910 - French aviator Raymonde de Laroche becomes the first woman to receive a pilot's license.[15]
- 1916 - World War I: A British force unsuccessfully attempts to relieve the siege of Kut (present-day Iraq) in the Battle of Dujaila.[16]
- 1917 - International Women's Day protests in Petrograd mark the beginning of the February Revolution (February 23 in the Julian calendar).[17]
- 1917 - The United States Senate votes to limit filibusters by adopting the cloture rule.[18]
- 1921 - Spanish Prime Minister Eduardo Dato Iradier is assassinated while on his way home from the parliament building in Madrid.[19]
- 1924 - A mine disaster kills 172 coal miners near Castle Gate, Utah.[20]
- 1936 - Daytona Beach and Road Course holds its first oval stock car race.[21]
- 1937 - Spanish Civil War: The Battle of Guadalajara begins.[22]
- 1942 - World War II: The Dutch East Indies surrender Java to the Imperial Japanese Army.[23]
- 1942 - World War II: Imperial Japanese Army forces captured Rangoon, Burma from British.[24]
- 1950 - The iconic Volkswagen Type 2 "Bus" begins production.[25]
- 1962 - A Turkish Airlines Fokker F27 Friendship crashes into Mount Medetsiz in the Taurus Mountains of Turkey, killing all 11 people on board.[26]
- 1963 - The Ba'ath Party comes to power in Syria in a coup d'état.[27]
- 1965 - Vietnam War: US Marines arrive at Da Nang.[28]
- 1965 - Aeroflot Flight 513 crashes during takeoff from Kuybyshev Airport, killing 30 and injuring 9.[29]
- 1966 - Nelson's Pillar in Dublin, Ireland, is destroyed by a bomb.[30]
- 1979 - Philips demonstrates the compact disc publicly for the first time.[31]
- 1979 - Images taken by Voyager 1 prove the existence of volcanoes on Io, a moon of Jupiter.[32]
- 1983 - Cold War: While addressing a convention of Evangelicals, U.S. President Ronald Reagan labels the Soviet Union an "evil empire".[33]
- 1985 - A supposed failed assassination attempt on Islamic cleric Sayyed Mohammad Hussein Fadlallah in Beirut, Lebanon kills 80 and injures 200 others.[34]
- 1988 - Aeroflot Flight 3379 is hijacked by the Ovechkin family and diverted to Veshchevo in the Soviet Union.[35]
- 1994 - A collision at Indira Gandhi International Airport kills 9 people.
- 2004 - A new constitution is signed by Iraq's Governing Council.[36]
- 2010 - Headlined by Hulk Hogan and Ric Flair, TNA Wrestling moved its flagship program, TNA Impact!, to Monday night. This effort to go "big time live" failed but is notable in the history of professional wrestling television.[37]
- 2014 - In one of aviation's greatest mysteries, Malaysia Airlines Flight 370, carrying a total of 239 people, disappears en route from Kuala Lumpur to Beijing.[38] The fate of the flight remains unknown.
- 2017 - The Azure Window, a natural arch on the Maltese island of Gozo, collapses in stormy weather.[39]
- 2018 - The first Aurat March (social/political demonstration) was held being International Women's Day in Karachi, Pakistan, since then annually held across Pakistan and feminist slogan Mera Jism Meri Marzi (My body, my choice), in demand for women's right to bodily autonomy and against gender-based violence came into vogue in Pakistan.[40] [41] [42]
- 2021 - International Women's Day marches in Mexico become violent with 62 police officers and 19 civilians injured in Mexico City alone.[43]
- 2021 - Twenty-eight political institutions in Myanmar establish the National Unity Consultative Council, a historic alliance of ethnic armed organizations and democratically elected leaders in response to the 2021 Myanmar coup d'état[44]
Births
Pre-1600
1601–1900
- 1712 - John Fothergill, English physician and botanist (d. 1780)[46]
- 1714 - Carl Philipp Emanuel Bach, German pianist and composer (d. 1788)[47]
- 1726 - Richard Howe, 1st Earl Howe, English admiral and politician, Treasurer of the Navy (d. 1799)[48]
- 1746 - André Michaux, French botanist and explorer (d. 1802)[49]
- 1748 - William V, Prince of Orange (d. 1806)[50]
- 1761 - Jan Potocki, Polish ethnologist, historian, linguist, and author (d. 1815)[51]
- 1799 - Simon Cameron, American journalist and politician, United States Secretary of War (d. 1889)[52]
- 1804 - Alvan Clark, American astronomer and optician (d. 1887)[53]
- 1822 - Ignacy Łukasiewicz, Polish inventor and businessman, invented the Kerosene lamp (d. 1882)[54]
- 1827 - Wilhelm Bleek, German linguist and anthropologist (d. 1875)[55]
- 1830 - João de Deus, Portuguese poet and educator (d. 1896)[56]
- 1836 - Harriet Samuel, English businesswoman and founder the jewellery retailer H. Samuel (d. 1908)[57]
- 1841 - Oliver Wendell Holmes Jr., American lawyer and jurist (d. 1935)[58]
- 1851 - Frank Avery Hutchins, American librarian and educator (d. 1914)[59]
- 1856 - Bramwell Booth, English 2nd General of The Salvation Army (d. 1929)[60]
- 1856 - Colin Campbell Cooper, American painter and academic (d. 1937)[61]
- 1858 - Ida Hunt Udall, American diarist and homesteader (d. 1915)[62]
- 1859 - Kenneth Grahame, British author (d. 1932)[63]
- 1865 - Frederic Goudy, American type designer (d. 1947)[64]
- 1879 - Otto Hahn, German chemist and academic, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1968)[65]
