2010 Pichilemu earthquakes explained

2010 Pichilemu earthquakes
Terremoto de Pichilemu de 2010
Timestamp:2010-03-11 14:39:43
Timestamp-A:2010-03-11 14:55:27
Anss-Url:usp000h94t
Anss-Url-A:usp000h94v
Isc-Event:14554049
Isc-Event-A:14400686
Local-Time:11:39 UTC-3
Local-Time-A:11:55 UTC-3
Image Alt:House damaged by the Pichilemu earthquake, in the epicentre town, as seen on 16 April 2011.
Magnitude:6.9 [1]
Magnitude-A:7.0
Intensity:[2]
Depth:33.1km (20.6miles)
Depth-A:31km (19miles)[3]
Location:Pichilemu, Chile
Countries Affected:Chile
Argentina
Tsunami:Yes
Casualties:1 dead
Pga:0.086 g (Curicó, Maule) [4]

The 2010 Pichilemu earthquakes (Spanish; Castilian: link=no|Terremoto de Pichilemu de 2010), also known as the Libertador O'Higgins earthquakes, were a pair of intraplate earthquakes measuring 6.9 and 7.0 that struck Chile's O'Higgins Region on 11 March 2010 about 16 minutes apart. The earthquakes were centred 15km (09miles) northwest of the city of Pichilemu.[5]

The earthquakes were caused by increased regional stress arising from an earthquake on 27 February, centered offshore Maule Region, which was felt throughout central Chile. The Hawaii-based Pacific Tsunami Warning Center pointed out the possibility of local tsunamis within 100km (100miles) of the epicentre, although small, but violent waves were seen in the Pichilemu and Bucalemu area. One person was reported dead. At least eleven aftershocks immediately followed, causing panic throughout coastal towns between the Coquimbo and Los Lagos regions.

The earthquakes were especially destructive in the epicentre town, Pichilemu, capital of Cardenal Caro Province. The city hosts five National Monuments of Chile, of which two, the Agustín Ross Park and the Agustín Ross Cultural Centre, were seriously damaged by the earthquake. They also damaged the villages of La Aguada and Cardonal de Panilonco. Rancagua, the capital of O'Higgins Region, was also damaged, leading President Sebastián Piñera to declare a state of catastrophe in that region.

Background

Nearly all of the territory of Chile lies above the convergent boundary where the Nazca Plate subducts beneath the South American Plate at a rate of about 71 mm per year. Earthquakes occur along the plate interface and in both the subducting and overriding plates. Within the South American Plate shallow earthquakes occur on reverse, normal and strike-slip faults.[6] The subduction zone along the Chilean coast produced the most powerful earthquake ever recorded, the 1960 Valdivia earthquake.[7] Some earthquakes which occurred near the epicentre of the 11 March 2010 event are the 1985 Algarrobo and Rapel Lake earthquakes.[8]

On 27 February 2010, a strong earthquake, which reached a magnitude of 8.8 on the moment magnitude scale, hit central Chile. The earthquake occurred in the region of the plate boundary between the Nazca and South American plates, offshore Maule Region. The earthquake produced a tsunami which caused great damage in cities and towns along the Chilean coast;[9] Pichilemu was badly damaged after the earthquake and tsunami struck.[10]

The 6.9 and 7.0 earthquakes of 11 March 2010 occurred two weeks after the 27 February event.[11] Chilean seismologists, including Sergio Barrientos from the University of Chile Seismological Service, had suggested that the absence of an aftershock greater than magnitude 6 following the February 27 quake indicated that there remained energy with the potential to be released.[12] Two foreshocks of the 11 March events occurred on 5 March: one reached magnitude 5.7, and the other magnitude 5.2; both were felt between the Valparaíso and Maule regions.[13]

Earthquake sequence

The Pichilemu earthquakes were caused by the change in regional stress from the 27 February earthquake. Preliminary analyses by the United States Geological Survey (USGS) of the 11 March earthquake locations and seismic-wave radiation patterns suggested that the events resulted from normal faulting within the subducting Nazca plate or the overriding South America plate, unlike the 27 February earthquake, which occurred as thrust faulting on the interface between the two plates.[1] Later in 2010, University of Chile Seismologist Sergio Barrientos stated that the earthquakes were produced inside the South American plate.[14]

The earthquakes' depths were estimated as 33.1km (20.6miles) and 31km (19miles) by the University of Chile Seismological Service (Servicio Sismológico de la Universidad de Chile),[15] [16] and 11km (07miles) and 18km (11miles) by the USGS.[17]

On 15 March 2010, seismologist Mario Pardo from the University of Chile Seismological Service ruled out that Pichilemu was experiencing a seismic swarm, after public concerns about the continued aftershocks in the area;[18] as of that date, more than 50 aftershocks had occurred in the area, the strongest of them measuring 6.7 in the moment magnitude scale, minutes after the initial quake.[19] From the pattern of aftershocks, it has been suggested that the earthquakes originated from rupture along a previously unknown geological fault, the Pichilemu Fault, between Pichilemu and the commune of Vichuquén in Maule Region, at 15 km depth, 40 km in length and 20 km wide.[20] [21] At first it was not known whether this fault was formed during the earthquakes or if it was just reactivated,[22] however geologist José Cembrano from the University of Chile affirmed that "[the fault] corresponds to a long life fault, in a million years time, whose activity had not been detected before."[23]

In a 2012 publication titled Aftershock Seismicity of the 27 February 2010 Mw 8.8 Maule Earthquake Rupture Zone, it was stated that, in total, 10,000 aftershocks were located in the Pichilemu area for the first six months after the mainshock; this pronounced crustal aftershock activity with mainly normal faulting mechanisms found in approximately a 30km (20miles) wide region, with sharp inclined borders and oriented oblique to the trench.

