March 2009 tornado outbreak sequence explained

March 2009 tornado outbreak sequence
Type:	Tornado outbreak
Active:	March 23 - 29, 2009
Tornadoes:	56 confirmed
Fujitascale:	EF3
Tornado Duration:	~6 days
Total Fatalities:	None (41 injuries)
Damages:	$14.2 million
Enhanced:	yes
Season:	tornado outbreaks of 2009

The March 2009 tornado outbreak sequence was a series of tornado outbreaks which affected large portions of the Central, Southern, and Eastern United States from March 23 to March 29. A total of 56 tornadoes touched down during the event, two of which were rated as EF3.

Meteorological synopsis

An upper trough moved from the Four Corners region into the southern Great Plains and lower Missouri Valley during the day on March 23. During this, a surface low in western portions of Nebraska pushed into eastern South Dakota. A cold front combined with the low moved across the central and southern Great Plains and was the main area where thunderstorm development would occur. Although moisture was limited, strong wind shear created favorable conditions for supercells to develop and rotate. As a result, the supercells had the potential to produce tornadoes.^[1] A moderate risk of severe weather was issued for portions of central and eastern Kansas and northern Oklahoma.^[2] During the day, a fast-moving supercell produced several tornadoes in eastern Nebraska and across the state line into the west central portion of Iowa. Five tornadoes occurred in eastern Nebraska, with eight people injured in Eagle. In Iowa, an EF2 tornado destroyed one home, damaged another home, a barn and seven outbuildings and derailed 54 empty grain rail cars in Harrison County. The supercell then moved into Montgomery County, where it produced two EF0 tornadoes.^[3]

Several days of severe weather began with an EF1 tornado near Meridian, Mississippi on March 25. During the early morning hours of March 26, severe thunderstorms produced six tornadoes in central sections of Mississippi. The most powerful tornado spawned was an EF3 that struck Magee. Sixty homes were either damaged or destroyed with 25 people injured from the tornado. A church was destroyed and a warehouse was severely damaged. An EF2 tornado, three EF1, and an EF0 also occurred as the severe weather moved through the area.^[4] A state of emergency was declared for 12 counties by the Governor of Mississippi Haley Barbour.^[5] The thunderstorms also produced three tornadoes, one rated EF1 and the other two rated EF0, in southeastern Louisiana and coastal regions of Mississippi. The EF1 tornado damaged seven homes, extensively damaged one trailer and injured one person in Tangipahoa Parish.^[6]

Another round of severe weather developed late that evening, producing another intense squall line with embedded tornadoes across the northern Gulf Coast region early on March 27, where several tornadoes were reported.^[7] Later during the afternoon, various tornadoes developed in North Carolina, causing structural damage in eastern North Carolina.^{[8] [9] [10]} The tornadoes formed after a disturbance moved into the area from Alabama.^[11] One of the tornadoes near Parkton was rated as an EF2 and injured one person.^[12]

On March 28, a strong 997 millibar upper-level low pressure area located over Oklahoma was forecast to produce widespread thunderstorms, with a moderate risk of severe weather in most of northern Louisiana, much of Mississippi, and southern Arkansas. A warm front was likely to develop along the leading edge of the system, allowing for atmospheric instability, a necessary component of severe thunderstorms. In areas farther north, relatively cool temperatures were anticipated to limit convective activity but very strong dynamics in the area would allow storms to develop. This would allow a thunderstorm which became separated from the main squall line to become severe and possibly tornadic.^[13] Later in the day, the Storm Prediction Center (SPC) issued a slight risk for a large area which encompassed much of the Southeast United States. Tornadic activity was less imminent due to lower dew points but strong wind shear was able to provide fuel for severe storms.^[14]

More tornadoes occurred on March 28, as they affected Tennessee and Kentucky during the afternoon. A supercell that tracked through three different counties in western areas of Kentucky produced two tornadoes. One of them was an EF3 tornado that destroyed six homes, caused major damage to 10 homes and minor damage to 60 homes and businesses in Corydon.^[15] In Tennessee, an EF1 tornado caused damage to several businesses in Murfreesboro, including the local Boys and Girls Club and a shopping plaza, which was heavily damaged. Another EF1 tornado destroyed a modular home and damaged three other homes in Ashland City.^[16]

