Araucanian languages explained
Araucanian |
Familycolor: | American |
Glotto: | arau1255 |
Glottorefname: | Araucanian |
The Araucanian languages are a small language family of indigenous languages of the Americas spoken in central Chile and neighboring areas of Argentina. The living representatives of this family are Mapudungun (ISO 639-3: arn) and Huilliche (ISO 639-3: huh), spoken respectively by the Mapuche and Huilliche people. These are usually considered divergent dialects of a single language isolate.
Demographics
It is estimated that there are approximately 200,000 Mapudungu speakers in Chile and 40,000 speakers in Argentina. Huilliche is the native language of a few thousand Chileans.
Language contact
Jolkesky (2016) notes that there are lexical similarities with the Kunza, Mochika, Uru-Chipaya, Arawak, Pano, Cholon-Hibito, and Kechua language families due to contact.
Internal classification
Mason (1950)
Internal classification of Araucanian languages by Mason (1950):[1]
- Araucanian
- North
- South
- Wiliche (Huilliche)
- Veliche (Chilote)
- Chikiyami (Cuncho)
- Leuvuche
- East
- Taluhet (Taluche)
- Divihet (Diviche)
Jolkesky (2016)
Internal classification by Jolkesky (2016):[2]
(= extinct)
- Mapudungun
- Mapudungun, Nuclear
- Mapudungun, Southern: Williche
- Mapudungun, Northern
Vocabulary
Loukotka (1968) lists the following basic vocabulary items for Mapuche (Araucanian) language varieties.[3]
gloss | Mapuche | Picunche | Pehuenche | Huiliche | Chilote | Ranquelche |
---|
one | kiñe | kiñe | kiñe | kiñe | kenge | kiñe |
---|
two | epu | epue | epu | epu | epo | epú |
---|
three | küla | kela | kela | kila | köla | kʔla |
---|
head | longko | | lonko | rlonko | | lonkó |
---|
hand | kũ | kúü | kuü | ghechu | | keñeu |
---|
water | ko | ko | ko | ko | ku | go |
---|
sun | antu | antü | ante | ante | ánte | ant'ü |
---|
moon | kuyen | küyén | küyen | kiyen | kién | kiyet |
---|
maize | voe | wa | wa | waká | | wa |
---|
bird | gunún | üñem | küñüm | giñum | | trarú |
---|
dog | thehua | thewa | thewa | trehua | | cheuá |
---|
jaguar | nahuel | nahuel | nawel | nahuel | | naue | |
---|
Further reading
- Augusta, F. J. (1966). Diccionario araucano-español y español-araucano: tomo primero: araucano - español. Padre Las Casas: Impr. y Editorial "San Francisco".
- Cañas Pinochet, A. (1911). Estudios de la lengua veliche. In: C. E. Porter (ed.), Trabajos de la III Sección “Ciencias Naturales, Antropo-lógicas y Etnológicas” (Tomo I), 143-330. Santiago de Chile: Imprenta Barcelona.
- Erize, E. (1960). Diccionario comentado Mapuche-Español, Araucano, Pehuenche, Pampa, Picunche, Rancülche, Huilliches. Bahía Blanca: Cuadernos del Sur.
- Flury, L. (1944). Guiliches: tradiciones, leyendas, apuntes gramaticales y vocabulario de la zona pampa-araucana. (Publicaciones del Instituto de Arqueología, Lingüistica y Folklore Dr. Pablo Cabrera, 8). Córdoba: Universidad de Córdoba
- Hernández Sallés, A.; Luna, C. C. (1997). Diccionario ilustrado Mapudungun- Español-Inglés. Santiago de Chile: Pehuén.
References
- Book: Campbell. Lyle. American Indian languages: The historical linguistics of Native America. 1997. Oxford University Press. 0195094271.
External links
Notes and References
- Book: Mason, John Alden . John Alden Mason . 1950 . The languages of South America . Julian . Steward . Handbook of South American Indians . 6 . 157–317 . Smithsonian Institution, Bureau of American Ethnology Bulletin 143 . Washington, D.C., Government Printing Office.
- Jolkesky, Marcelo Pinho De Valhery. 2016. Estudo arqueo-ecolinguístico das terras tropicais sul-americanas . Ph.D. dissertation, University of Brasília.
- Book: Loukotka, Čestmír . Čestmír Loukotka . Classification of South American Indian languages . registration . UCLA Latin American Center . 1968 . Los Angeles.