Reaction

The earthquakes took place minutes before the new President of Chile, Sebastián Piñera, was sworn in, at about, at the Chilean congress in Valparaíso, where the shaking was clearly felt.[24] Piñera was at the Palace of Cerro Castillo at the time of the earthquakes, and as he left the palace, he was seen "looking worried"; Michelle Bachelet, the outgoing president, was also seen "worried" by the earthquakes as she entered the Congress.[25] La Nación newspaper reported some journalists attempted to flee the Congress building.[25] According to Spanish newspaper El Mundo, there was "nervousness" at the ceremony, and the ceremony narrator called for calm, adding that the Congress building could even stand stronger earthquakes.[26] [27]

Presidents Néstor Kirchner of Argentina, Evo Morales of Bolivia, Álvaro Uribe of Colombia, Rafael Correa of Ecuador, and Fernando Lugo of Paraguay were present at the ceremony, but television footage showed that the inauguration was not interrupted, even though there was a tsunami warning in place;[25] [28] however, it was reported the ceremony was concluded more quickly than planned.[17]

President Piñera cancelled the ceremonial lunch with his visitors and traveled to Rancagua, one of the cities most affected by the earthquakes;[17] Piñera subsequently declared a catastrophe state in O'Higgins Region as a result of the earthquakes, and appointed Army General Antonio Yackcich as Area Commander in Chief (Jefe de Plaza) for the region, while he was visiting Rancagua that day.[29] [30] The declaration meant that "the military would occupy the area to keep order and prevent the kind of looting that occurred in Concepción during the first two to three days after last month's quake", according to The New York Times.

Tsunami

A Pacific-wide tsunami warning was not issued by the Pacific Tsunami Warning Center, although the organization pointed out the possibility of local tsunamis within 100km (100miles) of the epicentre, roughly the area between La Serena and Concepción.[31] Half an hour after the first earthquake, the Hydrographic and Oceanographic Service of the Chilean Navy (Servicio Hidrográfico y Oceanográfico de la Armada, SHOA) issued a tsunami warning for the area between Coquimbo and Los Lagos regions, as a way of "keeping people protected" against the possible occurrence of new tsunamis.[17] [32] [33] President Piñera urged coastal residents to move to higher ground in case of a tsunami.[33] Following the tsunami alert, thousands of residents of central Pichilemu fled to La Cruz Hill, with some of them staying there for several days,[34] [35] and received advice from members of the Army.[36] People from the village of Cáhuil stayed at Cordón. The tsunami warning emitted by SHOA was lifted that same day at around .[37]

According to a preliminary report by the National Office of Emergency of the Interior Ministry (Oficina Nacional de Emergencias del Ministerio del Interior, ONEMI) on 11 March 2010, only 'small waves, without any [special] kind of characteristics' were seen in the area surrounding Pichilemu, while the USGS reported a small tsunami, with sea wave heights of 16 centimetres (0.525 ft) at Valparaíso, and 29 centimetres (0.951 ft) at San Antonio.[1] Interior Minister Rodrigo Hinzpeter reported violent waves in Pichilemu[38] and Bucalemu.[39] [40]

Damage and casualties

At Pichilemu, the epicentre town, the earthquakes destroyed the balustres surrounding Agustín Ross Park, damaged severely the recently re-inaugurated Agustín Ross Cultural Centre, and the Espinillo, and Rodeillo villages.[41] [42] The earthquake was accompanied by "great noise", according to witnesses from the Pichilemu villages ofCardonal de Panilonco and La Aguada;[17] most of the already damaged buildings in La Aguada fell down, including the local church. The road to Cardonal de Panilonco was damaged, and many houses built with adobe did not resist the shaking.[43]

Outside Pichilemu, in Rancagua, local mayor Eduardo Soto reported severe damage to homes in the town.[44] The Santa Julia highway overpass located between Rancagua and Graneros collapsed, and part of the Pan-American highway was damaged.[39] A power outage affected Pichilemu for two days, beginning right after the earthquake struck,[45] and there were partial power outages in Mostazal, San Fernando and Peumo.[46] In Santiago, "windows rattled, buildings trembled and cellphone service failed", according to a New York Times article. The old Basílica del Salvador in Santiago, which was damaged during the 1985 Algarrobo earthquake and was never repaired, suffered additional damage.[47] In Nilahue Barahona, a village near the town of Pumanque, electric cables fell to the ground during the earthquake, causing a fire that burned of a pine, eucalyptus and grassland forest.[48] The earthquake was also reported to have been felt in Mendoza,[49] Bariloche, Córdoba, San Rafael, Buenos Aires, Montevideo, and Asunción.[50]

One person died of a heart attack during the earthquakes in Talca, Maule Region.[51] A United States Geological Survey summary of the earthquakes reported damage at Rancagua,[1] 177 kilometers northeast of Pichilemu.[52] Relief efforts for the 27 February earthquake stalled for about six hours because of the constant aftershocks.[39]

According to the U.S. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's National Geophysical Data Center, the damage caused by the earthquakes and the accompanying small tsunami was "limited", adding that "a rough estimate of the dollar amount of damage" was "roughly corresponding to less than one million".[53]

Aftershocks

Following the main shock, there were two aftershocks of magnitude 6 or greater. The first of them occurred at, fifteen minutes after the initial quake, and was centered in the commune of La Estrella, Cardenal Caro Province, at a depth of 18km (11miles), reaching a magnitude of 6.7; another aftershock, of magnitude 6.0, took place eleven minutes later, at, this time centered in Pichilemu, at a depth of 29.3km (18.2miles).[54] In total, there were ten aftershocks within the six hours after the 6.9 magnitude earthquake, two of magnitude 6 or greater, and seven between 5 and 6.[55]

Almost two months later, on 2 May 2010, an aftershock of magnitude 5.8 MW struck the Chilean O'Higgins Region, at . The aftershock was centered 44km (27miles) southwest of Navidad, and occurred at a depth of 32.9km (20.4miles), according to the University of Chile Seismological Service.[56] The National Emergencies Office (ONEMI) reported that the aftershock was felt most strongly in Talca, 258km (160miles) south of Santiago, and that there were no casualties, only some telephone lines had collapsed.[57] Six other aftershocks subsequently hit the Pichilemu area that day.[58] The United States Geological Survey measured the aftershock with a magnitude of 5.9.[59]