Severe thunderstorms caused widespread damage throughout Pennsylvania on March 29.^[17] An EF1 tornado was produced in Lancaster County, damaging 238 structures across a path of 10miles from Lititz to Denver, most of which were 200 homes that were damaged by hail. Thirty barns suffered moderate damage, one barn sustained major damage, six trailer homes were destroyed with two others suffering major damage. Three people were injured by the tornado, which altogether cost an estimated $3 million in damage.^[18]

Confirmed tornadoes

March 23 event

List of reported tornadoes - Monday, March 23, 2009
	Location	County	Coord.	Time (UTC)	Path length	Damage
South Dakota
bgcolor=#	EF1	SW of Springfield	Bon Homme	42.81°N -97.97°W	2115	unknown	A machine shed was heavily damaged.
Nebraska
bgcolor=#	EF1	S of Eagle	Lancaster, Otoe, Cass	40.79°N -96.43°W	2145	9miles	Tornado hit a garage and sent a car rolling, injuring five people.
bgcolor=#	EF1	NE of Eagle	Cass	40.85°N -96.43°W	2150	4miles	A tree fell on a truck, injuring three people.
bgcolor=#	EF1	NE of Alvo	Cass	40.82°N -96.43°W	2200	5miles
bgcolor=#	EF1	SE of Hickman	Lancaster		unknown	2miles
bgcolor=#	EF2	NE of Hickman	Lancaster		unknown	1miles
Iowa
bgcolor=#	EF2	Missouri Valley area	Harrison	41.58°N -95.87°W	2305	9miles	A farm house was heavily damaged and seven outbuildings were destroyed. 54 rail cars were also overturned.
bgcolor=#	EF0	W of Villisca	Montgomery	40.98°N -94.91°W	0100	3miles	A grain bin was overturned and an outbuilding was damaged.
bgcolor=#	EF0	ESE of Lyman	Cass	41.23°N -94.89°W	0110	5miles	Narrow tornado path with damage to silos and outbuildings.
bgcolor=#	EF0	S of Wiota	Cass		0120	1miles	Narrow tornado path with minor damage.
bgcolor=#	EF0	Sciola	Montgomery		unknown	1.25miles	A weak outbuilding was destroyed and some trees were damaged.
Kansas
bgcolor=#	EF1	E of Bern	Nemaha	39.96°N -95.97°W	2333	8.5miles	Numerous buildings and power poles were damaged.
Sources: SPC Storm Reports for 03/23/09, NWS Des Moines, NWS Omaha, NWS Topeka

March 24 event

List of reported tornadoes - Tuesday, March 24, 2009
	Location	County/ Parish	Coord.	Time (UTC)	Path length	Damage
Louisiana
bgcolor=#	EF1	WNW of Jonesboro	Jackson	32.24°N -92.73°W	0410	1miles
Oklahoma
bgcolor=#	EF0	SE of Pawnee	Pawnee		0629	3.5miles	A mobile home was damaged and a storage barn was destroyed. Numerous trees were snapped.
Sources: SPC Storm Reports for 03/24/09, NWS Tulsa

March 25–26 event

This event covers through the morning of March 26, which was due to a continuous bow echo/line.

List of reported tornadoes - Wednesday, March 25, 2009
	Location	County/ Parish	Coord.	Time (UTC)	Path length	Damage
Mississippi
bgcolor=#	EF1	S of Meridian	Lauderdale	32.25°N -88.71°W	1559	5.5miles	Many trees were knocked down, damaging a church. A house also lost its roof.
bgcolor=#	EF0	S of Edwards	Hinds		0444	3miles	A house lost its roof and several other houses sustained minor damage.
Louisiana
bgcolor=#	EF0	E of Pleasant Hill	Natchitoches	31.85°N -93.42°W	0050	unknown	Brief tornado in a wooded area with damage limited to trees.
Sources: SPC Storm Reports for 03/25/09, NWS Jackson