- 1886 - Edward Calvin Kendall, American chemist and academic, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1972)[66]
- 1892 - Juana de Ibarbourou, Uruguayan poet and author (d. 1979)[67]
- 1896 - Charlotte Whitton, Canadian journalist and politician, 46th Mayor of Ottawa (d. 1975)[68]
1901–present
- 1902 - Louise Beavers, American actress and singer (d. 1962)[69]
- 1902 - Jennings Randolph, American journalist and politician (d. 1998)[70]
- 1907 - Konstantinos Karamanlis, Greek lawyer and politician, President of Greece (d. 1998)[71]
- 1909 - Beatrice Shilling, English motorcycle racer and engineer (d. 1990)[72]
- 1910 - Claire Trevor, American actress (d. 2000)[73]
- 1911 - Alan Hovhaness, Armenian-American pianist and composer (d. 2000)[74]
- 1912 - Preston Smith, American businessman and politician, Governor of Texas (d. 2003)[75]
- 1912 - Meldrim Thomson Jr., American publisher and politician, Governor of New Hampshire (d. 2001)[76]
- 1914 - Yakov Borisovich Zel'dovich, Belarusian-Russian physicist and astronomer (d. 1987)[77]
- 1918 - Eileen Herlie, Scottish-American actress (d. 2008)[78]
- 1921 - Alan Hale Jr., American actor and restaurateur (d. 1990)[79]
- 1922 - Ralph H. Baer, German-American video game designer, created the Magnavox Odyssey (d. 2014)[80]
- 1922 - Cyd Charisse, American actress and dancer (d. 2008)[81]
- 1922 - Carl Furillo, American baseball player (d. 1989)[82]
- 1922 - Shigeru Mizuki, Japanese author and illustrator (d. 2015)[83]
- 1924 - Anthony Caro, English sculptor and illustrator (d. 2013)[84]
- 1924 - Sean McClory, Irish-American actor and director (d. 2003)[85]
- 1924 - Addie L. Wyatt, American civil rights activist and labor leader (d. 2012)[86]
- 1925 - Warren Bennis, American scholar, author, and academic (d. 2014)[87]
- 1926 - Francisco Rabal, Spanish actor, director, and screenwriter (d. 2001)[88]
- 1927 - Ramon Revilla Sr., Filipino actor and politician (d. 2020)[89]
- 1930 - Bob Grim, American baseball player (d. 1996)[90]
- 1930 - Douglas Hurd, English politician[91]
- 1931 - John McPhee, American author and educator[92]
- 1931 - Neil Postman, American author and social critic (d. 2003)[93]
- 1931 - Gerald Potterton, English-Canadian animator, director, and producer (d. 2022)[94]
- 1934 - Marv Breeding, American baseball player and scout (d. 2006)[95]
- 1935 - George Coleman, American saxophonist, composer, and bandleader[96]
- 1936 - Panditrao Agashe, Indian businessman (d. 1986)[97]
- 1936 - Sue Ane Langdon, American actress and singer[98]
- 1937 - Richard Fariña, American singer-songwriter and author (d. 1966)[99]
- 1937 - Juvénal Habyarimana, Rwandan politician, President of Rwanda (d. 1994)[100]
- 1939 - Jim Bouton, American baseball player and journalist (d. 2019)[101]
- 1939 - Lynn Seymour, Canadian ballerina and choreographer[102] (d. 2023)
- 1939 - Lidiya Skoblikova, Russian speed skater and coach[103]
- 1939 - Robert Tear, Welsh tenor and conductor (d. 2011)[104]
- 1941 - Norman Stone, British historian, author, and academic (d. 2019)[105]
- 1942 - Dick Allen, American baseball player and tenor (d. 2020)[106]
- 1942 - Ann Packer, English sprinter, hurdler, and long jumper[107]
- 1943 - Susan Clark, Canadian actress and producer[108]
- 1943 - Lynn Redgrave, English-American actress and singer (d. 2010)[109]
- 1944 - Carole Bayer Sager, American singer-songwriter
- 1944 - Sergey Nikitin, Russian singer-songwriter and guitarist[110]
- 1945 - Micky Dolenz, American singer-songwriter and actor
- 1945 - Anselm Kiefer, German painter and sculptor[111]
- 1946 - Randy Meisner, American singer-songwriter and bass player (d. 2023)[112]
- 1947 - Michael S. Hart, American author, founded Project Gutenberg (d. 2011)[113]
- 1948 - Mel Galley, English singer-songwriter and guitarist (d. 2008)[114]
- 1948 - Peggy March, American singer-songwriter
- 1948 - Jonathan Sacks, English rabbi, philosopher, and scholar (d. 2020)[115]
- 1949 - Teofilo Cubillas, Peruvian footballer[116]
- 1951 - Dianne Walker, American tap dancer[117]
- 1953 - Jim Rice, American baseball player, coach, and sportscaster
- 1954 - Steve James, American documentary filmmaker[118]
- 1954 - David Wilkie, Sri Lankan-Scottish swimmer (d. 2024)[119]
- 1956 - Laurie Cunningham, English footballer (d. 1989)[120]
- 1956 - David Malpass, American economist and government official[121]
- 1957 - Clive Burr, English rock drummer (d. 2013)[122]
- 1957 - Billy Childs, American pianist and composer[123]
- 1958 - Gary Numan, English singer-songwriter, guitarist, and producer[124]
- 1959 - Lester Holt, American journalist[125]
- 1959 - Aidan Quinn, Irish-American actor
- 1960 - Irek Mukhamedov, Russian ballet dancer[126]
- 1960 - Buck Williams, American basketball player and coach[127]
- 1961 - Camryn Manheim, American actress
- 1961 - Larry Murphy, Canadian ice hockey player[128]
- 1965 - Kenny Smith, American basketball player and sportscaster[129]
- 1966 - Greg Barker, Baron Barker of Battle, English politician[130]
- 1968 - Michael Bartels, German race car driver[131]
- 1968 - Shawn Mullins, American singer-songwriter[132]
- 1970 - Jason Elam, American football player[133]
- 1970 - Andrea Parker, American actress[132]
- 1972 - Lena Sundström, Swedish journalist and author[134]