A further aftershock of the Pichilemu earthquake occurred on 29 September 2010 at .[60] It reached magnitude 5.6, and its epicentre was centered 13km (08miles) southwest of Lolol,[60] 43km (27miles) southwest of Santa Cruz,[61] [62] at a depth of 50km (30miles).[60] [61] Telephone lines collapsed in O'Higgins Region. No infrastructural damage or casualties were reported. The aftershock was felt between the Valparaíso and Maule regions. The event reached Mercalli V intensity in Rancagua, Navidad, Talca, Curicó, amid other cities and towns.[60]

As of February 2013, there have been about 8,500 aftershocks of the Chilean February and March 2010 earthquakes according to the University of Chile Seismological Service, with most taking place in the proximities of Pichilemu. Seismologist Sergio Ruiz said that "a significant number of aftershocks" will take place at least until 2015.[63]

Media coverage

The earthquakes were reported by local, national and international news media. Locally, online newspaper Pichilemu News published an article named "First signs of change?: Shaken handover ceremony in Chile because of new earthquake aftershocks" ("¿Los primeros signos del cambio?: Movido cambio de mando se vivió en el país ante nuevas réplicas del terremoto") on 11 March;[17] five days later, local newspaper El Expreso de la Costa published an interview with Mario Pardo, seismologist in charge of the geophysics department of the University of Chile, who recommended people of Pichilemu to "try to remain calm, the worst already happened".[64] The only local radio that continued broadcasting through the day of the earthquakes was Radio Entre Olas, directed by Jorge Nasser Guerra, who along with two other radio workers, reportedly were the only ones not to be evacuated after the earthquakes in Pichilemu. Because the earthquakes provoked a power outage, the radio worked with "emergency equipment".[65] Previously, after the 27 February earthquake, Entre Olas did not stop broadcasting either, despite there was a power outage that lasted for several days.[66]

Nationally distributed newspaper El Mercurio published on its 12 March 2010 main page the headline "6.9 [magnitude] aftershock marks the most seismic day after the earthquake" ("Réplica de 6,9° marca el día más sísmico post terremoto"), adding that "[s]eventeen of the twenty seisms that occurred yesterday [11 March] in central-southern Chile had their epicentre in Pichilemu, Region of O'Higgins, which was declared in Disaster State yesterday."[67] On that same day, Santiago-based newspaper La Tercera published on their headline: "Piñera faces first crisis as he takes office as new President" ("Piñera enfrenta primera crisis al asumir como nuevo Presidente"); La Tercera elaborated: "The 6.9 Richter magnitude earthquake, which occurred minutes before the power handover took place, added an additional quota of drama to the oath of Sebastián Piñera, whose agenda was already modified by the 27 February disaster."[68] Other newspapers of national distribution where the earthquake was reported on its main page included Las Últimas Noticias (which featured a photograph of President Piñera aboarding a helicopter in military dress),[69] Publimetro,[70] and La Nación, whose main headline said "Emergency measures marked start of Piñera['s presidency]" ("Medidas de emergencia marcan partida de Piñera").[71]

Throughout Chile, regional newspapers also reported the earthquakes and tsunami warning on their edition of 12 March 2010. Among these are La Estrella de Arica (Arica),[72] La Estrella de Iquique (Iquique),[73] El Mercurio de Antofagasta,[74] La Estrella del Norte (both from Antofagasta),[75] El Mercurio de Calama,[76] La Estrella del Loa (both from Calama),[77] El Diario de Atacama,[78] Diario Chañarcillo (both from Copiapó),[79] El Día (La Serena),[80] El Mercurio de Valparaíso,[81] La Estrella de Valparaíso (both from Valparaíso),[82] El Líder (San Antonio),[83] El Tipógrafo (Rancagua),[84] La Prensa (Curicó),[85] El Sur (Concepción),[86] El Austral de Temuco (Temuco),[87] El Diario Austral de Los Ríos (Valdivia),[88] El Austral de Osorno (Osorno),[89] El Llanquihue (Puerto Montt),[90] and La Prensa Austral (Punta Arenas).[91]

Among the international media who reported on the earthquakes were the BBC,[11] CNN,[28] CBS News,[33] The Huffington Post,[39] and news agencies Al Jazeera,[92] Reuters,[24] and Associated Press.[40] The New York Times included on their 12 March 2010 main page a photograph of Presidents Fernando Lugo of Paraguay and Rafael Correa of Ecuador "re-acting to an aftershock felt Thursday [11 March] in Valparaíso, Chile, the strongest since the devastating Feb. 27 earthquake"; the photograph was followed by the headline "For Chile, More Aftershocks, and an Inauguration".[93] The newspaper published an extensive article titled "Aftershocks Jolt Chile as New President Is Sworn In", which stated that the earthquakes "almost overshadowed the inauguration of Chile’s first right-wing leader in 20 years [Piñera]."[94] Other newspapers who included headlines on the earthquake on their 12 March 2010 main pages include El Mundo,[95] El País,[96] ABC (the three from Madrid, Spain),[97] Clarín (Buenos Aires, Argentina),[98] Bild (Berlin, Germany),[99] El Colombiano (Medellín, Colombia),[100] El Tiempo (Bogotá, Colombia),[101] The Dallas Morning News (Dallas, Texas, United States of America),[102] El Comercio (Lima, Peru),[103] and Excélsior (Mexico City, Mexico).[104]