List of reported tornadoes - Thursday, March 26, 2009
	Location	County/ Parish	Coord.	Time (UTC)	Path length	Damage
Mississippi
bgcolor=#	EF1	N of Clinton	Hinds, Madison		0500	12miles	Hundreds of trees were uprooted along its track.
bgcolor=#	EF1	NW of Madison (1st tornado)	Madison		0517	4.5miles	Several houses sustained damage, mostly to their roofs. Many trees were snapped.
bgcolor=#	EF0	NW of Madison (2nd tornado)	Madison		0520	1miles	Minor shingle damage to several houses and minor tree damage.
bgcolor=#	EF3	Magee area	Simpson, Smith		0637	17.5miles	Severe damage to 60 houses, many of which were destroyed. A large well-built church was also destroyed. A warehouse and a radio tower also sustained major damage and extensive tree damage was reported. 25 people were injured.
bgcolor=#	EF1	E of Montrose	Jasper, Newton		0731	17miles	Several houses were damaged, at least four of which were heavily damaged. An old church building was destroyed.
bgcolor=#	EF2	N of Soso	Jones		0743	9miles	Numerous houses were damaged, with a well-built house heavily damaged. Several warehouses were destroyed. Several mobile homes were damaged, one of which was destroyed. One person were injured.
bgcolor=#	EF0	Pascagoula	Jackson	30.37°N -88.55°W	1033	250yd	Brief tornado touched down at Pascagoula High School with minor damage at its fields. Several traffic lights were damaged.
Louisiana
bgcolor=#	EF1	E of Independence	Tangipahoa	30.64°N -90.47°W	0658	0.75miles	Seven houses were damaged and two mobile homes were heavily damaged, one of which was destroyed. One person was injured.
bgcolor=#	EF0	SSE of Slidell	St. Tammany	30.25°N -89.76°W	0843	250yd	Brief tornado in a residential subdivision with minor tree damage but no building damage.
Alabama
bgcolor=#	EF1	WNW of Ashcraft Corner	Lamar, Fayette	33.54°N -87.95°W	0820	3.33miles	Two homes, one business and five outbuildings were damaged.
bgcolor=#	EF0	Alabaster	Shelby	33.21°N -86.86°W	0950	3.75miles	Brief tornado damaged three houses near exit 238 on Interstate 65.
bgcolor=#	EF1	E of Appleton	Escambia	31.22°N -87.11°W	1155	2.09miles	Several houses and outbuildings were damaged and a barn was destroyed.
Sources: SPC Storm Reports for 03/25/09, NWS Jackson, NWS New Orleans/Baton Rouge, NWS Mobile, NWS Birmingham

March 26–27 event

This event covers through the morning of March 27, which was due to a continuous bow echo/line.

List of reported tornadoes - Thursday, March 26, 2009
	Location	County/ Parish	Coord.	Time (UTC)	Path length	Damage
Louisiana
bgcolor=#	EF1	E of Gonzales	Ascension	30.22°N -90.87°W	0412	1.25miles	Tornado embedded in an evening line of activity. One structure was destroyed and 30 others were damaged, 10 of them heavily including a large commercial building.
bgcolor=#	EF1	N of Pearl River	St. Tammany	30.42°N -89.75°W	0630	0.33miles	Brief tornado with heavy roof damage to three houses.
Mississippi
bgcolor=#	EF1	N of Diamondhead	Hancock	30.64°N -89.37°W	0645	7miles	A church sustained significant roof damage and an outbuilding was destroyed.
Sources: SPC Storm Reports for 03/26/09, NWS New Orleans/Baton Rouge

March 27 event

This event covers activity in the afternoon and evening of March 27.