- 1973 - Boris Kodjoe, Austrian-German actor[132]
- 1976 - Chris Clark, American ice hockey player[135]
- 1976 - Juan Encarnación, Dominican baseball player[136]
- 1976 - Freddie Prinze Jr., American actor, producer, and screenwriter[137]
- 1976 - Hines Ward, Korean-American football player[138]
- 1977 - James Van Der Beek, American actor[139]
- 1977 - Johann Vogel, Swiss footballer[140]
- 1978 - Nick Zano, American actor[132]
- 1979 - Tom Chaplin, English singer-songwriter and musician[132]
- 1982 - Erik Ersberg, Swedish ice hockey player[141]
- 1982 - Leonidas Kampantais, Greek footballer[142]
- 1982 - Keemstar, American YouTuber[143]
- 1982 - Kat Von D, American tattoo artist and model[144]
- 1983 - André Santos, Brazilian footballer[145]
- 1983 - Mark Worrell, American baseball player[146]
- 1984 - Yoshihisa Hirano, Japanese baseball player[147]
- 1984 - Ross Taylor, New Zealand cricketer[148]
- 1984 - Sasha Vujačić, Slovenian basketball player[149]
- 1985 - Maria Ohisalo, Finnish politician and researcher[150]
- 1986 - Chad Gable, American wrestler[151]
- 1986 - Thomas Morstead, American football player[152]
- 1987 - Milana Vayntrub, Uzbekistani-American actress and comedian[132]
- 1988 - Benny Blanco, American record producer[153]
- 1988 - Tommy Pham, American baseball player[154]
- 1989 - Robbie Hummel, American basketball player and sportscaster[155]
- 1990 - Kristinia DeBarge, American singer-songwriter and actress[132]
- 1990 - Asier Illarramendi, Spanish footballer[156]
- 1990 - Brandon Kozun, American-Canadian ice hockey player[157]
- 1990 - Petra Kvitová, Czech tennis player[158]
- 1990 - Kevin Zeitler, American football player[159]
- 1991 - Yoon Ji-sung, South Korean singer and actor[160]
- 1993 - Rui Machida, Japanese basketball player[161]
- 1994 - Claire Emslie, Scottish footballer[162]
- 1995 - Marko Gudurić, Serbian basketball player[163]
- 1995 - Isaiah Whitehead, American basketball player[164]
- 1996 - Kyle Allen, American football player[165]
- 1997 - Tijana Bošković, Serbian volleyball player[166]
- 2003 - Montana Jordan, American actor[167]
- 2004 - Kit Connor, English actor[168]
Deaths
Pre-1600
1601–1900
- 1619 - Veit Bach, German baker and miller[175]
- 1641 - Xu Xiake, Chinese geographer and explorer (b. 1587)[176]
- 1702 - William III of England (b. 1650)[177]
- 1717 - Abraham Darby I, English blacksmith (b. 1678)[178]
- 1723 - Povel Juel, Norwegian civil servant (b. c.1673)[179]
- 1723 - Christopher Wren, English architect, designed St. Paul's Cathedral (b. 1632)[180]
- 1844 - Charles XIV John of Sweden (b. 1763)[181]
- 1869 - Hector Berlioz, French composer, conductor, and critic (b. 1803)[182]
- 1872 - Priscilla Susan Bury, British botanist (b. 1799)[183]
- 1872 - Cornelius Krieghoff, Dutch-Canadian painter (b. 1815)[184]
- 1874 - Millard Fillmore, American lawyer and politician, 13th President of the United States (b. 1800)[185]
- 1887 - Henry Ward Beecher, American minister and activist (b. 1813)[186]
- 1887 - James Buchanan Eads, American engineer, designed the Eads Bridge (b. 1820)[187]
- 1889 - John Ericsson, Swedish-American engineer (b. 1803)[188]
1901–present
- 1917 - Ferdinand von Zeppelin, German general and businessman (b. 1838)[189]
- 1923 - Johannes Diderik van der Waals, Dutch physicist and academic, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1837)[190]
- 1930 - William Howard Taft, American politician, 27th President of the United States (b. 1857)[191]
- 1930 - Edward Terry Sanford, American jurist and politician, United States Assistant Attorney General (b. 1865)[192]
- 1932 - Minna Craucher, Finnish socialite and spy (b. 1891)[193] [194]
- 1937 - Howie Morenz, Canadian ice hockey player (b. 1902)[195]
- 1941 - Sherwood Anderson, American novelist and short story writer (b. 1876)[196]
- 1942 - José Raúl Capablanca, Cuban chess player (b. 1888)[197]
- 1943 - Cipto Mangunkusumo, Indonesian independence leader (b. 1886)[198]
- 1944 - Fredy Hirsch, German Jewish athlete who helped thousands of Jewish children in the Holocaust (b. 1916)[199]
- 1948 - Hulusi Behçet, Turkish dermatologist and scientist (b. 1889)[200]
- 1957 - Othmar Schoeck, Swiss composer and conductor (b. 1886)[201]
- 1961 - Thomas Beecham, English conductor and composer (b. 1879)[202]
- 1971 - Harold Lloyd, American actor, director, and producer (b. 1893)[203]
- 1973 - Ron "Pigpen" McKernan, American keyboard player and songwriter (b. 1945)[204]
- 1975 - George Stevens, American director, producer, and screenwriter (b. 1904)[205]
- 1982 - Hatem Ali Jamadar, Bengali politician (b. 1872)[206]
- 1983 - Alan Lennox-Boyd, 1st Viscount Boyd of Merton, English lieutenant and politician (b. 1904)[207]
- 1983 - William Walton, English composer (b. 1902)[208]
- 1993 - Billy Eckstine, American jazz singer (b. 1914)[209]
- 1996 - Jack Churchill, British colonel (b. 1906)[210]
- 1998 - Ray Nitschke, American football player (b. 1936)[211]
- 1999 - Adolfo Bioy Casares, Argentinian journalist and author (b. 1914)[212]
- 1999 - Peggy Cass, American actress and comedian (b. 1924)[213]
- 1999 - Joe DiMaggio, American baseball player and coach (b. 1914)[214]
- 2003 - Adam Faith, English singer (b. 1940)[215]