See also

Further reading

External links

Notes and References

  1. Web site: Magnitude 6.9 – LIBERTADOR O'HIGGINS, CHILE . . 11 March 2010 . 2 September 2010 . https://web.archive.org/web/20130213071803/http://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/recenteqsww/Quakes/us2010tsa6.php . 13 February 2013 . dead .
  2. Web site: 11 March 2010. National Earthquake Information Center. PAGER. United States Geological Survey. 9 April 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20100314144609/http://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/pager/events/us/2010tsa6/index.html. 14 March 2010. dead.
  3. Web site: Centro Sismologico Nacional, Universidad De Chile . 6 July 2011 . Informe de sismo sensible . 1 March 2021.
  4. Web site: Station Lists . United States Geological Survey . 2010 . 20 May 2012 . https://web.archive.org/web/20141229023741/http://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/shakemap/global/shake/2010tsa6/download/stationlist.txt . 29 December 2014 . live . dmy .
  5. Web site: Informe de Sismo. . Earthquake Report. . . 11 March 2010 . es . 2 September 2010 . dead . https://archive.today/20120715081110/http://sismologia.cl/events/sensibles/2010/03/20100311143929.html . 15 July 2012 .
  6. Santibáñez . I. . Cembrano . J. . García-Pérez . T. . Costa . C. . Yáñez . G. . Marquardt . C. . Arancibia . G. . González . G. . 2019 . Crustal faults in the Chilean Andes: geological constraints and seismic potential . Andean Geology . 46 . 1 . 32–65 . 10.5027/andgeoV46n1-3067. free .
  7. Web site: Chile – Geography. U.S. Library of the Congress. Country Studies US. 4 June 2012. https://web.archive.org/web/20130122112252/http://countrystudies.us/chile/36.htm. 22 January 2013. live.
  8. Book: Urrutia de Hazbún. Rosa. Lanza Lazcano. Carlos. Catástrofes en Chile, 1541–1992. 1993. Editorial La Noria. Santiago de Chile. es. 13 September 2010 .
  9. News: Massive earthquake hits Chile, 214 dead. Saavedra. Jose Luis. 27 February 2010. Reuters. 17 October 2010. Concepción, Chile. https://web.archive.org/web/20101006112414/https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSTRE61Q0S920100227. 6 October 2010 . live.
  10. News: Terremoto y tsunami en Chile: Pichilemu devastado . Rebolledo . Víctor . 28 February 2010 . El Morrocotudo . Inversiones y Publicaciones Comunidades Ciudadanas S. A. . es . 4 June 2012 . https://web.archive.org/web/20130512223430/http://www.elmorrocotudo.cl/admin/render/noticia/24777 . 12 May 2013 . live . dmy .
  11. News: New Chile quake as Pinera sworn in as president . BBC News . 11 March 2010 . 2 September 2010. https://web.archive.org/web/20100902070458/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/8561340.stm. 2 September 2010 . live.
  12. News: La réplica que llegó a 6,9 grados era una de las grandes que se esperaban y vendrán más . Bade . Gabriela . Guzmán, Lorena . 12 March 2012 . . . es . 5 June 2012 . Vitacura, Chile . https://www.webcitation.org/6EhzOt1YN?url=https://doc-0o-60-docs.googleusercontent.com/docs/securesc/ha0ro937gcuc7l7deffksulhg5h7mbp1/qgc02qo9tf7jp7avv1mm15eba4bjul6r/1361836800000/03878218933758081009/%2A/0B0avc7X-1skeWUV5ZG1QSXkzRDA?e=download . 26 February 2013 . dead . dmy .
  13. News: Dos sismos sobre 5 grados Richter sacudieron la zona central . 5 March 2010 . El Mercurio (Online Version) . . es . 5 June 2012 . Santiago, Chile . https://web.archive.org/web/20131218094439/http://www.emol.com/noticias/nacional/2010/03/05/401804/dos-sismos-sobre-5-grados-richter-sacudieron-la-zona-central.html . 18 December 2013 . live . dmy .
  14. Barrientos . Sergio E. . 10 November 2010 . Terremoto (M=8.8) del 27 de febrero de 2010 en Chile . Revista de la Asociación Geológica Argentina . 412–420 . 67 . 9 . 4 June 2012 . es . https://web.archive.org/web/20131211085654/http://www.scielo.org.ar/pdf/raga/v67n3/v67n3a11.pdf . 11 December 2013 . live . dmy .
  15. News: El mayor fue de 7,2° Richter . The strongest was of 7.2° Richter . Chile.com . 11 March 2010 . es . 2 September 2010 . https://web.archive.org/web/20100315132704/http://www.chile.com/tpl/articulo/detalle/ver.tpl?cod_articulo=118476. 15 March 2010. dead.
  16. News: Réplica: Onemi sitúa epicentro en Pichilemu . Aftershock: Onemi locates epicenter in Pichilemu . . 24 Horas . 11 March 2010 . 2 September 2010 . es . https://web.archive.org/web/20120227154457/http://24horas.cl/videos.aspx?id=63158 . 27 February 2012 . dead .
  17. News: ¿Los primeros signos del cambio?: Movido cambio de mando se vivió en el país ante nuevas réplicas del terremoto. Saldías. Washington. Washington Saldías González. 11 March 2010. Pichilemu News. es. 14 June 2011. Pichilemu, Chile. https://web.archive.org/web/20100323150927/http://pichilemunews.blogcindario.com/2010/03/03325-los-primeros-signos-del-cambio-movido-cambio-de-mando-se-vivio-en-el-pais-ante-nuevas-replicas.html. 23 March 2010. dead.
  18. Web site: Experto descartó que Pichilemu sea un enjambre sísmico por alta cantidad de réplicas . Expert ruled out that Pichilemu is a seismic swarm due to high quantity of aftershocks . . es . 15 March 2010 . 2 September 2010. https://web.archive.org/web/20121010113555/http://www.cooperativa.cl/experto-descarto-que-pichilemu-sea-un-enjambre-sismico-por-alta-cantidad-de-replicas/prontus_nots/2010-03-15/075938.html. 10 October 2012. live.