List of reported tornadoes - Friday, March 27, 2009
	Location	County/Parish	Coord.	Time (UTC)	Path length	Damage
North Carolina
bgcolor=#	EF0	SE of Lumberton	Robeson	34.56°N -78.97°W	2032	2.3miles	Narrow tornado track with a shed destroyed and a mobile home damaged.
bgcolor=#	EF2	E of Parkton	Robeson	34.89°N -78.96°W	2102	2miles	Narrow but strong tornado roughly paralleled Interstate 95. An empty house was destroyed and a mobile home was also destroyed, injuring an occupant.
bgcolor=#	EF1	SE of Hope Mills	Cumberland	34.95°N -78.93°W	2113	5miles	Several houses and businesses - including a large research building - sustained damage, mostly to roofs. A tractor-trailer was overturned on Interstate 95.
bgcolor=#	EF1	Greenville	Pitt	35.6°N -77.37°W	2205	0.5miles	Brief tornado with minor damage to about 40 houses.
bgcolor=#	EF1	W of Hookerton	Greene	35.42°N -77.62°W	2205	1.5miles
bgcolor=#	EF0	N of Salemburg	Sampson		unknown	unknown	Confirmed tornado according to NWS Raleigh tornado summary ^[19]
bgcolor=#	EF0	S of Four Oaks	Sampson, Johnston		unknown	unknown	Confirmed tornado according to NWS Raleigh tornado summary
Louisiana
bgcolor=#	EF0	W of Gardner	Rapides	31.27°N -92.78°W	2110	2miles	Damaging limited to trees with two of trees falling on houses while some vehicles were trapped
bgcolor=#	EF0	SSW of Brownsville-Bawcon	Ouachita	32.36°N -92.26°W	0357	unknown	Damage to trees and a fence
Sources: SPC Storm Reports for 03/27/09, NWS Wilmington (NC), NWS Raleigh, NWS Newport/Morehead City, NWS Lake Charles, LA, NWS Raleigh (Event Summary)

March 28 event

List of reported tornadoes - Saturday, March 28, 2009
	Location	County	Coord.	Time (UTC)	Path length	Damage
Mississippi
bgcolor=#	EF1	SE of Raleigh	Smith	31.91°N -89.46°W	0758	1miles	Four houses sustained minor to moderate damage. Two sheds were also destroyed and trees were damaged.
Georgia
bgcolor=#	EF0	NW of Vienna	Dooly	32.13°N -83.84°W	1450	500yd	Brief tornado touchdown
Kentucky
bgcolor=#	EF1	SE of Morganfield	Union	37.68°N -87.91°W	2123	2.5miles	Two camper trailer were overturned and a barn lost its roof. Several trees were damaged.
bgcolor=#	EF3	Corydon area	Union, Henderson	37.79°N -87.71°W	2143	12miles	See section on this tornado
bgcolor=#	EF0	SE of Owensboro	Daviess	37.7°N -88°W	2238	0.1miles	A small rope tornado briefly touched down in an open field.^[20]
South Carolina
bgcolor=#	EF1	SE of Summerton	Clarendon	33.5667°N -97°W	2131	4miles	Tornado touched down in a wooded area, downing numerous trees.^[21]
Tennessee
bgcolor=#	EF1	NE of Ashland City	Cheatham	36.28°N -87.06°W	2235	5miles	A modular home was destroyed with damage to three other homes. Numerous trees were snapped.
bgcolor=#	EF1	Murfreesboro	Rutherford	35.85°N -86.43°W	2350	1.1miles	Several businesses were damaged, including the local Boys and Girls Club and a shopping plaza which were heavily damaged. Numerous houses were also damaged. Damages from the tornado were estimated to be over $4.4 million.^[22]
bgcolor=#	EF1	Huntland	Franklin	35.15°N -86.27°W	0015	1.5miles	Minor damage to a house and a barn. Numerous trees snapped or broken.
bgcolor=#	EF0	SE of Dunlap	Sequatchie	35.35°N -85.36°W	0153	1miles	Damage to trees.
North Carolina
bgcolor=#	EF2	N of Clarkton	Bladen	34.54°N -78.67°W	0108	1.6miles	One home was significantly damaged with a cinder block storage being destroyed and part of the back of the home being lifted from the foundation. Three other homes were damaged. Damage to farm and other storage/cinder block buildings.
bgcolor=#	EF0	NW of White Lake	Bladen	34.73°N -78.52°W	0136	0.25miles	Brief touchdown with damage limited to trees.
Alabama
bgcolor=#	EF1	W of Valley Head	DeKalb	34.56°N -85.65°W	0120	2.6miles	Many trees, mostly tall pines, were uprooted. Some of them fell on a house, heavily damaging it.
bgcolor=#	EF0	NE of Pisgah	Jackson		unknown	1.6miles	Two houses sustained roof damage and a barn was heavily damaged.
Sources: SPC Storm Reports for 03/28/09, NWS Jackson, MS, NWS Nashville, NWS Paducah, NWS Wilmington, NC, NWS Huntsville, NWS Columbia

