March 13 Explained

Events

Pre-1600

• 222  - Roman emperor Elagabalus is murdered alongside his mother, Julia Soaemias. He is replaced by his 14-year old cousin, Severus Alexander.^[1]
• 624  - The Battle of Badr, the first major battle between the Muslims and Quraysh.^[2]
• 1323  - Siege of Warangal: Sultan Ghiyath al-Din Tughluq sends an expeditionary army led by his son, Muhammad bin Tughluq, to the Kakatiya capital Warangal – after ruler Prataparudra has refused to make tribute payments. He besieges the city and finally, after a campaign of 8 months, Prataparudra surrenders on November 9.^[3]
• 1567  - The Battle of Oosterweel, traditionally regarded as the start of the Eighty Years' War.^[4]
• 1591  - At the Battle of Tondibi in Mali, Moroccan forces of the Saadi dynasty, led by Judar Pasha, defeat the Songhai Empire, despite being outnumbered by at least five to one.^[5]

1601–1900

• 1639  - Harvard College is named after clergyman John Harvard.^[6]
• 1697  - Nojpetén, capital of the last independent Maya kingdom, falls to Spanish conquistadors, the final step in the Spanish conquest of Guatemala.^[7]
• 1741  - The Battle of Cartagena de Indias (part of the War of Jenkins' Ear) begins.^[8]
• 1781  - William Herschel discovers Uranus.^[9]
• 1809  - Gustav IV Adolf of Sweden is deposed in the Coup of 1809.^[10]
• 1811  - A French and Italian fleet is defeated by a British squadron off the island of Vis in the Adriatic during the Napoleonic Wars.^[11]
• 1815  - Participants at the Congress of Vienna declare Napoleon an outlaw following his escape from Elba^[12]
• 1826  - Pope Leo XII publishes the apostolic constitution Quo Graviora in which he renewed the prohibition on Catholics joining freemasonry.^[13]
• 1845  - Felix Mendelssohn's Violin Concerto receives its première performance in Leipzig with Ferdinand David as soloist.^[14]
• 1848  - The German revolutions of 1848–1849 begin in Vienna.^[15]
• 1862  - The Act Prohibiting the Return of Slaves is passed by the United States Congress, effectively annulling the Fugitive Slave Act of 1850 and setting the stage for the Emancipation Proclamation.^[16]
• 1884  - The Siege of Khartoum begins. It lasts until January 26, 1885.^[17]
• 1888  - The eruption of Ritter Island triggers tsunamis that kill up to 3,000 people on nearby islands.^[18]
• 1900  - British forces occupy Bloemfontein, Orange Free State, during the Second Boer War.^[19]

1901–present

• 1920  - The Kapp Putsch briefly ousts the Weimar Republic government from Berlin.^[20]
• 1930  - The news of the discovery of Pluto is announced by Lowell Observatory.^[21]
• 1940  - The Winter War between Finland and the Soviet Union officially ends after the signing of the Moscow Peace Treaty.^[22]
• 1943  - The Holocaust: German forces liquidate the Jewish ghetto in Kraków.^[23]
• 1954  - The Battle of Điện Biên Phủ begins with an artillery barrage by Viet Minh forces under Võ Nguyên Giáp; Viet Minh victory led to the end of the First Indochina War and French withdrawal from Vietnam.^[24]
• 1957  - Cuban student revolutionaries storm the presidential palace in Havana in a failed attempt on the life of President Fulgencio Batista.^[25]
• 1969  - Apollo 9 returns safely to Earth after testing the Lunar Module.^[26]
• 1974  - Sierra Pacific Airlines Flight 802 crashes into the White Mountains near Bishop, California, killing 36.^[27]
• 1979  - The New Jewel Movement, headed by Maurice Bishop, ousts the Prime Minister of Grenada, Eric Gairy, in a coup d'état.^[28]
• 1988  - The Seikan Tunnel, the longest tunnel in the world with an undersea segment, opens between Aomori and Hakodate, Japan.^[29]
• 1992  - The 6.6 Erzincan earthquake strikes eastern Turkey with a maximum Mercalli intensity of VIII (Severe).^[30]
• 1993  - The 1993 Storm of the Century affects the eastern United States, dropping feet of snow in many areas.^[31]
• 1996  - The Dunblane massacre leads to the death of sixteen primary school children and one teacher in Dunblane, Scotland.^[32]
• 1997  - The Missionaries of Charity choose Sister Nirmala to succeed Mother Teresa as their leader.^[33]
• 2003  - An article in Nature identifies the Ciampate del Diavolo as 350,000-year-old hominid footprints.^[34]
• 2012  - The Sierre coach crash kills 28 people, including 22 children.^[35]
• 2013  - The 2013 papal conclave elects Cardinal Jorge Mario Bergoglio taking the name Pope Francis as the 266th Pope of the Catholic Church.^[36]
• 2016  - The Ankara bombing kills at least 37 people.^[37]

