The Kingdom of Mangalai, also called Mangalai Suyah, was a 13th-century kingdom with its capital in East Turkistan's Aksu city. Mentioned by Marco Polo, it was subservient to Genghis Khan from 1224 to his death in 1227. On the edge of the Yuan dynasty, Mangalai was controlled by the Chagatai Khanate. Its latter history sees periods of autonomy or inclusion of one of many larger kingdoms including: Mogulistan, Kashgar, and Kingdom of Kashgaria. In 1877 the area came under the control of the Qing dynasty and remains part of the Chinese autonomous region of Xinjiang.
The territory of Mangalai was described as bound on the east by Bügür and Kucha; to the west by the Kingdom of Fergana; to the north by Issigh-Kul; and to the south by the Yugurs.[1]
Mangalai Suyah was given to Urtubu by Chagatai Khan, the grandfather of Amir Bulaji.
| Date | Ruler's name | |
|---|---|---|
| 1240c.-1260 | Urtu Baraq | |
| 1260–1340 | unknown | |
| 1340–1362 | Puladchi |
| Date | Ruler's name | Notes | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1362 – c. 1390 | Hudaidad | ||
| c. 1390 – c. 1420 | Seyyed Ahmad Mirza | ||
| c. 1420 – 1457 | Seyyed 'Ali | ||
| 1457–1464 | Sansiz Mirza | ||
| 1464–1480 | Muhammad Haidar Mirza | (in Yarkand 1457–1480) | |
| 1480–1514 | Mirza Abu Bakr | (the Khoja in Kashgar 1480–1514) | |
| 1504–1514 | Mansur Khan ibn Ahmad | (Mogulistan 1508–14, Turfan 1503–45) his rule was opposed by Imal Khodja ibn Mansur Khan | |
| 1514–1516 | Imal Khodja ibn Mansur Khan 1514-1516 | Independent from Mogulistan | |
| 1516–1521 | part of Mogulistan again | ||
| 1521–1533 | Abd ar-Rashid Khan I | (Mogulistan 1533–60) | |
| 1534–1588 | Muhammad Khan ibn Abd ar-Rashid | Opposed by: Abd al-Karim Khan ibn Abd ar-Rashid | |
| 1534–1560 | Abd al-Karim Khan ibn Abd ar-Rashid | ||
| 1588–1591 | Muhammad Baki Sultan | ||
| 1591–1596 | Shah Khodja ad-Din Ahmad Khan | (at Kashgar 1596–1609) | |
| 1596–1609 | Timur Sultan | (in Kashgar 1609–1614) | |
| 1609–1614 | Hashim Mirza Bairin | ||
| 1614–1615 | Iskandar Sultan | ||
| 1615–1632 | Sultan Ahmad | ||
| 1632–1638 | Abdallah Khan | ||
| 1638–1641 | Gazi Shah Khodja | ||
| 1641–1642 | Shah Beg | ||
| 1642–1651 | Shahid Mirza Churas | ||
| 1651–1666 | Nur ad-Din Khan | (Mogulistan 1669) | |
| 1666–1670 | Ismail Khan | (Mogulistan 1669, 1670–78, 1679–82) | |
| 1670–1743 | Part of Kashgar | ||
| 1743–1755 | Ayyub Khodja | ||
| 1756–1759 | Avdai Beg | ||
| 1759–1864 | Qing Dynasty China | ||
| 1864–1866 | Sadiq Beg | ||
| 1866–1877 | Part of the Kingdom of Kashgaria (or Xinjiang) | ||
| 1877 | Hakim Khan Tura | ||
| 1877 onward | Part of China. |