March 29 event

List of reported tornadoes - Sunday, March 29, 2009
	Location	County	Coord.	Time (UTC)	Path length	Damage
Pennsylvania
bgcolor=#	EF1	Lititz area	Lancaster	40.15°N -94°W	2042	1.25miles	A short lived EF1 tornado touched down in the town of Litiz and tracked 1.25miles before lifting near Ephrata. At least 200 structures were damaged by the tornado and six mobile homes were destroyed. Three people were injured by the tornado and damages amounted to $1 million.^[23]
Sources: SPC Reports 03/29/2009, NWS State College

Corydon, Kentucky

Corydon, Kentucky
Fujitascale:	EF3
Casualties:	2 injuries
Damages:	$540,000
Enhanced:	yes

Surface heating throughout the day destabilized the atmosphere ahead of a cold front in the Tennessee and Ohio Valleys. At 2:20 pm CST, the Storm Prediction Center in Norman, Oklahoma issued a tornado watch for western Kentucky, central Tennessee, and northern Alabama. Not long after, supercell thunderstorms began to develop over southern Illinois,^[24] producing hail up to 1 inch in diameter.^[25] By 4:00 pm CST, a supercell thunderstorm developed in western Kentucky, near the border with Illinois, and a severe thunderstorm warning was issued for the storm. Shortly after, a tornado warning was issued around 4:30 pm CST for Union County, Kentucky as doppler radar images depicted rotation in the thunderstorm. Around 4:43 pm CST, a tornado touched down about 5 miles south-southwest of Waverly, Kentucky and tracked towards the northeast along Kentucky Route 141. Not long after the tornado touched down, it crossed into Henderson County. At 4:48 pm CST, the tornado intensified into an EF3 and passed directly over the town of Corydon. After causing severe damage in Corydon, the tornado continued towards the northeast before dissipating south of the Henderson County Airport around 5:00 pm. The tornado was on the ground for roughly 12 miles over a 17-minute span.^[26]

Although four tornado sirens failed to sound when the tornado warning was issued for Corydon, no fatalities were reported as a result of the tornado.^[26] About 70 structures were damaged^[27] and six were destroyed^[28] by the tornado and two people were injured.^[26] One of the injuries was caused after a man was struck by a television which was thrown by the tornado.^[29] Numerous residents were caught off guard by the tornado, with some people remaining outside after the warning was issued. Concrete and brick structures collapsed, mobile homes were destroyed with debris wrapped around trees, and power lines were downed throughout the area. One truck was picked up by the tornado and thrown about 0.25 miles.^[26] An oil well also leaked into a creek as a result of the tornado.^[27] Most homes in the town of 780 people were left without power.^[30] Damages from the tornado amounted to $540,000.^{[31] [32]}

Aftermath

A state of emergency was declared for Henderson County on March 30, two days after the tornado hit Corydon.^[33] The following day, Red Cross workers arrived in the town and set up their operations center in the Old Corydon School; however, not many people went to the center to receive aid.^[34]

Siren malfunction

Following the impact of the EF3 tornado, emergency management officials discovered that four^[35] of the ten sirens which were supposed to go off when the tornado warning was issued for Henderson County did not function. Emergency management personnel worked to replace the batteries in all ten sirens in the days after the tornado but lacked the supplies to complete this. Since the battery replacement was not completed, two more sirens failed on April 2 when a possible tornado touched down in the same area.^[36] After the April 2 event, the repair of the tornado sirens was completed and they were all working.^[35]

Non-tornadic events

March 23 Iowa squall line

Ahead of the developing low pressure area, a squall line of thunderstorms developed along a low-level jet stream. The line was first noted around 3:35 am CDT in Cass County, Iowa where 61mph winds were recorded at the Atlantic Municipal Airport.^[37] Later that day, a much stronger line of severe thunderstorms developed in Plymouth County. Wind gusts up to 80mph were recorded in the county, two barns and a horse shed were shifted off their foundation and several trees were uprooted.^[38] In Cherokee County, a semi-truck was blown over by high winds.^[39]