Notes and References

1. Book: Burgess, Richard W. . Roman imperial chronology and early-fourth-century historiography . 2014 . Steiner . 978-3-515-10732-7 . Historia Einzelschriften . Stuttgart . 65–66, 121 . 16 June 2024 . 14 June 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240614223454/https://www.steiner-verlag.de/en/Roman-Imperial-Chronology-and-Early-Fourth-Century-Historiography/9783515107327 . live .
2. W. Montgomery Watt (1956), Muhammad at Medina Oxford: Clarendon Press, p. 12. Watt notes that the date for the battle is also recorded as the 19th or the 21st of Ramadan (15 or 17 March 624).
3. Richard M. Eaton (2005). A Social History of the Deccan, 1300–1761, p. 21. Cambridge University Press. .
4. Book: Parker . Geoffrey . Imprudent King: A New Life of Philip II . 2014 . Yale University Press . 978-0-300-21044-6 . 151 . 16 February 2020 . en.
5. Kaba . Lansiné . Archers, Musketeers, and Mosquitoes: The Moroccan Invasion of the Sudan and the Songhay Resistance (1591-1612) . The Journal of African History . 1981 . 22 . 4 . 457–475 . 10.1017/S0021853700019861 . 181298 . 11632225 . 41500711 . 0021-8537.
6. Book: Morison . Samuel Eliot . The Founding of Harvard College . 1995 . Harvard University Press . 978-0-674-31451-1 . 221 . 16 February 2020 . en.
7. Book: Jones . Grant D. . The Conquest of the Last Maya Kingdom . 1998 . Stanford University Press . 978-0-8047-3522-3 . xix . 16 February 2020 . en.
8. Web site: The Battle of Cartagena de Indias, Jenkins Ear War. www.grandesbatallas.es. 2020-04-10.
9. Book: Kamp . P. . Dark Companions of Stars: Astrometric Commentary on the Lower End of the Main Sequence . 1986 . Springer Science & Business Media . 978-90-277-2270-6 . 281 . 16 February 2020 . en.
10. Book: Scott . Franklin Daniel . Sweden, the Nation's History . 1988 . SIU Press . 978-0-8093-1489-8 . 295 . 16 February 2020 . en.
11. Book: Woodman, Richard . Richard Woodman . 2001 . The Sea Warriors . Constable Publishers . 255–56. 1-84119-183-3.
12. Price, Munro. Napoleon: The End of Glory. Oxford University Press, 2014.
13. Web site: Quo Graviora. March 13, 1826.
14. Book: Rudolf . Max . Rudolf . William . A Musical Life: Writings and Letters . 2001 . Pendragon Press . 978-1-57647-038-1 . 186 . 16 February 2020 . en.
15. Book: Dill . Marshall . Germany: A Modern History . 1970 . University of Michigan Press . 978-0-472-07101-2 . 105 . registration . march 13. . 16 February 2020 . en.
16. Web site: Additional Article of War, March 13, 1862 . www.freedmen.umd.edu . 16 February 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190825234718/http://www.freedmen.umd.edu/artwar.htm . 25 August 2019 . live .
17. Book: Sandler . Stanley . Ground Warfare: An International Encyclopedia . 2002 . ABC-CLIO . 978-1-57607-344-5 . 459 . 16 February 2020 . en.
18. 251070 . Ritter Island . 2023-03-14.
19. Book: Martin . Arthur Clive . The Concentration Camps, 1900-1902: Facts Figures, and Fables . 1956 . H. Timmins . 1 . 16 February 2020 . en.
20. Book: Richards . Michael D. . Waibel . Paul R. . Twentieth-Century Europe: A Brief History, 1900 to the Present . 2014 . John Wiley & Sons . 978-1-118-65138-4 . 125 . 16 February 2020 . en.
