Manyjilyjarra dialect explained
Manyjilyjarra (Manjiljarra, Mandjildjara) is generally considered a dialect of the Western Desert language.
It is often classified as a distinct language among the Wati languages of the large Pama–Nyungan family of Australia.[2]
It is one of the components of the Martu Wangka koine.[3]
Sign language
See main article: Australian Aboriginal sign languages. Most of the peoples of central Australia have (or at one point had) signed forms of their languages. Among the Western Desert peoples, sign language has been reported specifically for Manjiljarra, though it is not clear from records how well developed it was.[4]
Phonology
OBJ:objectSIM:similarTAG:question tag
Vowels
| Front | Back |
|---|
| High | pronounced as /link/ pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /link/ pronounced as /link/ |
|---|
| Low | pronounced as /link/ pronounced as /link/ | |
|---|
- pronounced as /link/ has allophones pronounced as /link/ or pronounced as /link/ in free variation. Mainly as pronounced as /link/ in stressed syllables, and as pronounced as /link/ in word-final position.
- pronounced as /link/ has the allophones pronounced as /link/ or pronounced as /link/ in free variation. When following or preceding velar consonants, it may be realized as pronounced as /link/.
- pronounced as /link/ is typically pronounced as pronounced as /link/ or pronounced as /link/ in free variation. When in unstressed syllables, it can be pronounced as pronounced as /link/. When following the glide pronounced as /link/ or a labial or velar consonant, it can be realized as pronounced as /link/. When following palatal consonants, it can be realized as pronounced as /link/ or pronounced as /link/. When preceding glides /pronounced as /ink/, pronounced as /ink//, it may be heard with vowel off-glides as pronounced as /[aᵘ, aⁱ]/.
- The phoneme sequence pronounced as //aji// may be realized as a mid-close front long sound pronounced as /link/.
Consonants
- Stops /pronounced as /ink/, pronounced as /ink/, pronounced as /ink/, pronounced as /ink/, pronounced as /ink// have voiced allophones [{{IPAlink|b}}, {{IPAlink|d}}, {{IPAlink|ɖ}}, {{IPAlink|ɟ}}, {{IPAlink|ɡ}}] when following nasal sounds, or may be heard as voiced in free variation when following approximant sounds. Voiced stop allophones [{{IPAlink|b}}, {{IPAlink|ɟ}}, {{IPAlink|ɡ}}] may alternate with voiced fricative allophones [{{IPAlink|β}}, {{IPAlink|ʝ}}, {{IPAlink|ɣ}}] in intervocalic positions.
- Palatal sounds /pronounced as /ink/, pronounced as /ink// may alternate with laminal-alveolar sounds [{{IPAlink|t̻}}, {{IPAlink|n̻}}] when before /pronounced as /ink/, pronounced as /ink// in word-initial position.
- When preceding a word-final pronounced as /link/, most consonant sounds occur as rounded pronounced as /[Cʷ]/.
- pronounced as /link/ is typically heard as a trill [{{IPAlink|r}}], and is mostly heard as a flap pronounced as /link/ in word-medial or intervocalic positions. In word-final positions, it is commonly heard as a voiceless trill pronounced as /link/.[5]
Notes and References
- Web site: SBS Census Explorer: How diverse is your community? . SBS News . 10 July 2024 . en.
- Claire Bowern and Quentin Atkinson. 2012. Computational phylogenetics and the internal structure of Pama-Nyungan. Language 88. 817-845. Johns Hopkins University Press.
- Book: Burgman . Albert . Marsh . James . Hansen . Ken . Booth . Joshua . Martu Wangka Dictionary and Topical Finderlist 2005 Draft . 2005 . WANGKA MAYA Pilbara Aboriginal Language Centre . South Hedland, Western Australia . 1875946152.
- Kendon, A. (1988) Sign Languages of Aboriginal Australia: Cultural, Semiotic and Communicative Perspectives. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
- Book: Marsh, James L. . Mantjiltjara phonology . 1969 . Oceanic Linguistics 8(2) . 131-152.