- 2003 - Karen Morley, American actress (b. 1909)[216]
- 2004 - Muhammad Zaidan, Syrian terrorist, founded the Palestine Liberation Front (b. 1948)[217]
- 2005 - César Lattes, Brazilian physicist and academic (b. 1924)[218]
- 2005 - Aslan Maskhadov, Chechen commander and politician, President of the Chechen Republic of Ichkeria (b. 1951)[219]
- 2007 - John Inman, English actor (b. 1935)[220]
- 2007 - John Vukovich, American baseball player and coach (b. 1947)[221]
- 2009 - Hank Locklin, American singer-songwriter and guitarist (b. 1918)[222]
- 2012 - Simin Daneshvar, Iranian author and academic (b. 1921)[223]
- 2013 - John O'Connell, Irish politician, Irish Minister of Health (b. 1927)[224]
- 2013 - Ewald-Heinrich von Kleist-Schmenzin, German soldier and publisher (b. 1922)[225]
- 2014 - Leo Bretholz, Austrian-American Holocaust survivor and author (b. 1921)[226]
- 2014 - William Guarnere, American sergeant (b. 1923)[227]
- 2015 - Sam Simon, American director, producer, and screenwriter (b. 1955)[228]
- 2016 - George Martin, English composer, conductor, and producer (b. 1926)[229]
- 2018 - Kate Wilhelm, American author (b. 1928)[230]
- 2019 - Marshall Brodien, American actor (b. 1934)[231]
- 2019 - Cedrick Hardman, American football player and actor (b. 1948)[232]
- 2020 - Max von Sydow, Swedish actor (b. 1929)[233]
Holidays and observances
External links
Notes and References
- Book: Melville . Charles . Berg . Gabrielle van den . Shahnama Studies II: The Reception of Firdausi's Shahnama . 2012 . BRILL . 978-90-04-21127-8 . 50 . en . 2020-09-25 . 2021-10-26 . https://web.archive.org/web/20211026001721/https://books.google.com/books?id=WGvWp5XDuikC&pg=PA50 . live .
- Web site: Alfonso VII king of Leon and Castile . Encyclopedia Britannica . 17 February 2020 . en . 29 May 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200529105851/https://www.britannica.com/biography/Alfonso-VII#ref254772 . live .
- Web site: Battle of Hausbergen . Oxford Reference . 10 December 2020 . en . 9 March 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220309141941/https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/oi/authority.20110803095924549 . live .
- Book: J. W. Ruuth. Porin kaupungin historia II. 1958. Kaupungin perustamiskirje . 269. City of Pori . fi.
- Book: Lockhart . Paul Douglas . Sweden in the Seventeenth Century . 13 February 2004 . Macmillan International Higher Education . 978-0-230-80255-1 . 98 . en . 14 December 2020 . 9 March 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220309141949/https://books.google.com/books?id=nNYcBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA98 . live .
- Web site: Queen Anne: Biography on Undiscovered Scotland . www.undiscoveredscotland.co.uk . 17 February 2020 . 17 February 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200217141409/https://www.undiscoveredscotland.co.uk/usbiography/monarchs/anne.html . live .
- Book: Roy . Kaushik . Military Transition in Early Modern Asia, 1400-1750: Cavalry, Guns, Government and Ships . 22 May 2014 . Bloomsbury Publishing . 978-1-78093-800-4 . 181 . en . 14 December 2020 . 9 March 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220309141936/https://books.google.com/books?id=KyVnAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA181 . live .
- Book: Daniel . Elton L. . The History of Iran . 2001 . Greenwood Publishing Group . 978-0-313-30731-7 . 95 . en . 2020-12-14 . 2022-03-09 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220309141937/https://books.google.com/books?id=AzqbYf9Q_2UC&pg=PA95 . live .
- Book: Wilson . David A. . Paine and Cobbett: The Transatlantic Connection . 1988 . McGill-Queen's Press - MQUP . 978-0-7735-1013-5 . 37 . en . 2020-12-25 . 2022-03-09 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220309141945/https://books.google.com/books?id=FQy1E17_Y3wC&pg=PA37 . live .
- Web site: Gnadenhütten Massacre United States history [1782] ]. Encyclopedia Britannica . 15 December 2020 . en . 1 November 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20201101040123/https://www.britannica.com/event/Gnadenhutten-Massacre . live .
- Book: Ross . Steven T. . The A to Z of the Wars of the French Revolution . 7 June 2010 . Scarecrow Press . 978-1-4616-7238-8 . 12 . en . 25 December 2020 . 9 March 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220309141944/https://books.google.com/books?id=yHFQUyoPuR8C&pg=PA12 . live .
- Web site: Oscar I king of Sweden and Norway . Encyclopedia Britannica . 15 December 2020 . en . 27 October 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20201027152838/https://www.britannica.com/biography/Oscar-I . live .
- Web site: Sigurðardóttir. Heiða María. Emilsson. Páll Emil. Hvenær var Alþingi stofnað?. visindavefur.is. Vísindavefurinn. September 3, 2021. August 30, 2017. https://web.archive.org/web/20170830193855/https://www.visindavefur.is/svar.php?id=5268. live.
- Book: Britain and Japan: Biographical Portraits, Vol. VII . 23 September 2010 . Global Oriental . 978-90-04-21803-1 . 35 . en . 25 December 2020 . 9 March 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220309141950/https://books.google.com/books?id=1fV5DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA35 . live .
