Surnames originating on the Isle of Man reflect the recorded history of the island, which can be divided into three different eras — Gaelic, Norse, and English. In consequence most Manx surnames are derived from the Gaelic or Norse languages.
See main article: History of the Isle of Man.
During the first period of recorded history the island was occupied by Celtic speaking peoples and later Christianised by Irish missionaries.
By the 9th century Vikings, generally from Norway, ruled the island: Old Norse speaking settlers intermarried with the Gaelic speaking native population, and Norse personal names found their way into common Manx usage.
By the 13th century the island became a Scottish possession, but passed back and forth between Scotland and England for a hundred years before finally coming under British rule, resulting in open immigration from the occupying country.[1]
Under the English many surnames introduced to the island were translated into Manx, while many indigenous Manx surnames became Anglicised. Immigration from Ireland brought Hiberno-Norman surnames to the island as well.[2]
Very few Manx surnames are recorded prior to the arrival of the Stanleys in 1405. The majority of early surnames are recorded in the Manorial Rolls dating from 1510 to 1513. More recent sources of surnames are Parish records from the beginning of the 17th century.[3]
Arthur William Moore analysed the origin of Manx surnames in use at the beginning of the 19th century: of 170 surnames, about 100 (65 percent) are of Celtic origin while about 30 (17.5 percent) were of Norse-Gaelic origin.[4]
Patronymic names were formed by the use of the Gaelic prefix Irish, Middle (900-1200);: Mac to the father's name. The "Irish" Irish: [[Ó|O (Ó)]] never took root among Manx names.
In the early 16th century, the Irish, Middle (900-1200);: Mac prefix was almost universally used on the island but by the 17th century, it had almost completely disappeared. The pronunciation of the prefix Irish, Middle (900-1200);: Mac was unstressed, so that the final consonant became first consonant in the second element of the name (the father's personal name). When the Mac prefix fell out of use, the final consonant became the first sound of the surname. Because of this, many Manx names characteristically begin with the letters C, K, or Q, for example Cubbon, Kelly and Quayle.
Patronymic forms of personal names beginning with element Irish, Middle (900-1200);: Giolla "servant of" (for instance, MacGillchrist) underwent a transformation of their own; the prefix Irish, Middle (900-1200);: Mac and the element Irish, Middle (900-1200);: Giolla were contracted into Myley. For example, MacGillchrist became Mylechreest or Mylchreest.[2]
Prior to the mid-17th century there were many instances of female surnames using the prefix Manx: Ine, a Gaelic contraction meaning "daughter," cognate to the Irish prefixes Irish: Ní and Irish: Nic and Scottish Gaelic Gaelic; Scottish Gaelic: Nic, derived from Manx: iníon "daughter". From the mid-17th century onwards the prefix generally fell out of use. According to J. J. Kneen, there are several instances of feminine surnames using Manx: IIne as late as the early 19th century,[5]
During the 18th century, formal documents in English (for example parish registers and probate records) made use of the Latin "Alias" to incorporate the maiden name of a married woman or widow, for example "Mr. Robert Kelly of the Rock in the parish of Marown and his wife Isabel Kelly als Clucas".[6]
The following table shows the top ten surnames found in the 1986 telephone directory on the Isle of Man. The ten names are compared to the 1881 their census ranking.[7]
| 1986 | Surname | 1881 | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Kelly | 1 | |
| 2 | Corlett | 4 | |
| 3 | Quayle | 2 | |
| 4 | Moore | 7 | |
| 5 | Cain (Caine was 47) | 3 | |
| 6 | Christian | 5 | |
| 7 | Kneale | 18 | |
| 7 | Teare | 14 | |
| 9 | Clague | 6 | |
| 10 | Shimmin | 16 | |
| 11 | Stevenson | 18 |
The following table ranks Manx surnames by occurrences in the 1881 census.[8] See footnote for the legend to the table.
| Surname | Total | Frequency | Index | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Kelly | 2118 | 3.9041 | 35.6479 | |
| Quayle | 1349 | 2.4866 | 375.7242 | |
| Corlett | 1139 | 2.0995 | 368.3342 | |
| Moore | 944 | 1.7401 | 8.7017 | |
| Clague | 882 | 1.6258 | 456.7345 | |
| Christian | 873 | 1.6092 | 162.2616 | |
| Cain | 790 | 1.4562 | 70.1231 | |
| Quirk | 637 | 1.1742 | 246.7653 | |
| Watterson | 632 | 1.1650 | 359.6836 | |
| Cannell | 612 | 1.1281 | 260.8807 |
This table lists the surnames of the 1881 census which have the highest percentage of appearing on the Isle of Man. The important column in this table is the Index column. This table shows the most "Manx" surnames in Great Britain. See the previous footnote for the legend to the table.[8]
| Surname | Total | Frequency | Index | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Carine | 78 | 0.1438 | 538.3023 | |
| Kewish | 89 | 0.1641 | 528.5036 | |
| Comish | 108 | 0.1991 | 497.0087 | |
| Clague | 882 | 1.6258 | 456.7345 | |
| Costain | 304 | 0.5604 | 448.7085 | |
| Corkill | 611 | 1.1262 | 444.9785 | |
| Kennaugh | 243 | 0.4479 | 442.7036 | |
| Faragher | 295 | 0.5438 | 424.0943 | |
| Kissack | 323 | 0.5954 | 423.5510 | |
| Shimmin | 609 | 1.1226 | 421.2784 |