See also

• List of North American tornadoes and tornado outbreaks

External links

• Summary of the tornado from the NWS in Paducah, Kentucky

Notes and References

1. Web site: Severe Thunderstorms Expected over Parts of the Central and Southern Plains . Storm Prediction Center . 2009-03-23 . 2009-03-23 .
2. Web site: Storm Prediction Center. Mar 23, 2009 1630 UTC Day 1 Convective Outlook. 2009-03-23. 2009-03-23.
3. Web site: . Tornado Summary March 23, 2009 . 2009-03-25 . https://web.archive.org/web/20111007130514/http://www.crh.noaa.gov/news/display_cmsstory.php?wfo=oax&storyid=23462&source=0 . dead . October 7, 2011 . 2009-03-25 . Accessed through WebCite.
4. Web site: . Severe Weather Brings Tornadoes to the ArkLaMiss . 2009-03-26 . 2009-03-26 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20090401030332/http://www.srh.noaa.gov/jan/events/2009/Mar25_26/index.php . April 1, 2009 .
5. Web site: CNN. Mississippi storms hurt 24, damage 108 homes. 2009-03-26. 2009-03-26.
6. Web site: National Weather Service in New Orleans/Baton Rouge, Louisiana. Severe Weather Affects Southeast Louisiana and Coastal Mississippi. 2009-03-26. https://archive.today/20120805144924/http://www.srh.noaa.gov/lix/03262009tornado.htm. dead. 2012-08-05. 2009-03-27.
7. Web site: Storm Prediction Center. 20090326's Storm Report. 2009-04-01. 2009-04-01.
8. Web site: . National Weather Service Tornado Survey in Cumberland County . 2009-03-28 . 2009-03-29 . unfit . https://archive.today/20240522195140/https://www.webcitation.org/5fdexsMaZ?url=http://asp1.sbs.ohio-state.edu/public/publicinfo/KRAH_200903281543.txt . May 22, 2024 . Accessed through WebCite.
9. Web site: . Preliminary Local Storm Report . 2009-03-28 . 2009-03-29 . unfit . https://archive.today/20240522195140/https://www.webcitation.org/5fdexsMaZ?url=http://asp1.sbs.ohio-state.edu/public/publicinfo/KRAH_200903281543.txt . May 22, 2024. Accessed through WebCite.
10. Web site: National Weather Service in Newport/Morehead City, North Carolina . Preliminary Local Storm Report . 2009-03-27 . 2009-03-29 . unfit . https://archive.today/20240522195218/https://www.webcitation.org/5fdgc0ybV?url=http://asp1.sbs.ohio-state.edu/public/stormreport/KMHX_200903272225.txt . May 22, 2024. Accessed through WebCite.
11. Web site: Bill. Murray. WBMA-LP. 2009-03-27. 2009-04-01. North Carolina Tornado.
12. Web site: National Weather Service in Wilmington, North Carolina. Public Information Statement. 2009-03-27. 2009-03-29.
13. Web site: Racy. Storm Prediction Center. March 28, 2009. April 2, 2009. Mar 28, 2009 0100 UTC Day 1 Convective Outlook.
14. Web site: Racy and Hulbert. Storm Prediction Center. March 28, 2009. April 2, 2009. Mar 28, 2009 0600 UTC Day 1 Convective Outlook.
15. Web site: . EF-3 tornado in Union and Henderson Counties of KY: Survey info, maps, photos . 2009-03-29 . https://web.archive.org/web/20090830083917/http://www.crh.noaa.gov/news/display_cmsstory.php?wfo=pah&storyid=23586&source=0 . dead . 2009-08-30 . 2009-04-01 . Accessed through WebCite.
16. Web site: . Results from Storm Damage Survey . 2009-03-30 . 2009-04-01 . unfit . https://archive.today/20240522195259/https://www.webcitation.org/5ffklIK15?url=http://asp1.sbs.ohio-state.edu/public/publicinfo/KOHX_200903301918.txt . May 22, 2024. Accessed through WebCite.
17. News: Peter . Mucha . . 2009-03-29 . 2009-04-02 . Possible tornadoes, huge hail, high winds wreak havoc . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20090402123439/http://www.philly.com/philly/news/breaking/20090330_Possible_tornadoes__huge_hail__high_winds_wreak_havoc.html . April 2, 2009 .