  19. Web site: Unos 50 sismos con el mismo epicentro han sacudido Chile desde el jueves . About 50 tremors with the same epicenter have shaken Chile since Thursday . . 15 March 2010 . es . 2 September 2010. https://web.archive.org/web/20121010113508/http://www.cooperativa.cl/unos-50-sismos-con-el-mismo-epicentro-han-sacudido-chile-desde-el-jueves/prontus_nots/2010-03-13/184956.html. 10 October 2012. live.
  20. News: Pichilemu tiene falla geológica que genera oleada de réplicas en esa zona . Pichilemu has geological fault that generates wave of aftershocks in that area . Fernández . O. . 22 May 2010 . . es . 30 October 2010 . Santiago, Chile . https://web.archive.org/web/20120303085454/http://latercera.com/contenido/680_261687_9.shtml . 3 March 2012 . live . dmy .
  21. Lange. D.. Tilmann. F.. Barrientos. S. E.. Contreras-Reyes. E.. Methe. P.. Moreno. M.. Heit. B.. Agurto. H.. Bernard. P.. Vilotte. J.-P.. Beck. S.. Aftershock Seismicity of the 27 February 2010 Mw 8.8 Maule Earthquake Rupture Zone. January 2012. 317-183 . 10.1016/j.epsl.2011.11.034. Earth and Planetary Science Letters . 413–425. 2012E&PSL.317..413L .
  22. News: Sismólogos advierten sobre la activación de fallas después del terremoto . Seismologists warn about activation of faults after the earthquake . Correa . Paula . Radio Universidad de Chile . . es . 30 October 2010 . Santiago, Chile . https://web.archive.org/web/20130404141245/http://radio.uchile.cl/noticias/72407/ . live . 4 April 2013 . dmy .
  23. Web site: Las cinco fallas geológicas más importantes que Chile debe tener en cuenta . Radio Polar . Punta Arenas, Chile . 20 April 2011 . es . 23 April 2011 . The five most important geological faults Chile has to take into account . https://web.archive.org/web/20130826064240/http://radiopolar.com/noticia_45169.html . 26 August 2013 . live . dmy .
  24. News: Billionaire Pinera takes power as quakes jolt Chile . . Javier . López . 11 March 2010 . 5 September 2010 . https://web.archive.org/web/20150924144645/https://www.reuters.com/article/2010/03/11/chile-pinera-idUSN1119348920100311 . 24 September 2015 . live . dmy .
  25. News: Réplicas movieron ceremonia en que asumió Piñera. La Nación. Empresa Periodística La Nación. 11 March 2010. es. Aftershocks shaked ceremony in which Piñera took office. live. 17 March 2010. https://web.archive.org/web/20100317122613/http://www.lanacion.cl/replicas-movieron-ceremonia-en-que-asumio-pinera/noticias/2010-03-11/113518.html.
  26. News: Piñera asume la presidencia de Chile tras fuertes terremotos. Piñera takes office as President of Chile after strong earthquakes. El Mundo. Barreno. Jorge. 11 March 2010. Unidad Editorial Internet, S.L.. 5 April 2014. 8 January 2014. https://web.archive.org/web/20140108081656/http://www.elmundo.es/america/2010/03/11/noticias/1268319255.html.
  27. News: Los sismos de hoy son 'típicos' y se esperan meses de réplicas. Today's quakes are 'typical' and months of aftershocks are awaiting. El Mundo. 11 March 2010. Unidad Editorial Internet, S.L.. 5 April 2014. 8 January 2014. https://web.archive.org/web/20140108082510/http://www.elmundo.es/america/2010/03/11/noticias/1268329345.html.
  28. News: Three strong earthquakes strike Chile in quick succession . . 11 March 2010 . 2 September 2010 . https://web.archive.org/web/20121024231056/http://edition.cnn.com/2010/WORLD/americas/03/11/chile.earthquake/index.html . 24 October 2012 . live . dmy .
  29. News: Presidente descarta toque de queda en VI Región y nombra a nuevo director de Onemi . . President discards curfew in VI Region and names new director of Onemi . 11 March 2010 . 2 September 2010. https://web.archive.org/web/20120321002541/http://www.tercera.com/contenido/680_233129_9.shtml. 21 March 2012. live.
  30. News: Presidente Piñera decreta Estado de Catástrofe en la Región de O´higgins . President Piñera decrees Catastrophe State in O'Higgins Region . El Rancahuaso . 12 March 2010 . es . 2 September 2010. https://web.archive.org/web/20120312161734/http://www.elrancahuaso.cl/admin/render/noticia/22347. 12 March 2012. live.
  31. Web site: Tsunami information bulletin . . 11 March 2010 . 2 September 2010. https://web.archive.org/web/20100819101212/http://www.prh.noaa.gov/ptwc/messages/pacific/2010/pacific.2010.03.11.145212.txt. 19 August 2010 . live.
  32. News: SHOA declaró alerta de tsunami tras fuerte réplica de 6,9 grados Richter. SHOA issues tsunami warning after strong 6.9° Richter aftershock. 11 March 2010. El Mercurio. es. 18 October 2010. Santiago, Chile. https://web.archive.org/web/20121005005245/http://www.emol.com/noticias/nacional/2010/03/11/402896/shoa-declaro-alerta-de-tsunami-tras-fuerte-replica-de-69-grados-richter.html. 5 October 2012. live.
  33. News: Strong Aftershocks Jolt Chile Inauguration. 11 March 2010. CBS News. 18 October 2010. https://web.archive.org/web/20121104054228/http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2010/03/11/world/main6288962.shtml. 4 November 2012. live.
  34. News: En Pichilemu se fueron a la punta del cerro . García . Víctor . 12 March 2010 . . Empresa El Mercurio S.A.P. . 24 . es . 4 June 2012 . . https://www.webcitation.org/6EhpLLDg5?url=http://images.lun.com/lunservercontents/NewsPaperPages/2010/mar/12/LUCST24LU1203_800.swf . 25 February 2013 . live . dmy .
  35. Web site: Pichilemu durmió en cerros por temor a tsunami . Pichilemu slept in hills due to fear to a tsunami . . 12 March 2010 . es . 16 September 2010. https://web.archive.org/web/20120927013826/http://www.lanacion.cl/pichilemu-durmio-en-cerros-por-temor-a-tsunami/noticias/2010-03-12/073734.html. 27 September 2012. live.
