March 2021 North American blizzard explained

Formed:March 4, 2021
Dissipated:March 17, 2021
Rsi:7.844
Winds:71mph in Douglas Pass, Colorado on March 15
Maximum Snow:52.5inches at Windy Peak, Laramie Range, Wyoming
Power Outages:> 54,000[1]
Pressure:980
Fujita-Scale:EF2
Tornadoes:21
Duration:6 hours, 43 minutes
Fatalities:None reported
Year:2021
Damages-Prefix:>
Damages:75000000
Damages-Suffix:[2]
Outages:> 54,000[3]
Highest Winds:71mph in Douglas Pass, Colorado on March 15
Affected:Pacific Northwest, Western United States, Rocky Mountains, Southern United States, Midwestern United States, New England
Season:2020–21 North American winter tornado outbreaks of 2021

The March 2021 North American blizzard was a record-breaking blizzard in the Rocky Mountains and a significant snowstorm in the Upper Midwest that occurred in mid-March 2021. It brought Cheyenne, Wyoming their largest two-day snowfall on record, and Denver, Colorado their second-largest March snowfall on record. The storm originated from an extratropical cyclone in the northern Pacific Ocean in early March, arriving on the west coast of the United States by March 10. The storm moved into the Rocky Mountains on Saturday, March 13, dumping up to NaNfeet of snow in some areas. It was unofficially given the name Winter Storm Xylia.[4]

Thousands lost power and several areas received some of their heaviest late-season snowfall on record. The system caused at least $75 million in damage, although no fatalities were reported.[2] The system was also responsible for a tornado outbreak in the Texas Panhandle on March 13, spawning 21 confirmed tornadoes. These tornadoes caused $1.285 million in damage.

Meteorological history

On March 4, a new extratropical low formed over the north central Pacific, within a larger extratropical storm. The system quickly split off from the parent low, and over the next couple of days, the storm moved southeastward while gradually intensifying, before reaching a peak intensity of 980mbar on March 6.[5] Afterward, the storm stalled off the coast of the Pacific Northwest for the next couple of days, while weakening, with the storm shedding its frontal system and weakening to 1000mbar by 09:00 UTC on March 8.[6] [7] On the next day, the storm slowly began to approach the West Coast, while developing multiple central lows in the process.[8] On March 10, the storm began moving ashore in California, while developing a new low-pressure center to the east, which became the dominant low by the next day, after the storm had moved inland.[9] [10] [11] The storm remained nearly stationary over the Western United States for another day, before resuming its eastward motion on March 12, as a disorganized storm system.[12] On the next day, the storm began approaching another system over the Central Plains while gradually strengthening, before merging with it early on March 14, with the winter storm organizing significantly and growing more powerful in the process.[13] [14] On the night of March 13–14, a powerful low-level jet stream channeled large amounts of moisture from the Gulf of Mexico across the Southern Plains and into the storm, which enhanced precipitation from the storm and also contributed to the strengthening of the system.[15] On March 14, the winter storm developed a secondary low at the triple point of its occluded front, as the storm expanded in size. Later that day, the storm's central pressure reached a secondary peak of 998mbar, while the storm was situated over the Central United States, with the center of low pressure being situated over southeastern Colorado.[16] [17] For much of that day, the storm's central low remained nearly stationary, even as it was intensifying. The storm's cyclogenesis resulted in a tightening of the pressure gradient, which gave the storm a large and expansive wind field.

Afterward, the storm gradually began to weaken as it slowly moved eastward, even as it continued expanding in size. The storm's eastern flank continued moving farther apart from the parent low during this time.[18] From March 14 to 15, another extratropical cyclone moving in from the Pacific Northwest helped speed up the storm's eastward motion. Throughout March 15, the winter storm weakened significantly, with the storm's western flank breaking off into a new storm over Northern United States, while the storm's secondary low to the east dissipated. The storm reached the Southeastern United States and the Mid-Atlantic region on March 16, even as the storm grew increasingly disorganized, with the storm's central pressure rising to 1012mbar by 18:00 UTC that day.[19] [20] On March 17, the majority of the moisture from the winter storm was absorbed into a new storm developing off the coast of the Carolinas, as the former storm's low-pressure center stalled over West Virginia. Later that day, the winter storm dissipated over West Virginia.[21] [22]

Preparations

Winter Storm Warnings and Blizzard Warnings were issued from March 12–13 in much of the Rocky Mountains, where the heaviest of the snowfall was expected to occur.