21. Hoyt . William Graves . W. H. Pickering's Planetary Predictions and the Discovery of Pluto . Isis . December 1976 . 67 . 4 . 551–564 . 10.1086/351668 . 794024 . 26512655 .
22. Web site: 70th Anniversary of the End of the Winter War. Yle News. 13 March 2010. 13 March 2022.
23. Book: Rubin . Arnon . Facts and Fictions about the Rescue of the Polish Jewry During the Holocaust: Jewish welfare services in the occupied Poland . 2003 . Tel Aviv University Press . 978-965-555-144-0 . 8 . 22 February 2020 . en.
24. Book: Davidson . Phillip B. . Vietnam at War: The History, 1946-1975 . 1991 . Oxford University Press . 978-0-19-506792-7 . 234 . 22 February 2020 . en.
25. Book: Bonachea . Ramon L. . Cuban Insurrection 1952-1959 . 2018 . Routledge . 978-1-351-52470-4 . 22 February 2020 . en.
26. Web site: Mansfield . Cheryl L. . Apollo 9 . NASA . 22 February 2020 . en . 9 January 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20191217201729/https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/apollo/missions/apollo9.html . 17 December 2019 . live .
27. Web site: 1975-01-10 . Aircraft Accident Report - Sierra Pacific Airlines, Inc., Convair 340/440, N4819C, Near Bishop, California, March 13, 1974 . 11 October 2023 . . NTSB-AAR-75-01.
28. Web site: Biography: Sir Eric Matthew Gairy MGov . www.mgovernance.net . 22 February 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200204152714/https://www.mgovernance.net/biography-sir-eric-matthew-gairy . 4 February 2020 . live .
29. Book: Langmead. Donald. Garnaut. Christine. Encyclopedia of Architectural and Engineering Feats. registration. 11 March 2018. 2001. ABC-CLIO. 9781576071120. 301.
30. Web site: Search the Event Bibliography . International Seismological Centre Online Event Bibliography . ISC . 22 February 2020.
31. Web site: Superstorm of 1993 "Storm of the Century" . National Weather Service . NWS . October 9, 2020.
32. News: Mass shootings and gun control . 22 February 2020 . BBC News . 2 June 2010 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190822041954/https://www.bbc.com/news/10216955 . 22 August 2019 . live .
33. News: 13 March 1997 . Indian-born nun to succeed Mother Teresa . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20170403233833/http://edition.cnn.com/WORLD/9703/13/india.teresa/ . 3 April 2017 . 22 February 2020 . CNN.
34. Mietto. Paolo. Avanzini. Marco. Rolandi. Giuseppe. Palaeontology: Human footprints in Pleistocene volcanic ash. Nature. 422. 6928. 2003. 133. 0028-0836. 10.1038/422133a. 2003Natur.422..133M. 12634773. 2396763. free.
35. News: Hope . Alan . 1 July 2014 . Sierre bus crash investigation closed without charges . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20191229075742/http://www.flanderstoday.eu/current-affairs/sierre-bus-crash-investigation-closed-without-charges . 29 December 2019 . 22 February 2020 . Flanders Today.
36. News: Argentinian Jorge Mario Bergoglio elected Pope . 22 February 2020 . 13 March 2013 . en . https://web.archive.org/web/20190615195029/https://www.rte.ie/news/2013/0313/376399-cardinals-to-resume-conclave-in-vatican/ . 15 June 2019 . live .
37. News: Akkoc . Raziye . js . video source Storyful 2:51PM GMT 14 Mar 2016 Follow !function.