  36. News: Tres sismos con características de terremoto han afectado en menos de 20 minutos a la zona central del país. Three tremors with characteristics of earthquake have affected in less than twenty minutes the central area of the country. Saldías. Washington. 11 March 2010. Pichilemu News. es. 18 October 2010. Pichilemu, Chile. https://web.archive.org/web/20110707012314/http://www.pichilemunews.cl/index_Marzo_2010.html. 7 July 2011. dead.
  37. News: El SHOA levantó la alerta de tsunami en la costa continental. SHOA lifts tsunami warning in continental coast. 11 March 2010. Terra Chile. es. 18 October 2010. Santiago, Chile. https://web.archive.org/web/20120322053654/http://www.terra.cl/actualidad/index.cfm?id_cat=302&id_reg=1378045. 22 March 2012. dead.
  38. Web site: Chile levanta la alerta de tsunami decretada tras el sismo de 6.9 grados . Chile lifts tsunami warning decreed after 6.9 grades seism . . 11 March 2010 . es . 1 October 2010. https://web.archive.org/web/20120510084829/http://mexico.cnn.com/mundo/2010/03/11/chile-levanta-la-alerta-de-tsunami-decretada-tras-el-sismo-de-69-grados. 10 May 2012. live.
  39. Web site: Chile Earthquake 11 March: 7.2-Magnitude Quake Hits Chile During Inauguration . . 11 March 2010 . Warren. Michael . 5 September 2010. https://web.archive.org/web/20121113133146/http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2010/03/11/72-magnitude-quake-hits-c_n_494779.html. 13 November 2012. live.
  40. News: There were no reports of more deaths, but violent waves hit the coastal towns of Pichilemu and Bucalemu, Interior Minister Rodrigo Hinzpeter said.. Pinera works late, promises better dawn for Chile. Associated Press. Warren. Michael. 12 March 2010. https://web.archive.org/web/20140610075738/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1A1-D9ED049G0.html. dead. 10 June 2014. 12 May 2013.
  41. News: Pichilemu: entre los cerros y el mar . Pichilemu: between the hills and the sea . . 16 March 2010 . es . Hans. Jorge . 2 September 2010. https://web.archive.org/web/20120318040744/http://tele13.13.cl/noticias/reporteros/14100.htm. 18 March 2012. dead.
  42. Web site: Espinillo: uno de los pueblos olvidados tras el terremoto . Espinillo: one of the forgotten towns after the earthquake . Teletrece. . es . 16 March 2010 . 7 September 2010. https://web.archive.org/web/20120304025937/http://tele13.13.cl/noticias/regiones/14088.htm. 4 March 2012. dead.
  43. News: Viaje al epicentro de una terrible réplica . García . Víctor . 12 March 2010 . . . 23 . es . 4 June 2012 . . https://www.webcitation.org/6EhpH4233?url=http://images.lun.com/lunservercontents/NewsPaperPages/2010/mar/12/LUCST23LU1203_800.swf . 25 February 2013 . live . dmy .
  44. Web site: Chile leader: 'Significant damage' in Rancagua . CNN . 11 March 2010 . 5 September 2010. https://web.archive.org/web/20130115162818/http://news.blogs.cnn.com/2010/03/11/breaking-strong-quake-reported-in-chile/. 15 January 2013. live.
  45. News: Por temor a tsunami, habitantes de Pichilemu pasaron la noche en cerros . Ramos . Ariel . 12 March 2012 . . . es . 4 June 2012 . Vitacura, Chile . https://www.webcitation.org/6EhzhAr7J?url=https://doc-00-60-docs.googleusercontent.com/docs/securesc/ha0ro937gcuc7l7deffksulhg5h7mbp1/m1qrd6quinrvlqq2qu15n2utn6s8qlau/1361836800000/03878218933758081009/%2A/0B0avc7X-1skec1gwQUUyNXBuNW8?e=download . 26 February 2013 . dead . dmy .
  46. News: Onemi: caída de pasarela, 'pequeño oleaje' y cortes de luz tras sismo . Onemi: gateway fall, 'small waves' and power outages after tremor . . es . 11 March 2010 . 2 September 2010. https://web.archive.org/web/20120321002553/http://www.tercera.com/contenido/680_233054_9.shtml. 21 March 2012. live.
  47. News: Un Cristo quedó colgando en basílica . Valenzuela . Óscar . 12 March 2010 . . . es . 5 June 2012 . Santiago, Chile . https://www.webcitation.org/6EhsHU3Aw?url=http://images.lun.com/lunservercontents/NewsPaperPages/2010/mar/12/LUCST33LU1203_800.swf . 25 February 2013 . live . dmy .
  48. News: Réplicas del terremoto: caída de cables eléctricos originan incendio en la costa. Diario VI Región. 9. 13 March 2010. es. PUMANQUE.- Alrededor de 65 hectáreas de eucaliptus, pino y pastizales se quemaron debido a un incendio forestal registrado en las últimas horas en la zona costera de la Región de O'Higgins. (...). San Fernando, Chile. Sociedad Periodística Portales Ltda..
  49. Web site: Hubo 15 sismos en Chile y 5 se sintieron fuerte en Mendoza . There were 15 seisms in Chile and 5 were felt strongly in Mendoza . Diario Uno . es . 11 March 2010 . 2 September 2010 . https://web.archive.org/web/20120318025735/http://www.diariouno.com.ar/contenidos/2010/03/11/noticia_0024.html . 18 March 2012 . dead .
  50. Web site: M6.9–Libertador O'higgins, Chile . . March 2010 . 2 September 2010. https://web.archive.org/web/20120326213834/http://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/dyfi/events/us/2010tsa6/us/index.html. 26 March 2012. live.
  51. News: Hombre fallece en Talca de un paro cardíaco en medio de fuertes réplicas . Man dies in Talca of a heart attack amidst strong aftershocks . . es . 11 March 2010 . 2 September 2010. https://web.archive.org/web/20120226042937/http://www.latercera.com/contenido/680_233172_9.shtml. 26 February 2012. live.
  52. News: Rancahuasos de Vacaciones Hoy: Pichilemu. Rancahuasos in Vacations Today: Pichilemu. Rey. Cynthia. 12 February 2008. El Rancahuaso. es. 18 October 2010. Rancagua, Chile. https://web.archive.org/web/20101016093435/http://www.elrancahuaso.cl/admin/render/noticia/13092. 16 October 2010 . live.