Rocky Mountains

In Colorado, where the winter storm had the potential to be the biggest March snowstorm since 2003, officials urged residents to prepare ahead of the storm. On March 10, as the system was moving ashore in the West Coast, the Colorado Department of Transportation (CDOT) advised motorists to stay off the roads during the peak of the storm, due to potential whiteout and blizzard conditions being possible.[23] The city of Denver prepared to deploy snowplows ahead and during the storm to clear residential streets as needed. In addition, United Airlines offered waivers to flights expected to be impacted by the winter storm.[23]

Governor Mark Gordon of the state of Wyoming posted a warning on Twitter on March 13, advising residents to stay off the roads at all costs during the storm.[24] The Wyoming Department of Transportation (WYDOT) urged motorists to stay off the roads during the snow on March 12, and stated they were ready to deploy snow plows and materials to treat roadways.[25] Blizzard warnings were issued for parts of the state, including the city of Cheyenne, due to expected high wind gusts up to 50mph and heavy snowfall of up to 2feet expected. Blizzard warnings were later expanded southward along the Front Range to include Denver. In Sioux Falls, South Dakota, snow blew into traffic lights at intersections, making it impossible for drivers to tell if the lights were red, yellow or green.

Southern Plains

On the morning of March 13, the Storm Prediction Center issued a moderate risk severe weather outlook for the Texas Panhandle, noting the potential for strong tornadoes.[26]

Impact

Rocky Mountains

The storm brought Cheyenne their largest two-day snowfall on record, with 30.8inches falling from March 13–14. The storm closed schools and colleges, as well as city and state government buildings.[27] Schools and government offices also shut down in Casper. Denver received their second-largest March snowfall on record, with 27.1inches falling at the airport.[28] [27] The storm was also Denver's fourth-largest snowstorm on record. The storm shut down major highways, caused blizzard conditions across the region, forced more than 2,000 flights to be canceled and forced all runways to be closed at Denver International Airport,[29] and left tens of thousands of people without power.[30] The Colorado Avalanche Information Center issued an avalanche warning for the Front Range area due to the heavy snow. The Aurora Police Department in Colorado reported 25 to 30 vehicles were stranded on the E-470 toll road east of Denver. Several interstate highways including Interstate 25, Interstate 70, Interstate 76 and Interstate 80 shut down.[1] Nearly 24,000 homes and businesses in Colorado remained without electricity on March 15. The snowstorm also prevented the Los Angeles Kings to fly out of Denver, postponing a game against the St. Louis Blues.[31] Several school districts in South Dakota canceled classes due to the storm. In Wyoming, schools in Laramie and Natrona counties announced they would be closed through the middle of the week as travel was nearly impossible. The United States Postal Service also announced it is having difficulty delivering mail in some parts of Wyoming. Outside of those two states, wind gusts reaching 69mph in Maeser, Utah.[1]

Midwest

Wind gusts reached 63mph in Ord, Nebraska and 59mph in Grand Island, Nebraska.[1]

In Minnesota, the State Patrol said 264 crashes were reported, and 22 of those involved injuries.[32] At least 13 tractor-trailers jackknifed and 251 vehicles spun out on the slick roadways.