18. Web site: Murse . Tom . C. Stauffer . Tornado ranks among county's worst . . 2009-03-31 . https://archive.today/20130127145310/http://articles.lancasteronline.com/local/4/235738 . dead . 2013-01-27 . 2009-04-02 .
19. Web site: March 27, 2009 Tornado Event.
20. Web site: Stuart Hinson. National Climatic Data Center. 2009. June 16, 2009. Kentucky Event Report: EF0 Tornado.
21. Web site: Stuart Hinson. National Climatic Data Center. 2009. June 16, 2009. South Carolina Event Report: EF1 Tornado.
22. Web site: National Weather Service confirms tornado touch down . https://web.archive.org/web/20110717101148/http://www.murfreesboropost.com/news.php?viewStory=16197 . 17 July 2011 . 30 March 2009.
23. Web site: Stuart Hinson. National Climatic Data Center. 2009. June 16, 2009. Pennsylvania Event Report: EF1 Tornado.
24. Web site: National Weather Service in Norman, Oklahoma. Storm Prediction Center. March 28, 2009. April 2, 2009. Tornado Watch 91.
25. Web site: Storm Prediction Center. April 2, 2009. April 2, 2009. Storm Reports for March 28, 2009.
26. Web site: National Weather Service in Paducah, Kentucky . National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration . March 29, 2009 . April 3, 2009 . EF-3 tornado in Union and Henderson Counties of KY: Survey info, maps, photos . https://web.archive.org/web/20090830083917/http://www.crh.noaa.gov/news/display_cmsstory.php?wfo=pah&storyid=23586&source=0 . dead . August 30, 2009 .
27. Web site: Associated Press. Courier Journal. March 30, 2009. April 3, 2009. Twisters struck Kentucky. https://archive.today/20130408071935/http://www.courier-journal.com/article/20090330/NEWS01/903300374/1008/NEWS01. dead. April 8, 2013.
28. Web site: Jeannine Gallenstein. Kentucky Post. March 30, 2009. April 3, 2009. NWS: Tornadoes Touched Down.
29. Web site: Gavin Lesnick. Courier Press. March 29, 2009. April 3, 2009. Ky. siren failures signal worrying problem.
30. Web site: Beth Smith. Courier Press. March 28, 2009. April 3, 2009. Picking up the pieces.
31. Web site: Stuart Hinson. National Climatic Data Center. 2009. July 4, 2009. Kentucky Event Report: EF3 Tornado.
32. Web site: Stuart Hinson. National Climatic Data Center. 2009. July 4, 2009. Kentucky Event Report: EF3 Tornado.
33. Web site: Associated Press . Lexington-Herald Leader . March 30, 2009 . April 3, 2009 . Tornado or not, it slammed Corydon .
34. Web site: Nicole DiDonato. WFIE. March 31, 2009. April 3, 2009. Red Cross helping in Corydon. https://archive.today/20120717072721/http://www.14wfie.com/Global/story.asp?S=10096127&nav=3w6o. dead. July 17, 2012.
35. Web site: Sarah Fortune. Tristate. April 3, 2009. April 3, 2009. Tornado Sirens Fixed.
36. Web site: The Gleaner . WZTV Fox 17 . April 3, 2009 . April 3, 2009 . 2 sirens fail when tornado warning issued . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20110718124626/http://www.wztv.com/template/inews_wire/wires.regional.ky/33b55ebb-www.fox17.com.shtml . July 18, 2011 .
37. Web site: Stuart Hinson. National Climatic Data Center. 2009. July 4, 2009. Iowa Event Report: Thunderstorm Winds. https://web.archive.org/web/20100601155444/http://www4.ncdc.noaa.gov/cgi-win/wwcgi.dll?wwevent~ShowEvent~750747. June 1, 2010. dead.
38. Web site: Stuart Hinson. National Climatic Data Center. 2009. July 4, 2009. Iowa Event Report: Thunderstorm Winds.
39. Web site: Stuart Hinson. National Climatic Data Center. 2009. July 4, 2009. Iowa Event Report: Thunderstorm Winds.