- Book: Air University Review . 1983 . Department of the Air Force . 37 . en . 2020-12-25 . 2022-02-27 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220227142431/https://books.google.com/books?id=AykD_rZvMroC&pg=RA3-PA37 . live .
- Book: Burg . David F. . Purcell . L. Edward . Almanac of World War I . 12 September 2010 . University Press of Kentucky . 978-0-8131-2745-3 . 105 . en.
- Web site: The women's protest that sparked the Russian Revolution . the Guardian . 15 December 2020 . en . 8 March 2017 . 8 March 2017 . https://web.archive.org/web/20170308072035/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/mar/08/womens-protest-sparked-russian-revolution-international-womens-day . live .
- Book: Wawro . Gregory J. . Schickler . Eric . Filibuster: Obstruction and Lawmaking in the U.S. Senate . 24 October 2013 . Princeton University Press . 978-1-4008-4947-5 . 222 . en . 25 December 2020 . 9 March 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220309142018/https://books.google.com/books?id=TeEDAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA222 . live .
- Web site: SPANISH PREMIER IS ASSASSINATED, LEAVING CONGRESS (Published 1921) . The New York Times . 15 December 2020 . 9 March 1921 . 25 February 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190225044829/https://www.nytimes.com/1921/03/09/archives/spanish-premier-is-assassinated-leaving-congress-eduardo-dato.html . live .
- Web site: Castle Gate Mine disaster . www.uen.org . 15 December 2020 . 30 November 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20201130174659/https://www.uen.org/utah_history_encyclopedia/c/CASTLE_GATE_MINE_DISASTER.shtml . live .
- Book: Close . John . 1001 NASCAR Facts: Cars, Tracks, Milestones, Personalities . 15 May 2017 . CarTech Inc . 978-1-61325-310-6 . 40 . en . 25 December 2020 . 9 March 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220309141940/https://books.google.com/books?id=7YvODgAAQBAJ&pg=PA40 . live .
- Book: War . October 2009 . Dorling Kindersley Limited . 978-1-4053-4778-5 . 465 . en . 2020-12-25 . 2022-03-09 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220309142012/https://books.google.com/books?id=8Llw8JSZEXYC&pg=PA465 . live .
- Book: Fujita . Frank . Foo, a Japanese-American Prisoner of the Rising Sun: The Secret Prison Diary of Frank "Foo" Fujita . December 2000 . University of North Texas Press . 978-1-57441-131-7 . 85 . en . 2020-12-25 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220309141941/https://books.google.com/books?id=WUr8SPflgJMC&pg=PA85 . 2022-03-09 . live.
- Web site: BBC - History - World Wars: Burma Campaign . www.bbc.co.uk . 15 December 2020 . 5 January 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210105171552/http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/worldwars/wwtwo/ff4_burmacampaign.shtml . live .
- Web site: Kindy . David . How the Volkswagen Bus Became a Symbol of Counterculture . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20211220003307/https://www.smithsonianmag.com/innovation/how-volkswagen-bus-became-symbol-counterculture-180974354/ . 2021-12-20 . 2022-03-08 . Smithsonian Magazine . en.
- Web site: 1962 Tarsus Crash . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20220403122048/https://aviation-safety.net/database/record.php?id=19620308-1 . 3 April 2022 . 22 August 2022 . Aviation Safety Network . Flight Safety Foundation.
- Book: Jessup . John E. . An Encyclopedic Dictionary of Conflict and Conflict Resolution, 1945-1996 . Greenwood Publishing Group . 1998 . 978-0-313-28112-9 . 50 . en . 2020-12-25 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210126111106/https://books.google.com/books?id=hP7jJAkTd9MC&pg=PA50 . 2021-01-26 . live.
- Web site: 2021-03-08 . A Look Back at the Marine Landing at Da Nang . 2022-03-08 . Historynet . en-US . 2022-03-08 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220308065914/https://www.historynet.com/a-look-back-at-the-marine-landing-at-da-nang/ . live .
- Web site: ASN Aircraft accident Tupolev 124V СССР-45028 Kuybyshev Airport (KUF) . 2017-04-24 . Aviation Safety Network . Flight Safety Foundation . 2017-08-12 . https://web.archive.org/web/20170812133653/https://aviation-safety.net/database/record.php?id=19650308-1 . live .
- Web site: Demolition Of Nelson Pillar . RTÉ Archives . 16 November 2020 . en . 4 October 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20201004115748/https://www.rte.ie/archives/2013/0308/375076-demolition-of-nelsons-pillar/ . live .
- Book: Peek . J. B. H. . Bergmans . J. W. M. . Haaren . J. A. M. M. van . Toolenaar . Frank . Stan . S. G. . Origins and Successors of the Compact Disc: Contributions of Philips to Optical Storage . 28 December 2008 . Springer Science & Business Media . 978-1-4020-9553-5 . 54 . en . 25 December 2020 . 9 March 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220309141941/https://books.google.com/books?id=OdcETNEfFAkC&pg=PA54 . live .
- Discovery of currently active extraterrestrial volcanism . . Morabito . L. A. . 972 . 204 . 4396 . 1979 . 10.1126/science.204.4396.972 . 17800432 . 1979Sci...204..972M . 1 . Synnott . S. P. . Kupferman . P. N. . Collins . S. A.. 45693338 .
- Book: Donaldson . Robert H. . Modern America: A Documentary History of the Nation Since 1945: A Documentary History of the Nation Since 1945 . 18 December 2014 . Routledge . 978-1-317-46469-3 . 273 . en . 25 December 2020 . 9 March 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220309141944/https://books.google.com/books?id=t0TfBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA273 . live .
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- News: 2020-03-07. Aurat March: Pakistani women face violent threats ahead of rally. en-GB. BBC News. 2021-03-03. 2021-03-08. https://web.archive.org/web/20210308010836/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-51748152. live.