Southern Plains

Multiple tornadoes touched down across the Panhandle, mainly areas between Lubbock and Amarillo and points eastward. A large tornado prompted PDS tornado warnings for portions of Randall, Armstrong, and Carson counties.[33] [34] [35] [36] After surveys, it was determined an EF2 tornado moved from southwest of Happy in Swisher County to east of Canyon in Randall County. As the tornado dissipated, a new tornado, rated EF1, formed and moved into Armstrong County, passing over Palo Duro Canyon. A third tornado was spawned just northeast of the second one, also crossing from Randall to Armstrong and lifting near Washburn, just before crossing into Carson County. Another EF2 tornado caused minor damage in Clarendon before strengthening and causing major damage near the Greenbelt Lake Reservoir. The final tornado of the day was a EF2 tornado that touched down southwest of Ensign and caused minor damage including several sturdy wood electrical poles that were snapped.[37] Damage totaled $1.285 million.[38]

Confirmed tornadoes

EF#! scope="col" style="width:7%; text-align:center;" class="unsortable"
LocationCounty / ParishStateStart Coord.Time (UTC)Path lengthMax widthSummary
EFUWSW of NazarethCastroTX20:55–20:570.92abbr=onNaNabbr=on20abbr=onNaNabbr=onA brief tornado was observed by a trained spotter. No damage occurred.[39]
EF2SW of Happy to ESE of CanyonSwisher, RandallTX21:15–22:0021.25abbr=onNaNabbr=on1000abbr=onNaNabbr=onMany electrical transmission lines were damaged, a cell phone tower was blown over, and power poles were snapped along the path of this large wedge tornado. Homes sustained significant roof damage, including one that lost a large section of its roof and had considerable damage to its exterior. Damage also occurred to outbuildings, trees, and fencing. The tornado spent much of its life cycle over mostly open land.[40] [41] [42] [43] [44]
EF1NW of HappyRandallTX21:31–21:362.5abbr=onNaNabbr=on500abbr=onNaNabbr=onThis brief tornado was caught video by storm chasers and residents in the area. It was on the ground simultaneously with the EF2 tornado just to its south. A barn and power lines were damaged before the tornado was absorbed into the larger EF2 tornado.[45]
EF1N of HappyRandallTX21:37–21:423.54abbr=onNaNabbr=on100abbr=onNaNabbr=onThis was a satellite tornado on the southern side of the main EF2 tornado. Radar and reports and video from storm chasers suggest this was also an anticyclonic tornado. A brief tornado debris signature was visible on doppler radar in association with this tornado as it snapped power poles along Interstate 27. No other damage occurred as this tornado tracked northeast and dissipated.[46]
EF1E of CanyonRandall, ArmstrongTX21:48–22:148.16abbr=onNaNabbr=on800abbr=onNaNabbr=onThis tornado was on the ground simultaneously with the Happy/Canyon EF2 tornado for several minutes as that tornado dissipated. Campgrounds were damaged at Palo Duro Canyon State Park. One cabin at the park lost its entire roof and travel trailers were flipped, including one which was destroyed. None of these trailers were anchored. Other damage at the state park including minor damage to weaker structures, and trees were damaged as well. The tornado became wider as it crossed Palo Duro Canyon. After crossing the canyon, the tornado traveled through a very rural area and lifted as another tornado formed in the vicinity.[47] [48]
EF0N of HartCastroTX21:54–21:561.42abbr=onNaNabbr=on30abbr=onNaNabbr=onA brief tornado flipped an irrigation pivot and caused minor roof damage to a metal building. A Texas Tech West Texas mesonet station located north of Hart measured an 87abbr=onNaNabbr=on wind gust as the tornado passed nearby.[49]
