Zizania latifolia explained

Zizania latifolia, known as Manchurian wild rice, is the only member of the wild rice genus Zizania native to Asia. It is used as a food plant. Both the stem and grain are edible. Gathered in the wild, Manchurian wild rice was an important grain in ancient China.[1] A wetland plant, Manchurian wild rice is now very rare in the wild, and its use as a grain has completely disappeared in Asia, though it continues to be cultivated for its stems.[1] A measure of its former popularity is that the surname Jiǎng, one of the most common in China, derives from this crop.

Cultivation

Zizania latifolia is grown as an agricultural crop across Asia. The success of the crop depends on the smut fungus Ustilago esculenta. The grass is not grown for its grain, as are other wild rice species, but for the stems, which swell into juicy galls when infected with the smut. When the fungus invades the host plant it causes it to hypertrophy; its cells increasing in size and number. Infection with U. esculenta prevents the plant from flowering and setting seed so the crop is propagated asexually, by rhizome. New sprouts are infected by spores in the environment, which is generally a paddy.[2] The galled stems are harvested as a vegetable known as jiaobai(sun) ([3]) in China.[4] Its Japanese name is makomotake.[5] The galled section of the stem is 3to wide and up to 20-1NaN-1 long. This vegetable has been grown for at least 400 years.[6] It is popular for its flavor and tender texture,[7] and it is eaten raw or cooked. Its taste resembles fresh bamboo shoots. It stays crisp when stir-fried.[8] The main harvesting season is between September and November. This is typhoon season in parts of Asia, a time when many other vegetables are unavailable. This makes the product more attractive to consumers.

Invasive species

It has been accidentally introduced into the wild in New Zealand and is considered an invasive species there.[9] It has been introduced into Hawaii.

Importation of the stems to the United States is prohibited in order to protect the North American wild rice species from the fungus.[10]

Research

This wild rice can be crossed with ordinary rice by protoplast fusion. Manual "repeated pollination", a different approach, produces fertile offspring with ~0.1% wild rice DNA.[11]

The genome of the species was initially sequenced in 2015. In 2022, a new sequencing project produced a chromosome-level (2n=2x=34) assembly.[12]

Notes and References

  1. Book: Simoons . Frederick J. . Food in China: a cultural and historical inquiry . CRC Press . 1991 . 559 . 978-0-8493-8804-0.
  2. Chung, K. R. and D. D. Tzeng. (2004). Biosynthesis of indole-3-acetic acid by the gall-inducing fungus Ustilago esculenta. Journal of Biological Sciences 4(6) 744–50.
  3. Web site: 茭白筍-詞目-教育部臺灣閩南語常用詞辭典. sutian.moe.edu.tw.
  4. Zhang . Jing-Ze . Chu . Fu-Qiang . Guo . De-Ping . Hyde . Kevin D. . Xie . Guang-Lin . Cytology and ultrastructure of interactions between Ustilago esculenta and Zizania latifolia . Mycological Progress . 1 May 2012 . 11 . 2 . 499–508 . . 10.1007/s11557-011-0765-y . 2012MycPr..11..499Z . 9330359 .
  5. Kawagishi . Hirokazu . Hota . Kuniyoshi . Masuda . Kikuko . Yamaguchi . Kohji . Yazawa . Kazunaga . Shibata . Kanako . Uzuka . Naoaki . Matahira . Yoshiharu . Osteoclast-forming suppressive compounds from makomotake, Zizania latifolia infected with Ustilago esculenta . Bioscience, Biotechnology, and Biochemistry . 23 November 2006 . 70 . 11 . 2800–2802 . 10.1271/bbb.60376 . 17090930 . 7518159 .
  6. Oritani, Y., et al. Manchurian wild rice (Zizania latifolia) infected with Ustilago esculenta stimulates innate immune system, via induction of human β-defensin-2. ISHS Acta Horticulturae 841: II International Symposium on Human Health Effects of Fruits and Vegetables: FAVHEALTH 2007.
  7. You . Wenyu . Liu . Qian . Zou . Keqin . Yu . Xiaoping . Cui . Haifeng . Ye . Zihong . Morphological and molecular differences in two strains of Ustilago esculenta . Current Microbiology . January 2011 . 62 . 1 . 44–54 . 10.1007/s00284-010-9673-7 . 20495805 . 12174258 .
  8. Yamaguchi, M. 1990. Asian Vegetables. pp. 387–390. In: Janick, J. and J. E. Simon, Eds. Advances in New Crops. Timber Press, Portland, OR.
  9. Web site: NIWA: Stopping the freshwater wild rice invader.
  10. Web site: Ustilago esculenta . December 2017 .
  11. Wang . Yong-Ming . Dong . Zhen-Ying . Zhang . Zhong-Juan . Lin . Xiu-Yun . Shen . Ye . Zhou . Daowei . Liu . Bao . Extensive de Novo Genomic Variation in Rice Induced by Introgression From Wild Rice (Zizania latifolia Griseb.) . Genetics . August 2005 . 170 . 4 . 1945–1956 . 10.1534/genetics.105.040964 . 15937131 . 1449789 .
  12. Yan . Ning . Yang . Ting . Yu . Xiu-Ting . Shang . Lian-Guang . Guo . De-Ping . Zhang . Yu . Meng . Lin . Qi . Qian-Qian . Li . Ya-Li . Du . Yong-Mei . Liu . Xin-Min . Yuan . Xiao-Long . Qin . Peng . Qiu . Jie . Qian . Qian . Zhang . Zhong-Feng . Chromosome-level genome assembly of Zizania latifolia provides insights into its seed shattering and phytocassane biosynthesis . Communications Biology . 11 January 2022 . 5 . 1 . 36 . 10.1038/s42003-021-02993-3 . 35017643 . 8752815 . 245857447 .

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