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- Book: Lyman . Helen Huguenor . Wynas . Bohdan S. . Dictionary of American Library Biography . 1978 . Libraries Unlimited . 9780872871809 . 257 . HUTCHINS, FRANK AVERY (1851-1914).
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- Book: Pennington . Estill Curtis . Severens . Martha R. . Scenic Impressions: Southern Interpretations from The Johnson Collection . 16 December 2015 . Univ of South Carolina Press . 978-1-61117-717-6 . 209 . en . 25 December 2020 . 9 March 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220309141951/https://books.google.com/books?id=q8g0CwAAQBAJ&pg=PT209 . live .
- Book: Smith, Pauline U. . Pioneer Women of Arizona . . 2017 . 978-1-9443-9409-7 . Clayton . Roberta Flake . 2nd . Provo and Salt Lake City . 741–747 . Ida Frances Hunt Udall . Ellis . Catherine H. . Boone . David F. . https://rsc.byu.edu/sites/default/files/pub_content/pdf/U.pdf . https://web.archive.org/web/20221007023022/https://rsc.byu.edu/sites/default/files/pub_content/pdf/U.pdf . October 7, 2022 . live.
- Web site: Kenneth Grahame Biography, Books, & Facts . Encyclopedia Britannica . 17 December 2020 . en . 5 January 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210105063836/https://www.britannica.com/biography/Kenneth-Grahame . live .
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- Book: Smith . Verity . Encyclopedia of Latin American Literature . 26 March 1997 . Routledge . 978-1-135-31425-5 . 800 . en . 25 December 2020 . 9 March 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220309141943/https://books.google.com/books?id=TB2PAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA800 . live .
- Book: Comrie, Anne. Women in World History: A Biographical Encyclopedia. 16. Detroit. Gale Group. 2002. 497. 978-0-78764-075-0.
- Web site: Louise Beavers American actress . Encyclopedia Britannica . 18 December 2020 . en . 20 September 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200920180706/https://www.britannica.com/biography/Louise-Beavers . live .
- Book: Wilson . Scott . Resting Places: The Burial Sites of More Than 14,000 Famous Persons, 3d ed. . 22 August 2016 . McFarland . 978-0-7864-7992-4 . 613 . en . 25 December 2020 . 9 March 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220309141952/https://books.google.com/books?id=7-DgDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA613 . live .
- Web site: Konstantinos Karamanlis Greek statesman . Encyclopedia Britannica . 18 December 2020 . en . 28 November 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20201128090830/https://www.britannica.com/biography/Konstantinos-Karamanlis . live .
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- Web site: Claire Trevor Facts . Encyclopedia Britannica . 18 December 2020 . en . 28 January 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210128140813/https://www.britannica.com/facts/Claire-Trevor . live .
- Web site: Alan Hovhaness American composer . Encyclopedia Britannica . 18 December 2020 . en . 26 October 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20201026224600/https://www.britannica.com/biography/Alan-Hovhaness . live .
- Web site: TSHA Smith, Preston Earnest . www.tshaonline.org . 18 December 2020 . 30 November 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20201130232103/https://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/entries/smith-preston-earnest . live .
- Book: Holloran . Peter C. . Historical Dictionary of New England . May 2017 . Rowman & Littlefield . 978-1-5381-0219-0 . 494 . en . 2020-12-25 . 2022-03-09 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220309141943/https://books.google.com/books?id=WJ2rDgAAQBAJ&pg=PA494 . live .
- Book: Scholz . Fritz . Electrochemistry in a Divided World: Innovations in Eastern Europe in the 20th Century . 13 October 2015 . Springer . 978-3-319-21221-0 . 68 . en . 25 December 2020 . 8 March 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240308135204/https://books.google.com/books?id=XfXpCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA68#v=onepage&q&f=false . live .
- Web site: Eileen Herlie . BFI . 18 December 2020 . en . 26 November 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20201126135546/https://www2.bfi.org.uk/films-tv-people/4ce2b9fb60010 . dead .
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- Web site: Inventor Ralph Baer, The 'Father Of Video Games,' Dies At 92 . NPR.org . 8 December 2014 . 18 December 2020 . en . Mullis . Steve . 20 April 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210420114323/https://www.npr.org/sections/alltechconsidered/2014/12/08/369405270/inventor-ralph-baer-the-father-of-video-games-dies-at-92?t=1608300194950 . live .
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- Web site: Carl Furillo Facts . Encyclopedia Britannica . 18 December 2020 . en . 23 September 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200923134854/https://www.britannica.com/facts/Carl-Furillo . live .
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- Web site: Sir Anthony Caro British sculptor . Encyclopedia Britannica . 18 December 2020 . en . 5 January 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210105154041/https://www.britannica.com/biography/Anthony-Caro . live .
- Book: Matheson . Sue . The John Ford Encyclopedia . 15 December 2019 . Rowman & Littlefield . 978-1-5381-0382-1 . 209 . en . 25 December 2020 . 8 March 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240308135040/https://books.google.com/books?id=SvuzDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA209#v=onepage&q&f=false . live .
- Web site: Reverend Addie Wyatt and Reverend Claude Wyatt Papers . 2023-07-04 . bmrc.lib.uchicago.edu . 2023-03-23 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230323203011/https://bmrc.lib.uchicago.edu/portal/view/?id=BMRC.HARSH.WYATT.xml#:~:text=Addie%20Wyatt%20was%20born%20Addie,Maggie%20Cameron%20in%20Brookhaven,%20Mississippi. . live .
- Book: Antonakis . John . Day . David V. . The Nature of Leadership . 5 September 2017 . SAGE Publications . 978-1-5063-9499-2 . 732 . en . 25 December 2020 . 9 March 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220309142100/https://books.google.com/books?id=elQ0DwAAQBAJ&pg=PT732 . live .
- Web site: Francisco Rabal . The Independent . 18 December 2020 . en . 16 February 2014 . 24 July 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200724123817/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/obituaries/francisco-rabal-9131546.html . live .