EFUSE of NazarethCastroTX21:55–21:570.3abbr=onNaNabbr=on30abbr=onNaNabbr=onA brief tornado over open land was recorded on video and caused no damage.[50]
EF0E of HappySwisher, RandallTX22:05–22:113.23abbr=onNaNabbr=on50abbr=onNaNabbr=onThis tornado was caught on camera by storm chasers. Two power poles were broken in Swisher County.[51] [52]
EF0NNE of Palo Duro Canyon to ESE of WashburnRandall, ArmstrongTX22:06–22:3412.96abbr=onNaNabbr=on1000abbr=onNaNabbr=onThis tornado was on the ground simultaneously with the Palo Duro Canyon EF1 tornado for several minutes as that tornado dissipated. Power poles and several outbuildings were damaged. A semi-truck was pushed over before the tornado lifted after crossing U.S. Highway 287. The tornado occurred over mostly open land and was likely stronger than its rating indicates, but it impacted few structures.[53] [54]
EFUESE of Hale CenterHaleTX22:210.04abbr=onNaNabbr=on20abbr=onNaNabbr=onA brief tornado was observed by storm spotters and caused no damage.[55]
EFUNNE of AikenFloydTX22:460.05abbr=onNaNabbr=on20abbr=onNaNabbr=onA very brief tornado was photographed by a trained spotter. No damage occurred.[56]
EFUSW of GroomArmstrongTX23:02–23:113.11abbr=onNaNabbr=on800abbr=onNaNabbr=onThe damage path of this tornado was inaccessible by road, and it was confirmed by radar and storm chasers.[57]
EFUSW of SilvertonBriscoeTX23:080.06abbr=onNaNabbr=on20abbr=onNaNabbr=onA brief tornado in an open field was observed and photographed by storm spotters and caused no damage.[58]
EF2SSW of Clarendon to NE of HowardwickDonleyTX23:48–00:1213.22abbr=onNaNabbr=on1200abbr=onNaNabbr=onA tornado moved into the southwest edge of Clarendon, causing minor damage to homes and to Clarendon College, with sheet metal torn off the building. The tornado widened as it moved towards and then across Greenbelt Reservoir and into Howardwick. Mobile homes, recreational vehicles, and boating facilities were heavily damaged. One mobile home was completely destroyed, with debris from the structure scattered. Power poles were snapped, and many trees were snapped along the path.[59]
EF0ClarendonDonleyTX23:51–23:520.95abbr=onNaNabbr=on40abbr=onNaNabbr=onBrief, rain-wrapped tornado damaged several homes and sheds in town. Around ten homes sustained shingle damage to roofs, and several trees were downed. This tornado occurred simultaneously with and just east of the Clarendon–Howardwick EF2 tornado.[60]
EFUE of LazareHardemanTX01:410.2abbr=onNaNabbr=on50abbr=onNaNabbr=onA brief tornado was observed by trained spotters. No damage occurred.[61]
EFUN of GoodlettHardemanTX02:000.2abbr=onNaNabbr=on30abbr=onNaNabbr=onA brief tornado was reported by a trained spotter. No damage occurred.[62]
EF0WNW of EldoradoJacksonOK02:150.2abbr=onNaNabbr=on30abbr=onNaNabbr=onA brief tornado was reported by two trained spotters. No damage occurred.[63]
EFUS of McQueenHarmonOK02:290.2abbr=onNaNabbr=on20abbr=onNaNabbr=onA brief tornado was observed by a trained spotter. No damage was reported, however, power flashes were observed with this tornado.[64]
EF1S of ReedGreerOK02:49–02:500.7abbr=onNaNabbr=on50abbr=onNaNabbr=onA tornado developed near the community of Russell and moved to the north-northeast. One shed, two tractors, and the porch of a home were damaged at a farm. Two sheds were destroyed at another farm. Some debris was scattered for 1.5abbr=onNaNabbr=on.[65]
EF2NNW of Fowler to WNW of EnsignGrayKS03:22–03:3812.15abbr=onNaNabbr=on100abbr=onNaNabbr=onNear the start of the path, the tornado overturned a pivot irrigation sprinkler. As the tornado moved north-northeast, it snapped eight sturdy power poles, and destroyed a small grain bin. Another pivot irrigation sprinkler was overturned before the tornado lifted. Some ground scouring was observed in farm fields along the path.[66]