  53. Web site: Significant Earthquake (Chile: Rancagua) . . . 11 March 2010 . 5 April 2014 . live . 5 April 2014 . https://archive.today/20140405174431/http://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/nndc/struts/results?EQ_0=4722&t=101650&s=8&d=22,26,13,12&nd=display .
  54. Web site: Significant Earthquakes of the World. United States Geological Survey. 2010. 6 September 2010. https://web.archive.org/web/20121013072817/http://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eqarchives/significant/sig_2010.php. 13 October 2012. dead.
  55. News: . Fuertes réplicas y alerta de tsunami en la zona centro-sur . Strong aftershocks and tsunami warning in central-southern zone . 11 March 2010 . 29 April 2010 . es. https://web.archive.org/web/20100325050854/http://lanacion.cl/fuertes-replicas-y-alerta-de-tsunami-en-la-zona-centro-sur/noticias/2010-03-11/114113.html. 25 March 2010 . live.
  56. Web site: Informe de sismo sensible . Report of sensible earthquake . . 25 February 2013 . es . 2 May 2010 . https://web.archive.org/web/20130225233019/http://www.sismologia.cl/events/sensibles/2010/05/02-1452-40L.S201005.html . 25 February 2013 . live . dmy .
  57. News: Sismo de 5.9 grados en Chile . 5.9 grades seism in Chile . El Nuevo Día . es . 2 September 2010 . 2 May 2010 . https://web.archive.org/web/20120921032416/http://www.elnuevodia.com/sismode5.9gradosenchile-696989.html . 21 September 2012 . dead .
  58. News: Seis sismos se han percibido este domingo en el sector de Pichilemu . Five seisms have been perceived this Sunday in the Pichilemu area . . 2 May 2010 . es . 2 September 2010. https://web.archive.org/web/20120321002609/http://www.tercera.com/contenido/680_256231_9.shtml. 21 March 2012. live.
  59. Web site: Shakemap us2010vubl . . 2 May 2010. 15 July 2010. https://web.archive.org/web/20121016232800/http://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/shakemap/global/shake/2010vubl/. 16 October 2012. live.
  60. Web site: Sismo de mediana intensidad entre regiones de Valparaíso y Maule . Medium intensity seism between Valparaíso and Maule regions . . 29 September 2010 . 2 October 2010 . es . https://web.archive.org/web/20111002114637/http://www.onemi.cl/html/noticias/noticia_1260.html . 2 October 2011 . dead .
  61. Web site: Informe de sismo sensible . Report of sensible earthquake . University of Chile Seismological Service (Servicio de Sismología de la Universidad de Chile) . 2 September 2010 . 25 February 2013 . es . https://web.archive.org/web/20131210214229/http://www.sismologia.cl/events/sensibles/2010/09/29-1629-53L.S201009.html . 10 December 2013 . live . dmy .
  62. News: Chile: el sismo fue de 5,9 grados . Chile: seism was of 5.9 grades . BBC News . 2 October 2010 . 29 September 2010 . https://web.archive.org/web/20101002094417/http://www.bbc.co.uk/mundo/ultimas_noticias/2010/09/100929_ultnot_chile_servicio_sismologico.shtml. 2 October 2010 . live. es.
  63. News: Terremoto del 27/F ha tenido 8.500 réplicas en Chile . . Empresa Periodistica La Nación S.A. . 23 February 2013 . 25 February 2013 . es . https://archive.today/20130407151931/http://www.lanacion.cl/terremoto-del-27-f-ha-tenido-8-500-replicas-en-chile/noticias/2013-02-23/132652.html . 7 April 2013 . live . dmy .
  64. News: Máximo experto en terremotos en Chile envía mensaje a los pichileminos: "Traten de mantener la calma, lo peor ya pasó". El Expreso de la Costa. Calderón. Félix. 15 March 2010. Pichilemu, Chile. 3. Greatest expert in Chilean earthquakes sends message to people of Pichilemu: "Try to remain calm, the worst already happened". es.
  65. News: Habitantes de Pichilemu y alrededores fueron evacuados de sus casas. Rengo al día. Rengo, Chile. 11 March 2010. es. Residents of Pichilemu and neighboring areas were evacuated from their homes. 6 April 2014. dead. 6 April 2014. https://web.archive.org/web/20140406191205/http://www.rengoaldia.cl/la-comuna/833-habitantes-de-pichilemu-y-alrrededores-fueron-evacuados-de-sus-casas.
  66. News: Entreolas FM 93.1, la SUPER-RADIO que hizo frente al terremoto: dulce compañía, de noche y de día. El Expreso de la Costa. Félix. Calderón. 15 March 2010. es. Pichilemu, Chile. 4. Entreolas FM 93.1, the super radio who stood up and faced the earthquake: sweet company, through the day and night.
  67. News: Réplica de 6,9° marca el día más sísmico post terremoto. El Mercurio. Empresa El Mercurio S.A.P.. 12 March 2010. A1, C1–C27. es. Vitacura, Chile. 6.9 magnitude aftershock marks the most seismic day after the earthquake.
  68. News: Piñera enfrenta primera crisis al asumir como nuevo Presidente. COPESA. La Tercera. 12 March 2010. es. Piñera faces first crisis as he takes office as new President. 1. Santiago, Chile.
  69. News: El movido despegue del Presidente Piñera. Las Últimas Noticias. Empresa El Mercurio S.A.P.. 12 March 2010. 1–18. es. Vitacura, Chile. The shakey takeoff of President Piñera.
  70. News: El "movido" primer día del Presidente. Publimetro. Metro de Santiago. 12 March 2010. 1–32. es. Santiago, Chile. The "shakey" first day of the President.
  71. News: Medidas de emergencia marcan partida de Piñera. La Nación. Empresa Periodística La Nación S.A.. 12 March 2010. Santiago, Chile. es. 1–2. Emergency measures mark start of Piñera.
  72. News: Movido Cambio de Mando. La Estrella de Arica. Empresa Periodística El Norte S.A.. 12 March 2010. 1. es. Arica, Chile. Shaked Power Handover.