- Web site: The 'agimat' is gone: Ramon Revilla Sr., 93 . The Manila Times . 18 December 2020 . 27 June 2020 . 24 December 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20201224102708/https://www.manilatimes.net/2020/06/27/news/national/the-agimat-is-gone-ramon-revilla-sr-93/735832/ . live .
- Web site: Bob Grim . Society for American Baseball Research . 18 December 2020 . 17 January 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210117093911/https://sabr.org/bioproj/person/bob-grim/ . live .
- Web site: Douglas Hurd . BFI . 18 December 2020 . en . 21 February 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20180221062742/http://www.bfi.org.uk/films-tv-people/4ce2ba169408c . dead .
- Book: Chase's . Editors of . Chase's Calendar of Events 2019: The Ultimate Go-to Guide for Special Days, Weeks and Months . 30 September 2018 . Rowman & Littlefield . 978-1-64143-264-1 . 167 . en . 25 December 2020 . 9 March 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220309142123/https://books.google.com/books?id=JVJtDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA167 . live .
- Web site: Neil Postman American educator, media theorist, and social critic . Encyclopedia Britannica . 18 December 2020 . en . 24 July 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190724214959/https://www.britannica.com/biography/Neil-Postman . live .
- Web site: Gerald Potterton . December 16, 2013 . Wyndham . Wise . The Canadian Encyclopedia . 18 December 2020 . 17 April 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210417132758/https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/gerald-potterton . live .
- Web site: Marv Breeding . Society for American Baseball Research . 18 December 2020 . 23 January 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210123172930/https://sabr.org/bioproj/person/marv-breeding/ . live .
- Web site: George Coleman Memphis Music Hall of Fame . memphismusichalloffame.com . 18 December 2020 . 20 January 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210120033857/https://memphismusichalloffame.com/inductee/georgecoleman/ . live .
- Book: Rānaḍe . Sadāśiva Bhāskara . Sadashiv Ranade . Cittapāvana Kauśika gotrī Āgāśe-kula-vr̥ttānta . 1974 . 61 . 8 July 2022 . mr . 23 November 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20211123162455/https://catalog.loc.gov/vwebv/search?searchArg1=74903020&argType1=phrase&searchCode1=K010&searchType=2&combine2=and&searchArg2=&argType2=all&searchCode2=GKEY&combine3=and&searchArg3=&argType3=all&searchCode3=GKEY&location=all&place=all&type=all&language=all&recCount=10 . live .
- Book: Lisanti . Tom . Paul . Louis . Film Fatales: Women in Espionage Films and Television, 1962-1973 . 10 April 2002 . McFarland . 978-0-7864-1194-8 . 171 . en.
- Book: Lawlor . William . Beat Culture: Lifestyles, Icons, and Impact . 2005 . ABC-CLIO . 978-1-85109-400-4 . 103 . en . 2020-12-25 . 2022-03-09 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220309142102/https://books.google.com/books?id=MMZqLXP01e4C&pg=PA103 . live .
- Web site: Juvénal Habyarimana president of Rwanda . Encyclopedia Britannica . 18 December 2020 . en . 19 January 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190119121601/https://www.britannica.com/biography/Juvenal-Habyarimana . live .
- News: Yankees pitcher and "Ball Four" author Jim Bouton dies at 80 . March 8, 2020 . . July 10, 2019 . July 10, 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190710233406/https://www.nydailynews.com/sports/baseball/yankees/ny-jim-bouton-obit-20190710-lhcv7pgzwjdajlsdxprzzjszpm-story.html . live .
- Web site: Lynn Seymour Canadian ballerina . Encyclopedia Britannica . 15 December 2020 . en . 28 October 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20201028052513/https://www.britannica.com/biography/Lynn-Seymour . live .
- Web site: Lidiya Skoblikova Russian skater . Encyclopedia Britannica . 18 December 2020 . en . 2 February 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210202151003/https://www.britannica.com/biography/Lidiya-Skoblikova . live .
- Web site: Robert Tear: Tenor celebrated for his interpretations of Handel . The Independent . 18 December 2020 . en . 22 October 2011 . 11 October 2013 . https://web.archive.org/web/20131011021857/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/obituaries/robert-tear-tenor-celebrated-for-his-interpretations-of-handel-mozart-and-britten-2256581.html . live .
- Web site: Norman Stone obituary . the Guardian . 18 December 2020 . en . 25 June 2019 . 26 November 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20201126140247/https://www.theguardian.com/books/2019/jun/25/norman-stone-obituary . live .
- Web site: Dick Allen . Society for American Baseball Research . 18 December 2020 . 22 December 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20201222001815/https://sabr.org/bioproj/person/dick-allen/ . live .
- Web site: Ann Packer . Olympedia . 18 December 2020 . 10 October 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20201010051845/https://www.olympedia.org/athletes/68748 . live .
- Web site: Susan Clark . Wyndham . Wise . December 8, 2010 . March 4, 2015 . The Canadian Encyclopedia . 18 December 2020 . 18 January 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210118180429/https://thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/susan-clark . live .
- Web site: Lynn Redgrave obituary . the Guardian . 18 December 2020 . en . 3 May 2010 . 19 January 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210119082117/https://www.theguardian.com/stage/2010/may/03/lynn-redgrave-obituary . live .
- Book: Encyclopedia of Contemporary Russian Culture . 28 October 2013 . Routledge . 978-1-136-78785-0 . 423 . en . 25 December 2020 . 9 March 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220309142104/https://www.google.com/books/edition/Encyclopedia_of_Contemporary_Russian_Cul/ZXz2okCSfq8C?hl=en&gbpv=1&pg=PA423&printsec=frontcover . live .
- Web site: Anselm Kieffer . www.metmuseum.org . 18 December 2020 . 2 January 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210102095149/https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/kief/hd_kief.htm . live .