See also

External links

Notes and References

  1. News: Biggest total from record-shattering snowstorm tops 50 inches . December 17, 2022 . . March 15, 2021.
  2. Web site: Global Catastrophe Recap – March 2021. AON Benfield. April 21, 2021.
  3. News: Biggest total from record-shattering snowstorm tops 50 inches . December 17, 2022 . . March 15, 2021.
  4. Web site: WINTER STORM XYLIA BECOMES DENVER'S 4TH ALL TIME LARGEST. Matt Sparx. New Country 99.1. March 15, 2021. March 31, 2021.
  5. Web site: WPC surface analysis valid for 03/06/2021 at 18 UTC. wpc.ncep.noaa.gov. Weather Prediction Center. March 6, 2021. March 14, 2021.
  6. Web site: WPC surface analysis valid for 03/07/2021 at 12 UTC. wpc.ncep.noaa.gov. Weather Prediction Center. March 7, 2021. March 14, 2021.
  7. Web site: WPC surface analysis valid for 03/08/2021 at 09 UTC. wpc.ncep.noaa.gov. Weather Prediction Center. March 8, 2021. March 14, 2021.
  8. Web site: WPC surface analysis valid for 03/09/2021 at 15 UTC. wpc.ncep.noaa.gov. Weather Prediction Center. March 9, 2021. March 14, 2021.
  9. Web site: WPC surface analysis valid for 03/10/2021 at 09 UTC. wpc.ncep.noaa.gov. Weather Prediction Center. March 10, 2021. March 14, 2021.
  10. Web site: WPC surface analysis valid for 03/10/2021 at 15 UTC. wpc.ncep.noaa.gov. Weather Prediction Center. March 10, 2021. March 14, 2021.
  11. Web site: WPC surface analysis valid for 03/11/2021 at 12 UTC. wpc.ncep.noaa.gov. Weather Prediction Center. March 11, 2021. March 14, 2021.
  12. Web site: WPC surface analysis valid for 03/12/2021 at 15 UTC. wpc.ncep.noaa.gov. Weather Prediction Center. March 12, 2021. March 14, 2021.
  13. Web site: WPC surface analysis valid for 03/13/2021 at 15 UTC. wpc.ncep.noaa.gov. Weather Prediction Center. March 13, 2021. March 14, 2021.
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  15. Web site: Central Rockies & High Plains March Snowstorm: (3/13 - 3/15). www.wpc.ncep.noaa.gov. Peter Mullinax. Weather Prediction Center. March 22, 2021. March 31, 2021.
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  23. Web site: How Colorado is preparing for this weekend's potentially historic snowstorm. March 11, 2021. KMGH.
  24. News: Dangerous spring snow storm takes aim at U.S. Rockies, High Plains. Brendan. O'Brien. Reuters . March 13, 2021. www.reuters.com.
  25. Web site: WYDOT urges motorists to stay safe during upcoming winter storm. Wyoming Tribune Eagle. March 12, 2021.
  26. Web site: Mar 13, 2021 1300 UTC Day 1 Convective Outlook . Storm Prediction Center . 14 March 2021 . 13 March 2021.
  27. Web site: Winter Storm Xylia Traps Motorists on Colorado Highways; Travel Remains Treacherous in Wyoming, Nebraska. The Weather Channel. March 15, 2021.
  28. Web site: Colorado blizzard is now Denver's 4th largest storm on record. The Denver Post. 15 March 2021 . March 15, 2021.
  29. https://www.travelandleisure.com/airlines-airports/denver-airport/denver-snow-storm-flight-cancellations Denver Blizzard Causes Flight Cancellations, Runway Closures, Travel Disruptions
  30. Web site: Winter Storm Xylia Shuts Down Interstates; Tens of Thousands Lose Power. The Weather Channel. March 15, 2021.
  31. https://www.ksdk.com/article/sports/nhl/blues/blues-kings-game-postponed-denver-blizzard/63-fde59b0f-df5a-4ccb-9ad3-7bd4852c78f5 Blues-Kings game postponed after team can't make it to LA
  32. Web site: Major Roads Still Closed After Winter Storm Xylia Buries Wyoming, Colorado. The Weather Channel. March 17, 2021.
  33. Web site: Storm Prediction Center Today's Storm Reports . www.spc.noaa.gov . 13 March 2021.
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  40. Web site: ArcGIS Web Application . apps.dat.noaa.gov . 17 February 2021.
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