  73. News: Alerta de tsunami y evacuación. La Estrella de Iquique. Empresa Periodística El Norte S.A.. 12 March 2010. 1. es. Iquique, Chile. Tsunami warning and evacuation.
  74. News: Irresponsable alarma pública: el maremoto que nunca llegó a colegios y centros comerciales. El Mercurio de Antofagasta. Empresa Periodística El Norte S.A.. 12 March 2010. 1. es. Antofagasta, Chile. Irresponsible public alarm: the tsunami that never got to the schools and shopping centers.
  75. News: Evacúan a 5 mil alumnos: región temió tsunami. La Estrella del Norte. Empresa Periodística El Norte S.A.. 12 March 2010. 1. es. Antofagasta, Chile. Five thousand students evacuated: region feared tsunami.
  76. News: Gran susto vivieron mandatarios extranjeros. El Mercurio de Calama. Empresa Periodística El Norte S.A.. 12 March 2010. 1. es. Calama, Chile. Great fear experienced foreign leaders.
  77. News: Vecinos linchan a ladrones. La Estrella del Loa. Empresa Periodística El Norte S.A.. 12 March 2010. 1. es. Calama, Chile. Neighbors lynch robbers.
  78. News: Histórica asunción: Sebastián Piñera asumió en medio de fuerte sismo. El Diario de Atacama. Empresa Periodística El Norte S.A.. 12 March 2010. 1. es. Copiapó, Chile. Historic takeover: Sebastián Piñera took office in the middle of strong quake.
  79. News: Evacúan costas de Calama por alerta de tsunami. Diario Chañarcillo. 12 March 2010. 1. es. Copiapó, Chile. Shaked Power Handover.
  80. News: Alerta de tsunami. El Día. Familia Puga Vergara. 12 March 2010. 1. es. La Serena, Chile. Tsunami warning.
  81. News: Piñera asume Presidencia de Chile bajo alerta de tsunami. El Mercurio de Valparaíso. Empresa El Mercurio de Valparaíso S.A.. 12 March 2010. 1. es. Valparaíso, Chile. Piñera takes office as President of Chile under tsunami warning.
  82. News: Descontrol y pánico. La Estrella de Valparaíso. Empresa El Mercurio de Valparaíso S.A.. 12 March 2010. 1. es. Valparaíso, Chile. Decontrol and panic.
  83. News: ¡Pánico colectivo!. El Líder. Empresa El Mercurio de Valparaíso S.A.. 12 March 2010. 1. es. San Antonio, Chile. Collective panic!.
  84. News: Declaran Estado de Catástrofe en la Región tras sismo de 6.9. El Tipógrafo. 12 March 2010. 1. es. Rancagua, Chile. Disaster state is declared in the region after 6.9 magnitude earthquake.
  85. News: Fuertes réplicas generaron pánico. La Prensa. Empresa Periodística Curicó Limitada. 12 March 2010. 1. es. Curicó, Chile. Strong aftershocks generated panic.
  86. News: Pánico por alerta de tsunami en ocho regiones. El Sur. Diario El Sur S.A.. 12 March 2010. 1. es. Concepción, Chile. Panic because of tsunami warning in eight regions.
  87. News: "Movido" cambio de mando en la Región. El Austral de Temuco. Sociedad Periodística Araucanía S.A.. 12 March 2010. 1. es. Temuco, Chile. "Shaked" handover in the Region.
  88. News: Gobierno tuvo un inicio muy "movido". El Diario Austral de Los Ríos. Sociedad Periodística Araucanía S.A.. 12 March 2010. 1. es. Valdivia, Chile. Government had a very "shaked" start.
  89. News: Movido cambio de mando. El Austral de Osorno. Sociedad Periodística Araucanía S.A.. 12 March 2010. 1. es. Osorno, Chile. Shaked handover ceremony.
  90. News: Día de miedo. El Llanquihue. Sociedad Periodística Araucanía S.A.. 12 March 2010. 1. es. Temuco, Chile. Day of fear.
  91. News: Gobernaré con los mejores y más capaces. La Prensa Austral. 12 March 2010. 1. es. Punta Arenas, Chile. I will govern with the best and most capable ones.
  92. News: Americas – Chile president vows to rebuild . . 12 March 2010 . 2 September 2010. https://web.archive.org/web/20121010231712/http://www.aljazeera.com/news/americas/2010/03/2010311152233248405.html. 10 October 2012. live.
  93. News: For Chile, More Aftershocks, and an Inauguration. The New York Times. 12 March 2010. New York, NY, United States. A1.
  94. News: Aftershocks Jolt Chile as New President Is Sworn In. Barrionuevo. Alexei. 12 March 2010. A8. The New York Times. New York, NY, United States.
  95. News: Chile tiembla mientras Piñera toma posesión. Chile shakes as Piñera takes oath. es. El Mundo. Unidad Editorial S.A.. Madrid, Spain. 1, 28.
  96. News: Piñera asume el poder en Chile entre fuertes réplicas del seísmo. Piñera takes office in Chile amid strong aftershocks of the earthquake. es. El País. PRISA. Madrid, Spain. 1–3.
  97. News: Chile "vibra" con la jura de Piñera. Chile "vibrates" with Piñera's takeover. es. ABC. Madrid, Spain. 1.
  98. News: Juramento y susto en Chile por los temblores. Oath and fear in Chile because of tremors. es. Clarín. Grupo Clarín. Buenos Aires, Argentina. 1.
  99. News: Tsunami-Alarm! Neue Beben erschüttern Chile. Tsunami alarm! New quake shakes Chile. de. Bild. Axel Springer AG. Berlin, Germany. 1.
  100. News: Tres sismos generaron tensión en la posesión de Piñera en Chile. Three tremors generated fear in Piñera's takeover in Chile. es. El Colombiano. Medellín, Colombia. 1A, 12A.
  101. News: ¡Está temblando!. It's tremoring. es. El Tiempo. Casa Editorial El Tiempo S.A.. Bogotá, Colombia. 1–6.
  102. News: Aftershocks rattle inauguration day. The Dallas Morning News. A. H. Belo Corporation. Dallas, TX, United States. 1A, 20A.
  103. News: Piñera asume entre nuevos temblores. Piñera takes office amid new tremors. es. El Comercio. Empresa Editora El Comercio. Lima, Peru. 1.
  104. News: Ceremonia movidita. Moving ceremony. es. Excélsior. Grupo Imagen. Mexico City, Mexico. 1.

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