- Web site: Randy Meisner American musician . Encyclopedia Britannica . 18 December 2020 . en . 8 October 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20201008035933/https://www.britannica.com/biography/Randy-Meisner . live .
- Web site: Michael Hart obituary . the Guardian . 18 December 2020 . en . 13 September 2011 . 22 October 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20201022050526/https://www.theguardian.com/books/2011/sep/13/michael-hart-obituary . live .
- Web site: Mel Galley: Guitarist with Whitesnake . The Independent . 18 December 2020 . en . 23 October 2011 . 9 March 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210309025522/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/obituaries/mel-galley-guitarist-whitesnake-859965.html . live .
- Web site: Lord Jonathan Sacks, former chief rabbi, dies aged 72 . BBC News . 17 December 2020 . 7 November 2020 . 16 December 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20201216222417/https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-54857556 . live .
- Book: Dunmore . Tom . Historical Dictionary of Soccer . 16 September 2011 . Scarecrow Press . 978-0-8108-7188-5 . 63 . en . 25 December 2020 . 2 March 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220302013303/https://books.google.com/books?id=9j1wbp2t1usC&pg=PA63 . live .
- Book: Hill . Constance Valis . Tap Dancing America: A Cultural History . 12 November 2014 . Oxford University Press . 978-0-19-022538-4 . 279 . en . 25 December 2020 . 9 March 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220309142134/https://books.google.com/books?id=_HERDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA279 . live .
- Kartemquin. 574580230041509888. 8 March 2015. Happy birthday to this guy!. 6 April 2019.
- News: Olympic champion swimmer Wilkie dies aged 70 . . 22 May 2024 . 23 May 2024 . 22 May 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240522231727/https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/swimming/articles/c3ggndekv8lo . live .
- Web site: Williams . Richard . Laurie Cunningham: the dancing footballer with eternal youth Richard Williams . The Guardian . 17 February 2020 . 26 February 2016 . 17 February 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200217110841/https://www.theguardian.com/football/blog/2016/feb/26/laurie-cunningham-dancing-footballer-richard-williams . live .
- News: The Wall Street years of Donald Trump's World Bank pick . Financial Times . 13 February 2019 . 18 October 2020 . Politi . James . 21 October 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20201021075847/https://www.ft.com/content/de4c1016-2e86-11e9-8744-e7016697f225 . live .
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- Web site: Browse In Jazz, Composer or Arranger Grove Music Online Grove Music . Grove Music Online . 18 December 2020 . en . 2 November 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20201102002036/https://www.oxfordmusiconline.com/grovemusic/browse . live .
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- Web site: 'Wild Bill'Guarnere: Bemedalled soldier whose exploits in Europe . The Independent . 20 December 2020 . en . 11 March 2014 . 9 March 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220309142300/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/obituaries/wild-bill-guarnere-bemedalled-soldier-whose-exploits-in-europe-were-dramatised-in-the-hbo-series-band-of-brothers-9185161.html . live .
- Web site: Sam Simon obituary . the Guardian . 20 December 2020 . en . 9 March 2015 . 8 March 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210308155116/https://www.theguardian.com/tv-and-radio/2015/mar/09/sam-simon-obituary . live .
- Web site: George Martin: Producer who oversaw The Beatles' best work . The Independent . 20 December 2020 . en . 10 March 2016 . 29 January 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210129102517/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/obituaries/george-martin-groundbreaking-producer-who-oversaw-beatles-best-work-and-elevated-art-album-making-a6921766.html . live .
- Web site: SFE: Science Fiction Encyclopedia . www.sf-encyclopedia.com . 16 November 2020 . 18 May 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210518082952/http://www.sf-encyclopedia.com/news/kate-wilhelm-(1928-2018)/ . dead .
- News: O'Donnell . Maureen . Marshall Brodien, 'TV Magic' pitchman, Wizzo the Wizard on 'Bozo,' dead at 84 . 8 March 2019 . . 8 March 2019 . 27 March 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190327091347/https://chicago.suntimes.com/news/marshall-brodien-wizzo-wizard-bozo-tv-magic-magician-clown-infomercials-zanzibar-stone/ . live .
- Web site: Former 49ers All-Pro defensive end Cedrick Hardman dies at 70 . NFL.com . March 10, 2019 . en.
- News: Bernstein . Adam . Max von Sydow, brooding star of Ingmar Bergman's torment-ridden dramas, dies at 90 . 9 March 2020 . . 9 March 2020 . 9 March 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200309165046/https://www.washingtonpost.com/local/obituaries/max-von-sydow-brooding-star-of-ingmar-bergmans-torment-ridden-dramas-dies-at-90/2020/03/09/14a7af2a-6203-11ea-845d-e35b0234b136_story.html . live .
- Web site: Lesser Festivals . The Church of England . 1 December 2020 . en . 5 December 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20201205224537/https://www.churchofengland.org/prayer-and-worship/worship-texts-and-resources/common-worship/churchs-year/lesser-festivals . live .
- Book: Hutchison-Hall . Dr John (Ellsworth) . Orthodox Saints of the British Isles: Volume I — January - March . 5 December 2013 . St. Eadfrith Press . 978-0-615-92580-6 . 167 . en . 14 December 2020 . 9 March 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220309142324/https://books.google.com/books?id=3logAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA167 . live .
- Book: Watkins . Basil . The Book of Saints: A Comprehensive Biographical Dictionary . 19 November 2015 . Bloomsbury Academic . 978-0-567-66456-3 . 65 . en . 14 December 2020 . 9 March 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220309142319/https://books.google.com/books?id=kE6TCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA65 . live .
- Web site: Background International Women's Day . United Nations . 1 December 2020 . en . 8 March 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200308132802/https://www.un.org/en/observances/womens-day/background . live .
- Web site: IWD: International Women's Collaboration Brew Day . International Women's Day . 1 December 2020 . en . 9 March 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220309142253/https://www.internationalwomensday.com/Events . live .
